Abu Bakr sent for me owing to the large number of casualties in the battle of Al-Yamama, while ʿUmar was sitting with him. Abu Bakr said (to me), ʿUmar has come to my and said, 'A great number of Qaris of the Holy Qur'an were killed on the day of the battle of Al-Yamama, and I am afraid that the casualties among the Qaris of the Qur'an may increase on other battle-fields whereby a large part of the Qur'an may be lost. Therefore I consider it advisable that you (Abu Bakr) should have the Qur'an collected.' I said, 'How dare I do something which Messenger of Allah ﷺ did not do?' ʿUmar said, By Allah, it is something beneficial.' ʿUmar kept on pressing me for that till Allah opened my chest for that for which He had opened the chest of ʿUmar and I had in that matter, the same opinion as ʿUmar had." Abu Bakr then said to me (Zaid), "You are a wise young man and we do not have any suspicion about you, and you used to write the Divine Inspiration for Messenger of Allah ﷺ. So you should search for the fragmentary scripts of the Qur'an and collect it (in one Book)." Zaid further said: By Allah, if Abu Bakr had ordered me to shift a mountain among the mountains from one place to another it would not have been heavier for me than this ordering me to collect the Qur'an. Then I said (to ʿUmar and Abu Bakr), "How can you do something which Messenger of Allah ﷺ did not do?" Abu Bakr said, "By Allah, it is something beneficial." Zaid added: So he (Abu Bakr) kept on pressing me for that until Allah opened my chest for that for which He had opened the chests of Abu Bakr and ʿUmar, and I had in that matter, the same opinion as theirs. So I started compiling the Qur'an by collecting it from the leafless stalks of the date-palm tree and from the pieces of leather and hides and from the stones, and from the chests of men (who had memorized the Qur'an). I found the last verses of Sirat-at-Tauba: ("Verily there has come unto you an Apostle (Muhammad) from amongst yourselves--' (9.128-129) ) from Khuzaʿima or Abi Khuzaʿima and I added to it the rest of the Sura. The manuscripts of the Qur'an remained with Abu Bakr till Allah took him unto Him. Then it remained with ʿUmar till Allah took him unto Him, and then with Hafsa bint ʿUmar. (Using translation from Bukhārī 7191)   

بَعَثَ إِلَيَّ أَبُو بَكْرٍ ؓ مَقْتَلَ أَهْلِ الْيَمَامَةِ وَعِنْدَهُ عُمَرُ ؓ فَقَالَ أَبُو بَكْرٍ إِنَّ عُمَرَ أَتَانِي فَقَالَ إِنَّ الْقَتْلَ قَدِ اسْتَحَرَّ يَوْمَ الْيَمَامَةِ بِقُرَّاءِ الْقُرْآنِ وَإِنِّي أَخْشَى أَنْ يَسْتَحِرَّ الْقَتْلُ بِقُرَّاءِ الْقُرْآنِ فِي الْمَوَاطِنِ كُلِّهَا فَيَذْهَبَ قُرْآنٌ كَثِيرٌ وَإِنِّي أَرَى أَنْ تَأْمُرَ بِجَمْعِ الْقُرْآنِ قُلْتُ كَيْفَ أَفْعَلُ شَيْئًا لَمْ يَفْعَلْهُ رَسُولُ اللهِ ﷺ؟ فَقَالَ عُمَرُ هُوَ وَاللهِ خَيْرٌ فَلَمْ يَزَلْ عُمَرُ يُرَاجِعُنِي فِي ذَلِكَ حَتَّى شَرَحَ اللهُ صَدْرِي لِلَّذِي شَرَحَ لَهُ صَدْرَ عُمَرَ وَرَأَيْتُ فِي ذَلِكَ الَّذِي رَأَى عُمَرُ قَالَ زَيْدٌ قَالَ أَبُو بَكْرٍ وَإِنَّكَ رَجُلٌ شَابٌّ عَاقِلٌ لَا نَتَّهِمُكَ قَدْ كُنْتَ تَكْتُبُ الْوَحْيَ لِرَسُولِ اللهِ ﷺ فَتَتَبَّعِ الْقُرْآنَ فَاجْمَعْهُ قَالَ زَيْدٌ فَوَاللهِ لَوْ كَلَّفَنِي بِنَقْلِ جَبَلٍ مِنَ الْجِبَالِ مَا كَانَ بِأَثْقَلَ عَلَيَّ مِمَّا كَلَّفَنِي مِنْ جَمْعِ الْقُرْآنِ قُلْتُ كَيْفَ تَفْعَلَانِ شَيْئًا لَمْ يَفْعَلْهُ رَسُولُ اللهِ ﷺ؟ قَالَ أَبُو بَكْرٍ هُوَ وَاللهِ خَيْرٌ فَلَمْ يَزَلْ يُرَاجِعُنِي فِي ذَلِكَ حَتَّى شَرَحَ اللهُ صَدْرِي لِلَّذِي شَرَحَ لَهُ اللهُ صَدْرَ أَبِي بَكْرٍ وَعُمَرَ وَرَأَيْتُ فِي ذَلِكَ الَّذِي رَأَيَا قَالَ فَتَتَبَّعْتُ الْقُرْآنَ أَجْمَعُهُ مِنَ الْعُسُبِ وَالرِّقَاعِ وَاللِّخَافِ وَصُدُورِ الرِّجَالِ فَوَجَدْتُ آخِرَ سُورَةِ التَّوْبَةِ {لَقَدْ جَاءَكُمْ رَسُولٌ مِنْ أَنْفُسِكُمْ} [التوبة 128] إِلَى آخِرِ السُّورَةِ مَعَ خُزَيْمَةَ أَوْ أَبِي خُزَيْمَةَ فَأَلْحَقْتُهَا فِي السُّورَةِ وَكَانَتِ الصُّحُفُ عِنْدَ أَبِي بَكْرٍ حَيَاتَهُ ثُمَّ عِنْدَ عُمَرَ حَيَاتَهُ حَتَّى تَوَفَّاهُ اللهُ ثُمَّ عِنْدَ حَفْصَةَ بِنْتِ عُمَرَ  

[Machine] Hudhaifah heard about their differences regarding what they claimed, so Hudhaifah rode until he reached Uthman. He said, "O Commander of the Faithful, reach this nation before they differ in the Quran like the Jews and Christians differed in the books." Uthman was alarmed by that, so he sent a message to Hafsa bint Umar, saying, "Send us the manuscripts in which the Quran was collected." Hafsa sent them to him, and Uthman ordered Zaid ibn Thabit, Sa'id ibn al-As, Abdullah ibn az-Zubayr, and Abdurrahman ibn al-Harith ibn Hisham to rewrite them in the manuscripts. He also said to them, "If you differ, you and Zaid ibn Thabit, in any Arabic dialect of the Quran, then write it in the dialect of the Quraysh, for the Quran was revealed in their language." They did as told until the manuscripts were written. Uthman then sent the manuscripts back to Hafsa and sent a copy to each military corps of the Muslim army, ordering them to burn any manuscript that differs from the one he sent. This happened at the time when manuscripts were burned with the text of Shu'aib ibn Abi Hamzah and the text of Ibrahim ibn Sa'd, except that he mentioned in the narration of Abu al-Walid ibn al-Harith that the manuscript was sent back to Hafsa, and he mentioned it in the narration of Ibn Hamzah and said at the end, "So they wrote the manuscripts in the mus'hafs. He then sent to every region a mus'haf and ordered that anything besides that from the Quran in every mus'haf should be erased or burned."  

سَمِعَ حُذَيْفَةُ ؓ مِنَ اخْتِلَافِهِمْ فِيهِ مَا ادَّعُوهُ فَرَكِبَ حُذَيْفَةُ حَتَّى قَدِمَ عَلَى عُثْمَانَ ؓ فَقَالَ يَا أَمِيرَ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ أَدْرِكْ هَذِهِ الْأُمَّةَ قَبْلَ أَنْ يَخْتَلِفُوا فِي الْقُرْآنِ اخْتِلَافَ الْيَهُودِ وَالنَّصَارَى فِي الْكُتُبِ فَفَزِعَ لِذَلِكَ عُثْمَانُ ؓ فَأَرْسَلَ إِلَى حَفْصَةَ بِنْتِ عُمَرَ أَنْ أَرْسِلِي إِلَيْنَا بِالصُّحُفِ الَّتِي جُمِعَ فِيهَا الْقُرْآنُ فَأَرْسَلَتْ بِهَا إِلَيْهِ حَفْصَةُ فَأَمَرَ عُثْمَانُ زَيْدَ بْنَ ثَابِتٍ وَسَعِيدَ بْنَ الْعَاصِ وَعَبْدَ اللهِ بْنَ الزُّبَيْرِ وَعَبْدَ الرَّحْمَنِ بْنَ الْحَارِثِ بْنِ هِشَامٍ أَنْ يَنْسَخُوهَا فِي الْمَصَاحِفِ وَقَالَ لَهُمْ إِذَا اخْتَلَفْتُمْ أَنْتُمْ وَزَيْدُ بْنُ ثَابِتٍ فِي عَرَبِيَّةٍ مِنْ عَرَبِيَّةِ الْقُرْآنِ فَاكْتُبُوهَا بِلِسَانِ قُرَيْشٍ فَإِنَّ الْقُرْآنَ أُنْزِلَ بِلِسَانِهِمْ فَفَعَلُوا حَتَّى كُتِبَتِ الْمَصَاحِفُ ثُمَّ رَدَّ عُثْمَانُ الصُّحُفَ إِلَى حَفْصَةَ وَأَرْسَلَ إِلَى كُلِّ جُنْدٍ مِنْ أَجْنَادِ الْمُسْلِمِينَ بِمُصْحَفٍ وَأَمَرَهُمْ أَنْ يَحْرِقُوا كُلَّ مُصْحَفٍ يُخَالِفُ الْمُصْحَفَ الَّذِي أَرْسَلَ بِهِ وَذَلِكَ زَمَانَ أُحْرِقَتِ الْمَصَاحِفُ لَفْظُ حَدِيثِ شُعَيْبِ بْنِ أَبِي حَمْزَةَ وَحَدِيثُ إِبْرَاهِيمَ بْنِ سَعْدٍ بِمَعْنَاهُ إِلَّا أَنَّهُ قَالَ فِي رِوَايَةِ أَبِي الْوَلِيدِ ابْنَ الْحَارِثِ بْنِ هِشَامٍ وَقَالَ فِي رِوَايَةِ إِبْرَاهِيمَ بْنِ حَمْزَةَ عَبْدَ الرَّحْمَنِ بْنَ الْحَارِثِ وَلَمْ يَذْكُرْ رَدَّ الْمُصْحَفِ إِلَى حَفْصَةَ فِي رِوَايَةِ أَبِي الْوَلِيدِ وَذَكَرَهَا فِي رِوَايَةِ ابْنِ حَمْزَةَ وَقَالَ فِي آخِرِهِ فَكَتَبُوا الصُّحُفَ فِي الْمَصَاحِفِ فَبَعَثَ إِلَى كُلِّ أُفُقٍ بِمُصْحَفٍ وَأَمَرَ بِمَا سِوَى ذَلِكَ مِنَ الْقُرْآنِ فِي كُلِّ صَحِيفَةٍ أَنْ تُمْحَى أَوْ تُحْرَقَ  

[Machine] "People disagreed about the Quran during the time of Uthman. A man would say to another man, 'My recitation is better than yours.' Uthman heard about this and gathered the companions of the Prophet ﷺ and said, 'The people have differed today in recitation and you are among them. I have seen that they all agree on one recitation.' We all agreed with his opinion on that. Ali also said, 'If I were in his position, I would have done the same.'"  

اخْتَلَفَ النَّاسُ فِي الْقُرْآنِ عَلَى عَهْدِ عُثْمَانَ ؓ قَالَ فَجَعَلَ الرَّجُلُ يَقُولُ لِلرَّجُلِ قِرَاءَتِي خَيْرٌ مِنْ قِرَاءَتِكَ قَالَ فَبَلَغَ ذَلِكَ عُثْمَانَ ؓ فَجَمَعْنَا أَصْحَابَ رَسُولِ اللهِ ﷺ فَقَالَ إِنَّ النَّاسَ قَدِ اخْتَلَفُوا الْيَوْمَ فِي الْقِرَاءَةِ وَأَنْتُمْ بَيْنَ ظَهْرَانَيْهِمْ فَقَدْ رَأَيْتُ أَنَّ أجْمَعَهُمْ عَلَى قِرَاءَةٍ وَاحِدَةٍ قَالَ فَأَجْمَعَ رَأْيَنَا مَعَ رَأْيِهِ عَلَى ذَلِكَ قَالَ وَقَالَ عَلِيٌّ ؓ لَوْ وُلِّيتُ مِثْلَ الَّذِي وُلِّيَ لَصَنَعْتُ مِثْلَ الَّذِي صَنَعَ  

Ibn ‘Abbas ؓ said to us. I said to ‘Uthman bin ʿAffan: What made you take al-Anfal, which is one of al-Mathani (the seven long soorahs), and Baraʿah, which is one of al-Miʿeen (soorahs with one hundred verses or thereabouts), and put them next to one another and not write - Ibn Jaʿfar said: A line between them saying Bismillahir-Rahmanir-Raheem - and you put them with the seven long ones? What made you do that? ʿUthman ؓ said: Sometimes many soorahs would be revealed (incomplete) to the Messenger of Allah ﷺ , and when something was revealed he would call one of the scribes to write it down for him and say: “Put this in the Soorah in which such and such is mentionedʿ; and verses would be revealed to him and he would say, ʿPut these verses in the soorah in which such and such is mentioned”; and a verse would be revealed to him and he would say: ʿPut this verse in the soorah in which such and such is mentioned.” Al-Anfal was one of the first soorahs to be revealed in Madinah and Baraʿah was one of the last soorahs of the Qurʿan, and the stories and content of the two soorahs were similar. Then the Messenger of Allah ﷺ passed away without having stated clearly to us that it was part of it, but we thought that it was, hence I put them together and I did not put between them the line Bismillahir-Rahmanir-Raheem. Ibn Jaʿfar said: I put it with the seven long ones. (Using translation from Aḥmad 399)   

عَمَدْتُمْ إِلَى بَرَاءَةَ وَهِيَ مِنَ الْمِئِينِ وَإِلَى الْأَنْفَالِ وَهِيَ مِنَ الْمَثَانِي فَقَرَنْتُمْ بَيْنَهُمَا وَلَمْ تَجْعَلُوا بَيْنَهُمَا سَطْرًا فِيهِ بِسْمِ اللهِ الرَّحْمَنِ الرَّحِيمِ وَوَضَعْتُمُوهَا فِي السَّبْعِ الطِّوَالِ مَا حَمَلَكَ عَلَى ذَلِكَ؟ فَقَالَ عُثْمَانُ ؓ إِنَّ رَسُولَ اللهِ ﷺ كَانَ مِمَّا يَنْزِلُ عَلَيْهِ مِنَ السُّوَرِ الَّتِي يُذْكَرُ فِيهَا كَذَا وَكَذَا فَإِذَا أُنْزِلَتْ عَلَيْهِ الْآيَاتُ يَقُولُ ضَعُوا هَذِهِ الْآيَاتِ فِي مَوْضِعِ كَذَا وَكَذَا فَإِذَا نَزَلَتْ عَلَيْهِ السُّورَةُ يَقُولُ ضَعُوا هَذِهِ فِي مَوْضِعِ كَذَا وَكَذَا وَكَانَتِ الْأَنْفَالُ أَوَّلَ مَا أُنْزِلَ عَلَيْهِ بِالْمَدِينَةِ وَكَانَتْ بَرَاءَةُ مِنْ آخِرِ الْقُرْآنِ نُزُولًا وَكَانَتْ قِصَّتُهَا تُشْبِهُ قِصَّتَهَا فَقُبِضَ رَسُولُ اللهِ ﷺ وَلَمْ يُبَيِّنْ أَمْرَهَا فَظَنَنْتُ أَنَّهَا مِنْهَا مِنْ أَجْلِ ذَلِكَ قَرَنْتُ بَيْنَهُمَا وَلَمْ أَجْعَلْ بَيْنَهُمَا سَطْرًا فِيهِ بِسْمِ اللهِ الرَّحْمَنِ الرَّحِيمِ وَوَضَعْتُهَا فِي السَّبْعِ الطِّوَالِ فَفِي هَذَا مَا دَلَّ عَلَى أَنَّهَا إِنَّمَا كُتِبَتْ فِي مَصَاحِفِ الصَّحَابَةِ مَعَ دَلَالَةِ الْمُشَاهَدَةِ وَقَدْ رُوِّينَا عَنِ ابْنِ عَبَّاسٍ مَا دَلَّ عَلَى أَنَّهَا إِنَّمَا كُتِبَتْ فِي فَوَاتِحِ السُّوَرِ لِنُزُولِهَا وَعِنْدَ نُزُولِهَا كَانَ يُعْلَمُ انْقِضَاءُ سُورَةٍ وَابْتِدَاءُ أُخْرَى  

[Machine] The Messenger of Allah ﷺ would not know the division of the surah (chapter) until "Bismillah Al-Rahman Al-Raheem" (In the name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful) would be revealed to him.  

كَانَ رَسُولُ اللهِ ﷺ لَا يَعْرِفُ فَصْلَ السُّورَةِ حَتَّى تَنْزِلَ عَلَيْهِ بِسْمِ اللهِ الرَّحْمَنِ الرَّحِيمِ  

[Machine] The Muslims did not know the end of the chapter until "Bismillah ir-Rahman ir-Rahim" was revealed. When "Bismillah ir-Rahman ir-Rahim" was revealed, they knew that the chapter had ended, and so on.  

كَانَ الْمُسْلِمُونَ لَا يَعْلَمُونَ انْقِضَاءَ السُّورَةِ حَتَّى تَنْزِلَ بِسْمِ اللهِ الرَّحْمَنِ الرَّحِيمِ فَإِذَا نَزَلَتْ بِسْمِ اللهِ الرَّحْمَنِ الرَّحِيمِ عَلِمُوا أَنَّ السُّورَةَ قَدِ انْقَضَتْ وَكَذَلِكَ  

One day the Messenger of Allah ﷺ was sitting amongst us that he dozed off. He then raised his head smilingly. We said: What makes you smile. Messenger of Allah? He said: A Sura has just been revealed to me, and then recited: In the name of Allah, the Compassionate, the Merciful. Verily We have given thee Kauthar (fount of abundance). Therefore turn to thy Lord for prayer and offer sacrifice, and surely thy enemy is cut off (from the good). Then he (the Holy Prophet) said: Do you know what Kauthar is? We said: Allah and His Messenger know best. The Prophet ﷺ said: It (Kauthar) is a canal which my Lord, the Exalted and Glorious has promised me, and there is an abundance of good in it. It is a cistern and my people would come to it on the Day of Resurrection, and tumblers there would be equal to the number of stars. A servant would be turned away from (among the people gathered there). Upon this I would say: My Lord, he is one of my people, and He (the Lord) would say: You do not know that he innovated new things (in Islam) after you. Ibn Hujr made this addition in the hadith:" He (the Holy Prophet) was sitting amongst us in the mosque, and He (Allah) said: (You don't know) what he innovated after you" (Using translation from Muslim 400a)   

بَيْنَمَا رَسُولُ اللهِ ﷺ ذَاتَ يَوْمٍ بَيْنَ أَظْهُرِنَا فِي الْمَسْجِدِ إِذْ أَغْفَى إِغْفَاءَةً ثُمَّ رَفَعَ رَأْسَهُ فَقَرَأَ بِسْمِ اللهِ الرَّحْمَنِ الرَّحِيمِ {إِنَّا أَعْطَيْنَاكَ الْكَوْثَرَ فَصَلِّ لِرَبِّكَ وَانْحَرْ إِنَّ شَانِئَكَ هُوَ الْأَبْتَرُ} [الكوثر 2] ثُمَّ قَالَ هَلْ تَدْرُونَ مَا الْكَوْثَرُ؟ قُلْنَا اللهُ وَرَسُولُهُ أَعْلَمُ فَقَالَ إِنَّهُ نَهْرٌ وَعَدَنِيهِ رَبِّي فِي الْجَنَّةِ آنِيَتُهُ أَكْثَرُ مِنْ عَدَدِ الْكَوَاكِبِ تَرِدُ عَلَيْهِ أُمَّتِي فَيَخْتَلِجُ الْعَبْدُ مِنْهُمْ فَأَقُولُ يَا رَبِّ إِنَّهُ مِنْ أُمَّتِي فَيُقَالُ إِنَّكَ لَا تَدْرِي مَا أَحْدَثَ بَعْدَكَ  

[Machine] While the Messenger of Allah ﷺ was among us one day, he fell into a deep sleep and then raised his head with a smile. We asked him, "What made you laugh, O Messenger of Allah?" He replied, "A Surah was revealed to me just now," and he recited, "In the name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful. Indeed, We have granted you, [O Muhammad], al-Kawthar. So pray to your Lord and sacrifice [to Him alone]. Indeed, your enemy is the one cut off." And he mentioned the Hadith.  

بَيْنَمَا رَسُولُ اللهِ ﷺ ذَاتَ يَوْمٍ بَيْنَ أَظْهُرِنَا إِذْ أَغْفَى إِغْفَاءَةً ثُمَّ رَفَعَ رَأْسَهُ مُتَبَسِّمًا فَقُلْنَا مَا أَضْحَكَكَ يَا رَسُولَ اللهِ قَالَ نَزَلَتْ عَلَيَّ آنِفًا سُورَةٌ فَقَرَأَ بِسْمِ اللهِ الرَّحْمَنِ الرَّحِيمِ {إِنَّا أَعْطَيْنَاكَ الْكَوْثَرَ إِلَى آخِرِهَا} وَذَكَرَ الْحَدِيثَ  

[Machine] The Messenger of Allah ﷺ uncovered his face and said, "I seek refuge in the All-Hearing, or he said, I seek refuge in Allah, the All-Hearing, the All-Knowing, from the accursed Satan. "Those who spread the false accusation" - Abu Dawood said: I fear that the matter of seeking refuge will be based on the words of Humeid. The Sheikh, may Allah have mercy on him, said: The Prophet ﷺ recited "In the name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful" at the beginning of a chapter, but he did not recite it at the beginning of verses that were not the first verse of a chapter. This confirms what we have narrated from Ibn Abbas, and that it was only written in the Mus'hafs where it was revealed. And Allah knows best.  

رَسُولُ اللهِ ﷺ وَكَشَفَ عَنْ وَجْهِهِ وَقَالَ أَعُوذُ بِالسَّمِيعِ أَوْ قَالَ أَعُوذُ بِاللهِ السَّمِيعِ الْعَلِيمِ مِنَ الشَّيْطَانِ الرَّجِيمِ {إِنَّ الَّذِينَ جَاءُوا بِالْإِفْكِ} الْآيَةَ قَالَ أَبُو دَاوُدَ أَخَافُ أَنْ يَكُونَ أَمْرُ الِاسْتِعَاذَةِ مِنْ كَلَامِ حُمَيْدٍ قَالَ الشَّيْخُ رَحِمَهُ اللهُ فَالنَّبِيُّ ﷺ قَرَأَ بِسْمِ اللهِ الرَّحْمَنِ الرَّحِيمِ عِنْدَ افْتِتَاحِ سُورَةٍ وَلَمْ يَقْرَأْهَا عِنْدَ افْتِتَاحِ آيَاتٍ لَمْ تَكُنْ أَوَّلَ سُورَةٍ وَفِي ذَلِكَ تَأْكِيدٌ لِمَا رُوِّينَاهُ عَنِ ابْنِ عَبَّاسٍ ؓ وَأَنَّهَا إِنَّمَا كُتِبَتْ فِي الْمَصَاحِفِ حَيْثُ نَزَلَتْ وَاللهُ أَعْلَمُ  

[Machine] When he would begin the prayer, he would say Allahu Akbar (Allah is the Greatest) and then recite "In the name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful. Praise be to Allah" (Al-Fatiha 2). And when he finished, he would recite "In the name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful" and he would say, "Why was it written in the Quran if it is not to be recited?"  

كَانَ إِذَا افْتَتَحَ الصَّلَاةَ كَبَّرَ ثُمَّ قَرَأَ {بِسْمِ اللهِ الرَّحْمَنِ الرَّحِيمِ الْحَمْدُ لِلَّهِ} [الفاتحة 2] فَإِذَا فَرَغَ قَرَأَ بِسْمِ اللهِ الرَّحْمَنِ الرَّحِيمِ قَالَ وَكَانَ يَقُولُ لِمَ كُتِبَتْ فِي الْمُصْحَفِ إِنْ لَمْ تَقْرَأْ؟