(from the companions of Messenger of Allah ﷺ) When Suhail bin ʿAmr agreed to the Treaty (of Hudaibiya), one of the things he stipulated then, was that the Prophet ﷺ should return to them (i.e. the pagans) anyone coming to him from their side, even if he was a Muslim; and would not interfere between them and that person. The Muslims did not like this condition and got disgusted with it. Suhail did not agree except with that condition. So, the Prophet ﷺ agreed to that condition and returned Abu Jandal to his father Suhail bin ʿAmr. Thenceforward the Prophet ﷺ returned everyone in that period (of truce) even if he was a Muslim. During that period some believing women emigrants including Um Kulthum bint ʿUqba bin Abu Muait who came to Messenger of Allah ﷺ and she was a young lady then. Her relative came to the Prophet ﷺ and asked him to return her, but the Prophet ﷺ did not return her to them for Allah had revealed the following Verse regarding women: "O you who believe! When the believing women come to you as emigrants. Examine them, Allah knows best as to their belief, then if you know them for true believers, Send them not back to the unbelievers, (for) they are not lawful (wives) for the disbelievers, Nor are the unbelievers lawful (husbands) for them (60.10) (Using translation from Bukhārī 2711)   

أَنَّهُ سَمِعَ مَرْوَانَ بْنَ الْحَكَمِ وَالْمِسْوَرَ بْنَ مَخْرَمَةَ يُخْبِرَانِ خَبَرًا مِنْ خَبَرِ رَسُولِ اللهِ ﷺ مِنْ غَزْوَةِ الْحُدَيْبِيَةِ فَكَانَ فِيمَا أَخْبَرَنِي عُرْوَةُ عَنْهُمَا أَنَّهُ لَمَّا كَاتَبَ رَسُولُ اللهِ ﷺ سُهَيْلَ بْنَ عَمْرٍو يَوْمَ الْحُدَيْبِيَةِ عَلَى قَضِيَّةِ الْمُدَّةِ كَانَ فِيمَا اشْتَرَطَ سُهَيْلُ بْنُ عَمْرٍو أَنَّهُ لَا يَأْتِيكَ مِنَّا أَحَدٌ وَإِنْ كَانَ عَلَى دِينِكَ إِلَّا رَدَدْتَهُ إِلَيْنَا وَخَلَّيْتَ بَيْنَنَا وَبَيْنَهُ وَأَبَى سُهَيْلٌ أَنْ يُقَاضِيَ رَسُولَ اللهِ ﷺ إِلَّا عَلَى ذَلِكَ فَكَرِهَ الْمُؤْمِنُونَ ذَلِكَ وَأَلْغَطُوا فِيهِ وَتَكَلَّمُوا فِيهِ فَلَمَّا أَبَى سُهَيْلٌ أَنْ يُقَاضِيَ رَسُولَ اللهِ ﷺ إِلَّا عَلَى ذَلِكَ كَاتَبَهُ رَسُولُ اللهِ ﷺ فَرَدَّ أَبَا جَنْدَلِ بْنَ سُهَيْلٍ يَوْمَئِذٍ إِلَى أَبِيهِ سُهَيْلِ بْنِ عَمْرٍو وَلَمْ يَأْتِ رَسُولُ اللهِ ﷺ أَحَدٌ مِنَ الرِّجَالِ إِلَّا رَدَّ فِي تِلْكَ الْمُدَّةِ وَإِنْ كَانَ مُسْلِمًا ثُمَّ جَاءَتِ الْمُؤْمِنَاتُ مُهَاجِرَاتٍ وَكَانَتْ أُمُّ كُلْثُومِ بِنْتُ عُقْبَةَ بْنِ أَبِي مُعَيْطٍ مِمَّنْ هَاجَرَتْ إِلَى رَسُولِ اللهِ ﷺ وَهِيَ عَاتِقٌ فَجَاءَ أَهْلُهَا يَسْأَلُونَ رَسُولَ اللهِ ﷺ أَنْ يُرْجِعَهَا إِلَيْهِمْ حَتَّى أَنْزَلَ اللهُ فِي الْمُؤْمِنَاتِ مَا أَنْزَلَ  

[Machine] "From Abdullah ibn Abi Zayd Al-Qayrawani."  

عَنْ عَبْدِ الرَّزَّاقِ  

Qariba, The daughter of Abi Umaiyya, was the wife of 'Umar bin Al-Khattab. 'Umar divorced her and then Mu'awiyya bin Abi Sufyan married her. Similarly, Um Al-Hakam, the daughter of Abi Sufyan was the wife of 'Iyad bin Ghanm Al-Fihri. He divorced her and then 'Abdullah bin 'Uthman Al-Thaqafi married her. (Using translation from Bukhārī 5287)   

عَبَّاسٍ ؓ كَانَتْ قُرَيْبَةُ بِنْتُ أَبِي أُمَيَّةَ عِنْدَ عُمَرَ بْنِ الْخَطَّابِ ؓ فَطَلَّقَهَا فَتَزَوَّجَهَا مُعَاوِيَةُ بْنُ أَبِي سُفْيَانَ وَكَانَتْ أُمُّ الْحَكَمِ بِنْتُ أَبِي سُفْيَانَ تَحْتَ عِيَاضِ بْنِ غَنْمٍ الْفِهْرِيِّ فَطَلَّقَهَا فَتَزَوَّجَهَا عَبْدُ اللهِ بْنُ عُثْمَانَ الثَّقَفِيُّ  

[Machine] About Mujahid in his saying {And do not hold onto the bond of disbelieving women} [Al-Mumtahina 10], he said that the companions of the Prophet ﷺ were ordered to divorce women who were disbelievers in Makkah. They sat with the disbelievers in Makkah. Al-Shafi'i (may Allah have mercy on him) said, and Allah said {And do not marry the polytheistic women until they believe, and a believing slave woman is better than a polytheistic woman} [Al-Baqarah 221]. It was said about this verse that it was revealed concerning a group of Arab polytheists who were idol worshippers, and it was prohibited for them to marry their women just as it was prohibited for their women to marry the believers. If this is the case, then this verse is firm and there is no abrogation in it.  

عَنْ مُجَاهِدٍ فِي قَوْلِهِ تَعَالَى {وَلَا تُمْسِكُوا بِعِصَمِ الْكَوَافِرِ} [الممتحنة 10] قَالَ أَمَرَ أَصْحَابَ النَّبِيِّ ﷺ بِطَلَاقِ نِسَاءٍ كُنَّ كَوَافِرَ بِمَكَّةَ قَعَدْنَ مَعَ الْكُفَّارِ بِمَكَّةَ قَالَ الشَّافِعِيُّ رَحِمَهُ اللهُ وَقَالَ اللهُ جَلَّ ثَنَاؤُهُ {وَلَا تَنْكِحُوا الْمُشْرِكَاتِ حَتَّى يُؤْمِنَّ وَلَأَمَةٌ مُؤْمِنَةٌ خَيْرٌ مِنْ مُشْرِكَةٍ} [البقرة 221] قِيلَ فِي هَذِهِ الْآيَةِ إِنَّهَا نَزَلَتْ فِي جَمَاعَةِ مُشْرِكِي الْعَرَبِ الَّذِينَ هُمْ أَهْلُ أَوْثَانٍ يَحْرُمُ نِكَاحُ نِسَائِهِمْ كَمَا يَحْرُمُ أَنْ يَنْكِحَ رِجَالُهُمُ الْمُؤْمِنَاتِ فَإِنْ كَانَ هَذَا هَكَذَا فَهَذِهِ الْآيَةُ ثَابِتَةٌ لَيْسَ فِيهَا مَنْسُوخٌ  

[Machine] The statement of Mujahid: "And do not marry polytheistic women until they believe" [Surah Al-Baqarah 221]. This means the women of the people of Makkah who are polytheists, then it allowed them to marry the women of the people of the Book.  

عَنْ مُجَاهِدٍ قَوْلُهُ تَعَالَى {وَلَا تَنْكِحُوا الْمُشْرِكَاتِ حَتَّى يُؤْمِنَّ} [البقرة 221] يَعْنِي نِسَاءَ أَهْلِ مَكَّةَ الْمُشْرِكَاتِ ثُمَّ أَحَلَّ لَهُمْ نِسَاءَ أَهْلِ الْكِتَابِ  

[Machine] Regarding His saying, exalted is He, "{And do not marry polytheistic women until they believe}" [Surah Al-Baqarah, verse 221], the scholars of idolatry said, the Shaykh (may Allah have mercy on him) said, and this is also mentioned by As-Suddi and Muqatil ibn Sulayman, the interpreter. Ash-Shafi'i (may Allah have mercy on him) said, and it has been said that this verse applies to all polytheists, then the permission was revealed afterwards regarding the permissibility of marrying women from the People of the Book, specifically, just as it was mentioned regarding the permissibility of consuming the meat of the People of the Book, Allah, exalted is He, said, "{This day [all] good foods have been made lawful, and the food of those who were given the Scripture is lawful for you and your food is lawful for them. And [lawful in marriage are] chaste women from among the believers and chaste women from among those who were given the Scripture before you}" [Surah Al-Ma'idah, verse 5].  

عَنْ قَوْلِهِ تَعَالَى {وَلَا تَنْكِحُوا الْمُشْرِكَاتِ حَتَّى يُؤْمِنَّ} [البقرة 221] قَالَ أَهْلُ الْأَوْثَانِ قَالَ الشَّيْخُ رَحِمَهُ اللهُ وَمَعْنَاهُ ذَكَرَهُ السُّدِّيُّ وَمُقَاتِلُ بْنُ سُلَيْمَانَ الْمُفَسِّرُ قَالَ الشَّافِعِيُّ رَحِمَهُ اللهُ وَقَدْ قِيلَ هَذِهِ الْآيَةُ فِي جَمِيعِ الْمُشْرِكِينَ ثُمَّ نَزَلَتِ الرُّخْصَةُ بَعْدَهَا فِي إِحْلَالِ نِكَاحِ الْحَرَائِرِ مِنْ أَهْلِ الْكِتَابِ خَاصَّةً كَمَا جَاءَتْ فِي إِحْلَالِ ذَبَائِحِ أَهْلِ الْكِتَابِ قَالَ اللهُ تَعَالَى {الْيَوْمَ أُحِلَّ لَكُمُ الطَّيِّبَاتُ وَطَعَامُ الَّذِينَ أُوتُوا الْكِتَابَ حِلٌّ لَكُمْ وَطَعَامُكُمْ حِلٌّ لَهُمْ وَالْمُحْصَنَاتُ مِنَ الْمُؤْمِنَاتِ وَالْمُحْصَنَاتُ مِنَ الذِّينَ أُوتُوا الْكِتَابَ مِنْ قَبْلِكُمْ إِذَا آتَيْتُمُوهُنَّ أُجُورَهُنَّ} [المائدة 5]  

[Machine] In His saying, He exalted, {And do not marry polytheistic women until they believe} [Surah Al-Baqarah 221]. Then He made an exception for the women of the People of the Book, saying, {And [lawful in marriage are] chaste women from among those who were given the Scripture before you} [Surah Al-Ma'idah 5]. It is permissible for you to marry them, {When you give them their due compensation} [Surah Al-Ma'idah 5], meaning their dowries. {Chaste women from among the believers and chaste women from among those who were given the Scripture before you} [Surah An-Nisa 25], He says, modest women who are not adulterous.  

فِي قَوْلِهِ تَعَالَى {وَلَا تَنْكِحُوا الْمُشْرِكَاتِ حَتَّى يُؤْمِنَّ} [البقرة 221] ثُمَّ اسْتَثْنَى نِسَاءَ أَهْلِ الْكِتَابِ فَقَالَ {وَالْمُحْصَنَاتُ مِنَ الذِّينَ أُوتُوا الْكِتَابَ مِنْ قَبْلِكُمْ} [المائدة 5] حِلٌّ لَكُمْ {إِذَا آتَيْتُمُوهُنَّ أُجُورَهُنَّ} [المائدة 5] يَعْنِي مُهُورَهُنَّ {مُحْصَنَاتٍ غَيْرَ مُسَافِحَاتٍ} [النساء 25] يَقُولُ عَفَائِفَ غَيْرَ زَوَانٍ  

[Machine] About Ibn Abbas in his saying, "And do not marry polytheist women until they believe" [Surah Al-Baqarah 2:221], it was abrogated and it is permissible to marry women from the people of the Book (Jews and Christians).  

عَنِ ابْنِ عَبَّاسٍ فِي قَوْلِهِ تَعَالَى {وَلَا تَنْكِحُوا الْمُشْرِكَاتِ حَتَّى يُؤْمِنَّ} [البقرة 221] نُسِخَتْ وَأُحِلَّ مِنَ الْمُشْرِكَاتِ نِسَاءُ أَهْلِ الْكِتَابِ  

[Machine] Indeed, it is the last chapter that was revealed, so whatever you find in it to be permissible, then deem it as such, and whatever you find in it to be forbidden, then make it prohibited.  

أَمَا إِنَّهَا آخِرُ سُورَةٍ نَزَلَتْ فَمَا وَجَدْتُمْ فِيهَا مِنْ حَلَالٍ فَاسْتَحِلُّوهُ وَمَا وَجَدْتُمْ فِيهَا مِنْ حَرَامٍ فَحَرِّمُوهُ  

[Machine] Al-Shafi'i (may Allah have mercy on him) said: "Whichever of the two options it may be, marriage with the eligible women of the People of the Book is allowed. And what I prefer is that a Muslim should not marry them."  

الشَّافِعِيُّ رَحِمَهُ اللهُ فَأَيُّهُمَا كَانَ فَقَدْ أُبِيحَ مِنْهُ نِكَاحُ حَرَائِرِ أَهْلِ الْكِتَابِ قَالَ وَأَحَبُّ إِلِيَّ لَوْ لَمْ يَنْكِحْهُنَّ مُسْلِمٌ  

[Machine] Muslim women do not inherit nor are they inherited, and their wives are lawful for us but our wives are forbidden for them.  

لَا يَرِثْنَ مُسْلِمًا وَلَا يَرِثُهُنَّ وَنِسَاءُهُمْ لَنَا حِلٌّ وَنِسَاءُنَا عَلَيْهِمْ حَرَامٌ  

[Machine] That Uthman ibn Affan married the daughter of al-Furafisa al-Kalbiyyah, who was a Christian, and she converted to Islam under his influence.  

أَنَّ عُثْمَانَ بْنَ عَفَّانَ ؓ نَكَحَ ابْنَةَ الْفُرَافِصَةِ الْكَلْبِيَّةَ وَهِيَ نَصْرَانِيَّةٌ عَلَى نِسَائِهِ ثُمَّ أَسْلَمَتْ عَلَى يَدَيْهِ  

[Machine] That Hudhayfah ibn al-Yaman married a Jewish woman.  

أَنَّ حُذَيْفَةَ بْنَ الْيَمَانِ نَكَحَ يَهُودِيَّةً  

[Machine] He said that Talhah married a Jewess.  

أَنَّهُ قَالَ تَزَوَّجَ طَلْحَةُ ؓ يَهُودِيَّةً  

[Machine] I heard Abu Wa'il saying, "Hudhayfah married a Jewish woman, so Umar wrote to him advising him to leave her. Umar expressed his fear that Muslim women would follow suit and marry non-Muslim men. This advice from Umar was based on a precautionary and disliked act. In another narration, it is mentioned that Hudhayfah wrote back asking if she was unlawful for him. Umar replied saying, "No, but I fear that you may engage in relations with non-Muslim women."  

سَمِعْتُ أَبَا وَائِلٍ يَقُولُ تَزَوَّجَ حُذَيْفَةُ ؓ يَهُودِيَّةً فَكَتَبَ إِلَيْهِ عُمَرُ ؓ أَنْ يُفَارِقَهَا فَقَالَ إِنِّي أَخْشَى أَنْ تَدَعُوا الْمُسْلِمَاتِ وَتَنْكِحُوا الْمُومِسَاتِ وَهَذَا مِنْ عُمَرَ ؓ عَلَى طَرِيقِ التَّنْزِيهِ وَالْكَرَاهَةِ فَفِي رِوَايَةٍ أُخْرَى أَنَّ حُذَيْفَةَ كَتَبَ إِلَيْهِ أَحَرَامٌ هِيَ؟ قَالَ لَا وَلَكِنِّي أَخَافُ أَنْ تُعَاطُوا الْمُومِسَاتِ مِنْهُنَّ  

[Machine] Umar ibn Al-Khattab wrote to him that the Muslim man can marry a Christian woman, but the Christian man cannot marry a Muslim woman.  

كَتَبَ إِلَيْهِ عُمَرُ بْنُ الْخَطَّابِ إِنَّ الْمُسْلِمَ يَنْكِحُ النَّصْرَانِيَّةَ وَلَا يَنْكِحُ النَّصْرَانِيُّ الْمُسْلِمَةَ  

[Machine] Indeed, Allah sent Muhammad with the truth to manifest it over all religions. Our religion is the best of religions, and our nation is above all nations. Our men are above our women, and their men are not above our women. Abu Al-Qasim said that none narrated it from Sufyan except Nu'man. Al-Shafi'i, may Allah have mercy on him, said, "The people of the Book, who permit the marriage of their slaves, are the well-known people of the Torah and the Gospel, who are the Jews and the Christians from the children of Israel, excluding the Magi." The Sheikh, may Allah have mercy on him, said, "This famous narration is from Abdul Rahman bin Auf, from the Prophet, who said, 'Treat them in accordance with the customs of the people of the Book.'" Thus, the people of knowledge have taken this with evidence and narration as a condition upon paying the jizyah, so they are included with them in the protection of life through the jizyah, without any other. And Allah knows best.  

إِنَّ اللهَ ﷻ بَعَثَ مُحَمَّدًا ﷺ بِالْحَقِّ لِيُظْهِرَهُ عَلَى الدِّينِ كُلِّهِ فَدِينُنَا خَيْرُ الْأَدْيَانِ وَمِلَّتُنَا فَوْقَ الْمِلَلِ وَرِجَالُنَا فَوْقَ نِسَائِهِمْ وَلَا يَكُونُ رِجَالُهُمْ فَوْقَ نِسَائِنَا قَالَ أَبُو الْقَاسِمِ لَمْ يَرْوِهِ عَنْ سُفْيَانَ إِلَّا النُّعْمَانُ قَالَ الشَّافِعِيُّ رَحِمَهُ اللهُ وَأَهْلُ الْكِتَابِ الَّذِي يَحِلُّ نِكَاحُ حَرَائِرِهِمْ أَهْلُ الْكِتَابَيْنِ الْمَشْهُورَيْنِ التَّوْرَاةِ وَالْإِنْجِيلِ وَهُمُ الْيَهُودُ وَالنَّصَارَى مِنْ بَنِي إِسْرَائِيلَ دُونَ الْمَجُوسِ قَالَ الشَّيْخُ رَحِمَهُ اللهُ وَهَذَا الْأَثَرُ الْمَشْهُورُ عَنْ عَبْدِ الرَّحْمَنِ بْنِ عَوْفٍ عَنِ النَّبِيِّ ﷺ سَنُّوا بِهِمْ سُنَّةَ أَهْلِ الْكِتَابِ فَحَمَلَهُ أَهْلُ الْعِلْمِ مَعَ الِاسْتِدْلَالِ بِرِوَايَةٍ بِحَالَةٍ عَلَى الْجِزْيَةِ فَهُمْ مُلْحَقُونَ بِهِمْ فِي حَقْنِ الدَّمِ بِالْجِزْيَةِ دُونَ غَيْرِهَا وَاللهُ أَعْلَمُ  

[Machine] Al-'Abbas Al-Asamm informed Ar-Rabi' that Ash-Shafi'i informed 'Abdul-Majid from Ibn Jurayj who said: 'Ata' said, "The Arab Christians are not the People of the Book. Rather, the People of the Book are the Children of Israel and those to whom the Torah and the Gospel were revealed. As for those who joined them from among the people, they are not counted among them." The Sheikh, may Allah have mercy on him, said, "We have also narrated from 'Umar and 'Ali, peace be upon them, regarding the Arab Christians, with the same meaning. And it is mentioned in its proper context, if Allah wills."  

الْعَبَّاسِ الْأَصَمُّ أنبأ الرَّبِيعُ أنبأ الشَّافِعِيُّ أنبأ عَبْدُ الْمَجِيدِ عَنِ ابْنِ جُرَيْجٍ قَالَ قَالَ عَطَاءٌ لَيْسَ نَصَارَى الْعَرَبِ بِأَهْلِ الْكِتَابِ إِنَّمَا أَهْلُ الْكِتَابِ بَنُو إِسْرَائِيلَ وَالَّذِينَ جَاءَتْهُمُ التَّوْرَاةُ وَالْإِنْجِيلُ فَأَمَّا مَنْ دَخَلَ فِيهِمْ مِنَ النَّاسِ فَلَيْسُوا مِنْهُمْ قَالَ الشَّيْخُ رَحِمَهُ اللهُ وَقَدْ رُوِّينَا عَنْ عُمَرَ وَعَلِيٍّ ؓ فِي نَصَارَى الْعَرَبِ بِمَعْنَى هَذَا وَأَنَّهُ لَا تُؤْكَلُ ذَبَائِحُهُمْ وَذَلِكَ يَرِدُ فِي مَوْضِعِهِ إِنْ شَاءَ اللهُ تَعَالَى  

[Machine] He married a Jewish woman, and Allah knows best.  

أَنَّهُ نَكَحَ يَهُودِيَّةً وَاللهُ أَعْلَمُ