39. Marriage
٣٩۔ كِتَابُ النِّكَاحِ
Allah's Apostle ﷺ married me when I was six years old, and I was admitted to his house when I was nine years old. (Using translation from Muslim 1422b)
تَزَوَّجَنِي رَسُولُ اللهِ ﷺ لَسِتِّ سِنِينَ وَبَنَى بِي وَأَنَا ابْنَةُ تِسْعِ سِنِينَ
[Machine] After the death of Khadija, the Messenger of Allah, ﷺ , married Aisha when she was six years old. The Prophet consummated the marriage with her when she was nine years old. The Messenger of Allah, ﷺ , passed away when Aisha was eighteen years old.
رَسُولُ اللهِ ﷺ عَائِشَةَ ؓ بَعْدَ مَوْتِ خَدِيجَةَ بِثَلَاثِ سِنِينَ وَعَائِشَةُ يَوْمَئِذٍ ابْنَةُ سِتِّ سِنِينَ وَبَنَى بِهَا رَسُولُ اللهِ ﷺ وَهِيَ ابْنَةُ تِسْعِ سِنِينَ وَمَاتَ رَسُولُ اللهِ ﷺ وَعَائِشَةُ ابْنَةُ ثَمَانِ عَشْرَةَ سَنَةً
[Machine] The Messenger of Allah ﷺ married her when she was six years old and consummated the marriage when she was nine years old. He passed away while she was eighteen years old.
رَسُولُ اللهِ ﷺ وَهِيَ ابْنَةُ سِتٍّ وَبَنَى بِهَا وَهِيَ ابْنَةُ تِسْعٍ وَمَاتَ عَنْهَا وَهِيَ ابْنَةُ ثَمَانِ عَشْرَةَ سَنَةً
[Machine] "All lineages and ancestries will be cut off on the Day of Judgment except for my lineage and ancestry. So I wanted to have a lineage and ancestry from the Messenger of Allah ﷺ. Ali said to Hassan and Hussein: 'Marry your uncle's daughter.' They said: 'She is a woman who chooses for herself.' Ali became angry and Hassan held onto his garment and said: 'Do not be upset with her rejection, O my father.' So he married them. Ash-Shafi'i may Allah have mercy on him, married his daughter to Az-Zubair. And he married his daughter to more than one of the Prophet's ﷺ companions while she was young. He said: 'If marriage was not permissible for a virgin except by her permission, it would not be permissible to marry her until she had a say in it for herself.'"
اللهِ ﷺ يَقُولُ كُلُّ سَبَبٍ وَنَسَبٍ مُنْقَطِعٌ يَوْمَ الْقِيَامَةِ إِلَّا سَبَبِي وَنَسَبِي فَأَحْبَبْتُ أَنْ يَكُونَ لِي مِنْ رَسُولِ اللهِ ﷺ سَبَبٌ وَنَسَبٌ فَقَالَ عَلِيٌّ لِحَسَنٍ وَحُسَيْنٍ ؓ زَوِّجَا عَمَّكُمَا فَقَالَا هِيَ امْرَأَةٌ مِنَ النِّسَاءِ تَخْتَارُ لِنَفْسِهَا فَقَامَ عَلِيٌّ ؓ مُغْضَبًا فَأَمْسَكَ الْحَسَنُ بِثَوْبِهِ وَقَالَ لَا صَبْرَ عَلَى هُجْرَانِكَ يَا أَبَتَاهُ قَالَ فَزَوَّجَاهُ قَالَ الشَّافِعِيُّ رَحِمَهُ اللهُ وَزَوَّجَ الزُّبَيْرُ ؓ ابْنَتَهُ صَبِيَّةً وَزَوَّجَ غَيْرُ وَاحِدٍ مِنْ أَصْحَابِ النَّبِيِّ ﷺ ابْنَتَهُ صَغِيرَةً قَالَ وَلَوْ كَانَ النِّكَاحُ لَا يَجُوزُ عَلَى الْبِكْرِ إِلَّا بِأَمْرِهَا لَمْ يَجُزْ أَنْ يُزَوِّجَ حَتَّى يَكُونَ لَهَا أَمْرٌ فِي نَفْسِهَا
[Machine] The Messenger of Allah ﷺ said, "The widowed woman has more right to herself than her guardian, and the virgin seeks permission for herself, and her permission is her silence." And Abu Abdullah Al-Hafiz informed us, and Abu Bakr ibn Ishaq narrated to us, and Ismail ibn Qutaybah narrated to us, and Yahya ibn Yahya said, "I said to Malik, 'Abdullah ibn Al-Fadl narrated to you, so mention it to me like Ibn Wahb's narration.'"
رَسُولَ اللهِ ﷺ قَالَ الْأَيِّمُ أَحَقُّ بِنَفْسِهَا مِنْ وَلِيِّهَا وَالْبِكْرُ تُسْتَأْذَنُ فِي نَفْسِهَا وَإِذْنُهَا صُمَاتُهَا 13662 وَأَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو عَبْدِ اللهِ الْحَافِظُ ثنا أَبُو بَكْرِ بْنُ إِسْحَاقَ أنبأ إِسْمَاعِيلُ بْنُ قُتَيْبَةَ ثنا يَحْيَى بْنُ يَحْيَى قَالَ قُلْتُ لِمَالِكٍ حَدَّثَكَ عَبْدُ اللهِ بْنُ الْفَضْلِ فَذَكَرَهُ بِمِثْلِ حَدِيثِ ابْنِ وَهْبٍ
[Machine] The Messenger of Allah ﷺ said, "A widowed woman has more right over herself than her guardian, and a virgin girl requires the permission of her father for herself, and her silence is her consent." It is also reported that he said, "And her silence is her agreement" – the wording of the hadith is from Ibn Abi Omar. In another narration by Ahmad, it is stated, "A widowed woman has more right over herself than her guardian, and a virgin girl requires the permission of her father for herself, and her father approves her marriage." Abu Dawood said, may Allah have mercy on him, "Her father's approval is not necessary."
قَالَ رَسُولُ اللهِ ﷺ الثَّيِّبُ أَحَقُّ بِنَفْسِهَا مِنْ وَلِيِّهَا وَالْبِكْرُ يَسْتَأْذِنُهَا أَبُوهَا فِي نَفْسِهَا وَإِذْنُهَا صُمَاتُهَا وَرُبَّمَا قَالَ وَصُمَاتُهَا قَرَارُهَا لَفْظُ حَدِيثِ ابْنِ أَبِي عُمَرَ وَفِي رِوَايَةِ أَحْمَدَ الثَّيِّبُ أَحَقُّ بِنَفْسِهَا مِنْ وَلِيِّهَا وَالْبِكْرُ يَسْتَأْمِرُهَا أَبُوهَا قَالَ أَبُو دَاوُدَ رَحِمَهُ اللهُ أَبُوهَا لَيْسَ بِمَحْفُوظٍ
[Machine] The Messenger of Allah ﷺ said, "Command women regarding their daughters."
قَالَ رَسُولُ اللهِ ﷺ وَآمِرُوا النِّسَاءَ فِي بَنَاتِهِنَّ
[Machine] There is indeed a bounty in me having an orphan girl that I am not influential upon anyone. So, the mother of the girl went to the Messenger of Allah and said: Nua'im proposed to marry my daughter, but Nua'im rejected him and he wants to marry her as his ward. So, she informed the Prophet and he sent for Nua'im. The Prophet said to him, "Take her and her daughter, as we have heard it from another perspective, from 'Urwah, from Abdullah bin 'Umar, as being a connected narration." Ash-Shafi'i said, "May Allah have mercy upon him and people do not differ that there is no issue for her mother in this matter, but it is about the meaning of self-willingness." The Sheikh, may Allah have mercy upon him, said, "And indeed."
نُعَيْمٌ إِنَّ فِي حِجْرِي يَتِيمًا لِي لَسْتُ مُؤْثِرًا عَلَيْهِ أَحَدًا فَانْطَلَقَتْ أُمُّ الْجَارِيَةِ امْرَأَةُ نُعَيْمٍ إِلَى رَسُولِ اللهِ ﷺ فَقَالَتِ ابْنُ عُمَرَ خَطَبَ ابْنَتِي وَإِنَّ نُعَيْمًا رَدَّهُ وَأَرَادَ أَنْ يُنْكِحَهَا يَتِيمًا لَهُ فَأَخْبَرَتِ النَّبِيَّ ﷺ فَأَرْسَلَ إِلَى نُعَيْمٍ فَقَالَ لَهُ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ أَرْضِهَا وَأَرْضِ ابْنَتَهَا وَقَدْ رُوِّينَاهُ مِنْ وَجْهٍ آخَرَ عَنْ عُرْوَةَ عَنْ عَبْدِ اللهِ بْنِ عُمَرَ ؓ مَوْصُولًا قَالَ الشَّافِعِيُّ رَحِمَهُ اللهُ وَلَمْ يَخْتَلِفِ النَّاسُ أَنْ لَيْسَ لِأُمِّهَا فِيهَا أَمْرٌ وَلَكِنْ عَلَى مَعْنَى اسْتِطَابَةِ النَّفْسِ قَالَ الشَّيْخُ رَحِمَهُ اللهُ وَقَدْ
[Machine] "That Al-Qasim bin Muhammad, Saeed bin Abdullah, and Sulaiman bin Yasar used to say regarding the virgin: her father marries her without her consent, indeed that is obligatory for her."
أَنَّ الْقَاسِمَ بْنَ مُحَمَّدٍ وَسَالِمَ بْنَ عَبْدِ اللهِ وَسُلَيْمَانَ بْنَ يَسَارٍ كَانُوا يَقُولُونَ فِي الْبِكْرِ يُزَوِّجُهَا أَبُوهَا بِغَيْرِ إِذْنِهَا إِنَّ ذَلِكَ لَازِمٌ لَهَا
[Machine] They would say the man has the right to marry off his virgin daughter without her consent, even if she is not a virgin, her father cannot marry her off without her permission.
كَانُوا يَقُولُونَ الرَّجُلُ أَحَقُّ بِإِنْكَاحِ ابْنَتِهِ الْبِكْرِ بِغَيْرِ أَمْرِهَا وَإِنْ كَانَتْ ثَيِّبًا فَلَا جَوَازَ لِأَبِيهَا فِي نِكَاحِهَا إِلَّا بِإِذْنِهَا
[Machine] I asked Ata, "Is it permissible for a man to marry off his daughter without her consent if she is reluctant?" He said, "Yes." Then I asked, "What about a virgin who is reluctant?" He said, "The virgin has control over her own affairs." And we were narrated from Ibrahim an-Nakha'i who said, "The father compels her." And from ash-Sha'abi who said, "Only the father compels her."
قُلْتُ لِعَطَاءٍ أَيَجُوزُ إِنْكَاحُ الرَّجُلِ ابْنَتَهُ بِكْرًا وَهِيَ كَارِهَةٌ؟ قَالَ نَعَمْ قُلْتُ فَثَيِّبٌ كَارِهَةٌ؟ قَالَ قَدْ مَلَكَتِ الثَّيِّبُ أَمْرَهَا وَرُوِّينَا عَنْ إِبْرَاهِيمَ النَّخَعِيِّ قَالَ الْبِكْرُ يُجْبِرُهَا أَبُوهَا وَعَنِ الشَّعْبِيِّ قَالَ لَا يُجْبِرُ إِلَّا الْوَالِدُ
[Machine] A young girl came to the Prophet ﷺ and informed him that her father had married her off against her will. The Prophet ﷺ then gave her the option to remain in the marriage or seek separation. This narration is attributed to Jarir ibn Hazim on the authority of Ayyub al-Sakhtiyani, who heard it from Ikrimah, who heard it from the Prophet ﷺ. The hadith is reported with a chain of transmission numbering 13670. Abu Ali al-Ruzbary narrated it to us from Abu Bakr ibn Dasa, who heard it from Abu Dawud, who heard it from Muhammad ibn Ubaid, who heard it from Hammad ibn Zaid, who heard it from Ayyub, who heard it from Ikrimah, who heard it from the Prophet ﷺ. However, Ibn Abbas is not mentioned in this narration. Abu Dawud said that this hadith is also transmitted through a different route with a known chain of transmission. The sheikh stated that it has also been narrated from Ikrimah in a connected manner, which is also a mistake.
أَنَّ جَارِيَةً بِكْرًا أَتَتِ النَّبِيَّ ﷺ فَذَكَرَتْ لَهُ أَنَّ أَبَاهَا زَوَّجَهَا وَهِيَ كَارِهَةٌ قَالَ فَخَيَّرَهَا النَّبِيُّ ﷺ فَهَذَا حَدِيثٌ أَخْطَأَ فِيهِ جَرِيرُ بْنُ حَازِمٍ عَلَى أَيُّوبَ السَّخْتِيَانِيِّ وَالْمَحْفُوظُ عَنْ أَيُّوبَ عَنْ عِكْرِمَةَ عَنِ النَّبِيِّ ﷺ مُرْسَلًا 13670 أَخْبَرَنَاهُ أَبُو عَلِيٍّ الرُّوذْبَارِيُّ أنبأ أَبُو بَكْرِ بْنُ دَاسَةَ ثنا أَبُو دَاوُدَ ثنا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ عُبَيْدٍ عَنْ حَمَّادِ بْنِ زَيْدٍ عَنْ أَيُّوبَ عَنْ عِكْرِمَةَ عَنِ النَّبِيِّ ﷺ بِهَذَا الْحَدِيثِ وَلَمْ يَذْكُرِ ابْنَ عَبَّاسٍ قَالَ أَبُو دَاوُدَ وَكَذَلِكَ يُرْوَى مُرْسَلًا مَعْرُوفًا قَالَ الشَّيْخُ وَقَدْ رُوِيَ مِنْ وَجْهٍ آخَرَ عَنْ عِكْرِمَةَ مَوْصُولًا وَهُوَ أَيْضًا خَطَأٌ
[Machine] The Messenger of Allah ﷺ refused the marriage proposal for a virgin and a divorced woman, even though their father was arranging their marriage and both of them disliked it. So, the Prophet ﷺ nullified their marriage. Abu Bakr ibn al-Harith al-Faqih informed us that Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn Umar al-Hafiz narrated that this is mistaken information, and the correct version is from Yahya, who narrated it from al-Muhajir ibn Ikrimah, which is a weak chain. Shaykh (may Allah have mercy on him) said that it is mentioned in the collection of al-Thawri that al-Muhajir narrated it from al-Thawri, as Abu al-Hasan al-Daraqutni (may Allah have mercy on him) also mentioned, and it is a transmission. And likewise.
رَسُولَ اللهِ ﷺ رَدَّ نِكَاحَ بِكْرٍ وَثَيِّبٍ أَنْكَحَهُمَا أَبُوهُمَا وَهُمَا كَارِهَتَانِ فَرَدَّ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ نِكَاحَهُمَا 13672 أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو بَكْرِ بْنُ الْحَارِثِ الْفَقِيهُ أَنْبَأَ أَبُو الْحَسَنِ عَلِيُّ بْنُ عُمَرَ الْحَافِظُ قَالَ هَذَا وَهْمٌ وَالصَّوَابُ عَنْ يَحْيَى عَنِ الْمُهَاجِرِ بْنِ عِكْرِمَةَ مُرْسَلٌ وَهِمَ فِيهِ الذِّمَارِيُّ عَلَى الثَّوْرِيِّ وَلَيْسَ بِقَوِيٍّ قَالَ الشَّيْخُ رَحِمَهُ اللهُ هُوَ فِي جَامِعِ الثَّوْرِيِّ عَنِ الثَّوْرِيِّ كَمَا ذَكَرَهُ أَبُو الْحَسَنِ الدَّارَقُطْنِيُّ رَحِمَهُ اللهُ مُرْسَلًا وَكَذَلِكَ
[Machine] A man married off his daughter when she was still a virgin without her consent. So she came to the Prophet ﷺ and he separated them. This is a suspicion and the correct opinion is from Al-Awza'i, from Ibrahim ibn Murrat, from Ata', from the Prophet ﷺ, which is Mursal (i.e. a narration in which a Successor narrates directly from the Prophet without mentioning the intermediary link).
رَجُلًا زَوَّجَ ابْنَتَهُ وَهِيَ بِكْرٌ مِنْ غَيْرِ أَمْرِهَا فَأَتَتِ النَّبِيَّ ﷺ فَفَرَّقَ بَيْنَهُمَا هَذَا وَهْمٌ وَالصَّوَابُ عَنِ الْأَوْزَاعِيِّ عَنْ إِبْرَاهِيمَ بْنِ مُرَّةَ عَنْ عَطَاءٍ عَنِ النَّبِيِّ ﷺ مُرْسَلٌ كَذَلِكَ
[Machine] Sit until the Messenger of Allah ﷺ comes, then mention that to him. So the Prophet of Allah ﷺ came, and I mentioned that to him. So he sent the Prophet ﷺ to her father. When her father came, he took her affairs upon her. When she saw that the matter had been entrusted to her, she said: "I have taken revenge for what my father did. I only wanted to know if women have any authority or not." This is a letter from Ibn Buraidah, who did not hear from Aisha.
اقْعُدِي حَتَّى يَأْتِيَ رَسُولُ اللهِ ﷺ فَاذْكُرِي ذَلِكَ لَهُ فَجَاءَ نَبِيُّ اللهِ ﷺ فَذَكَرَتْ ذَلِكَ لَهُ فَأَرْسَلَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ إِلَى أَبِيهَا فَلَمَّا جَاءَ أَبُوهَا جَعَلَ أَمْرَهَا إِلَيْهَا فَلَمَّا رَأَتْ أَنَّ الْأَمْرَ قَدْ جُعِلَ إِلَيْهَا قَالَتْ إِنِّي قَدْ أَجَزْتُ مَا صَنَعَ وَالِدِي إِنَّمَا أَرَدْتُ أَنْ أَعْلَمَ هَلْ لِلنِّسَاءِ مِنَ الْأَمْرِ شَيْءٌ أَمْ لَا وَهَذَا مُرْسَلٌ ابْنُ بُرَيْدَةَ لَمْ يَسْمَعْ مِنْ عَائِشَةَ ؓ