ʿUmar bin al-Khattab gave a speech and said: O people, we used to know you when the Prophet ﷺ was among us and revelation was coming down to him; Allah would tell us about you. But now the Prophet ﷺ has passed away and revelation has ceased, and now the way to judge you is this whoever among you shows us good conduct, we will think well of him and love him; whoever among you shows us bad conduct, we will think badly of him and hate him for that, and whatever is in your hearts is between you and your Lord. There was a time when I used to think that whoever learned the Qurʿan, seeking thereby Allah and (the reward that) is with Him, would be rewarded in the Hereafter, but some men learned Qurʿan seeking that which is with people. So seek Allah by learning Qurʿan and by your good deeds. By Allah, I do not send my workers to strike you or seize your wealth; rather I send them to you to teach you your religion and Sunnah, whoever has done to him something other than that, let him refer it to me, for by the One in Whose hand is my soul, I shall surely grant him retaliation. ʿAmr bin al-ʿAs stood up and said: O Ameer al Muʿmineen, do you think if one of the Muslims was in charge of some people and he disciplined one of them, would you allow that one to settle the score with him? He said: Yes, by the One in Whose hand is the soul of ʿUmar, I would not certainly allow him to settle the score with him. I saw the Messenger of Allah ﷺ do that with regard to himself. But do not strike the Muslims and thus humiliate them, and do not keep them away from their wives on campaign for too long and thus expose them to temptation. Do not withhold from them their due rights and cause them to rebel; and do not make them camp in an area with a lot of trees, because that will cause them to be scattered. It was narrated that ‘Abul-ʿAjfaʿ as-Sulami said: I heard ‘Umar say: Do not make womenʿs dowries expensive,... and he mentioned the same hadeeth. (Using translation from Aḥmad 286)   

أَنَّ قَوْمًا قَرءُوهُ يُرِيدُونَ بِهِ النَّاسَ وَيُرِيدُونَ بِهِ الدُّنْيَا أَلَا فَأَرِيدُوا اللهَ بِأَعْمَالِكُمْ ألَا فَأَرِيدُوا اللهَ بِأَعْمَالِكُمْ أَلَا إِنَّمَا كُنَّا نَعْرِفُكُمْ إِذْ يَتَنَزَّلُ الْوَحْيُ وَإِذِ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ بَيْنَ أَظْهُرِنَا وَإِذْ نَبَّأَنَا اللهُ مِنْ أَخْبَارِكُمْ فَقَدِ انْقَطَعَ الْوَحْيُ وَذَهَبَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ فَإِنَّمَا نَعْرِفُكُمْ بِمَا أَقُولُ لَكُمْ أَلَا مَنْ رَأَيْنَا مِنْهُ خَيْرًا ظَنَنَّا بِهِ خَيْرًا وَأَحْبَبْنَاهُ عَلَيْهِ وَمَنْ رَأَيْنَا مِنْهُ شَرًّا ظَنَنَّا بِهِ شَرًّا وَأَبْغَضْنَاهُ عَلَيْهِ سَرَائِرُكُمْ بَيْنَكُمْ وَبَيْنَ رَبِّكُمْ أَلَا إِنَّمَا أَبْعَثُ عُمَّالِي لِيُعَلِّمُوكُمْ دِينَكُمْ وَلِيُعَلِّمُوكُمْ سُنَّتَكُمْ وَلَا أَبْعَثُهُمْ لِيَضْرِبُوا ظُهُورَكُمْ وَلَا لِيَأْخُذُوا أَمْوَالَكُمْ أَلَا فَمَنْ رَابَهُ شَيْءٌ مِنْ ذَلِكَ فَلْيَرْفَعْهُ إِلِيَّ فَوَالَّذِي نَفْسُ عُمَرَ بِيَدِهِ لَأُقِصَّنَّ مِنْهُ فَقَامَ عَمْرُو بْنُ الْعَاصِ فَقَالَ يَا أَمِيرَ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ إِنْ بَعَثْتَ عَامِلًا مِنْ عُمَّالِكَ فَأَدَّبَ رَجُلًا مِنْ أَهْلِ رَعِيَّتِهِ فَضَرَبَهُ إِنَّكَ لَمُقِصُّهُ مِنْهُ؟ قَالَ نَعَمْ وَالَّذِي نَفْسُ عُمَرَ بِيَدِهِ لَأُقِصَّنَّ مِنْهُ وَقَدْ رَأَيْتُ النَّبِيَّ ﷺ يُقِصُّ مِنْ نَفْسِهِ أَلَا لَا تَضْرِبُوا الْمُسْلِمِينَ فَتُذِلُّوهُمْ وَلَا تَمْنَعُوهُمْ حُقُوقَهُمْ فَتُكْفِرُوهُمْ وَلَا تُجَمِّرُوهُمْ فَتَفْتِنُوهُمْ وَلَا تُنْزِلُوهُمُ الْغِيَاضَ فَتُضَيِّعُوهُمْ  

[Machine] "We will send the man to the city and make him a tent of animal skins." He said, "What do you think if he is hit by a stone?" He replied, "Then he will be killed." He said, "So do not do it, for by the One in Whose hand is my soul, it does not please me for you to conquer a city in which there are four thousand warriors by the loss of a Muslim man."  

نَبْعَثُ الرَّجُلَ إِلَى الْمَدِينَةِ ونَصْنَعُ لَهُ هَنَةً مِنْ جُلُودٍ قَالَ أَرَأَيْتَ إِنْ رُمِيَ بِحَجَرٍ؟ قَالَ إِذًا يُقْتَلَ قَالَ فَلَا تَفْعَلُوا فَوَالَّذِي نَفْسِي بِيَدِهِ مَا يَسُرُّنِي أَنْ تَفْتَتِحُوا مَدِينَةً فِيهَا أَرْبَعَةُ آلَافِ مُقَاتِلٍ بِتَضْيِيعِ رَجُلٍ مُسْلِمٍ  

[Machine] People were afflicted in a year when butter became expensive, so Umar would eat oil which would cause his stomach to make noises. In another narration, Yahya said that Umar would eat it and when it became scarce, he said, "I will not eat it until the people eat it." He would eat oil and it would make his stomach make noises. Ibn Mukram said in his narration, "Make noise as much as you want, by Allah, I will not eat butter until the people eat it." Then he said to me, "Break its solidness for me with fire," so I would cook it for him and he would eat it.  

أَصَابَ النَّاسَ سَنَةٌ غَلَا فِيهَا السَّمْنُ فَكَانَ عُمَرُ ؓ يَأْكُلُ الزَّيْتَ فَيُقَرْقِرُ بَطْنُهُ وَفِي رِوَايَةِ يَحْيَى قَالَ كَانَ عُمَرُ ؓ يَأْكُلُهُ فَلَمَّا قَلَّ قَالَ لَا آكُلُهُ حَتَّى يَأْكُلَهُ النَّاسُ قَالَ فَكَانَ يَأْكُلُ الزَّيْتَ فَيُقَرْقِرُ بَطْنُهُ قَالَ ابْنُ مُكْرَمٍ فِي رِوَايَتِهِ فَقَالَ قَرْقِرْ مَا شِئْتَ فَوَاللهِ لَا آكُلُ السَّمْنَ حَتَّى يَأْكُلَهُ النَّاسُ ثُمَّ قَالَ لِي اكْسِرْ حَرَّهُ عَنِّي بِالنَّارِ فَكُنْتُ أَطْبُخُهُ لَهُ فَيَأْكُلُهُ  

[Machine] There is none among you except that he is a counselor, but I left my companion on a certain path. If I leave their path, I will not find them at home. He said, "And people are affected by a year, so they did not eat fat or meat during that year until people were revived."  

أَنَّهُ لَيْسَ مِنْكُمْ إِلَّا نَاصِحٌ وَلَكِنْ تَرَكْتُ صَاحِبِيَّ عَلَى جَادَّةٍ فَإِنْ تَرَكْتُ جَادَّتَهُمَا لَمْ أُدْرِكْهُمَا فِي الْمَنْزِلِ قَالَ وَأَصَابَ النَّاسَ سَنَةٌ فَمَا أَكَلَ عَامَئِذٍ سَمْنًا وَلَا سَمِينًا حَتَّى أَحْيَا النَّاسُ  

[Machine] "And I swear by Allah, I will not ride it until the condition of the people improves."  

وَاللهِ لَا أَرْكَبُهَا حَتَّى يَحْسُنَ حَالُ النَّاسِ  

[Machine] Umru asked, "What do Muslims satisfy themselves with in their travels?" The Messenger of Allah replied, "O Allah, no." Umru said, "I do not want that." He then wrote to Utba, 'After this, it is not from your ability, nor from the ability of your father, nor from the ability of your mother to satisfy those before you from the Muslims in their travels with what you satisfy yourself in your own journey." Abu Abdullah al-Hafiz narrated to us from Ismail ibn Ahmad al-Jurjani, who reported from Abu Ya'la al-Mawsili, who reported from Abu Khaythama, who reported from Jarir, who reported from Asim al-Ahwal, who heard it from Abu Uthman, and he mentioned it.  

عُمَرُ ؓ أَيَشْبَعُ الْمُسْلِمُونَ فِي رِحَالِهِمْ مِنْ هَذَا؟ فَقَالَ الرَّسُولُ اللهُمَّ لَا فَقَالَ عُمَرُ ؓ لَا أُرِيدُهُ وَكَتَبَ إِلَى عُتْبَةَ أَمَّا بَعْدُ فَإِنَّهُ لَيْسَ مِنْ كَدِّكَ وَلَا مِنْ كَدِّ أَبِيكَ وَلَا مِنْ كَدِّ أُمِّكَ فَأَشْبِعْ مَنْ قِبَلَكَ مِنَ الْمُسْلِمِينَ فِي رِحَالِهِمْ مِمَّا تَشْبَعُ مِنْهُ فِي رَحْلِكَ أَخْبَرَنَاهُ أَبُو عَبْدِ اللهِ الْحَافِظُ ثنا إِسْمَاعِيلُ بْنُ أَحْمَدَ الْجُرْجَانِيُّ أنبأ أَبُو يَعْلَى الْمَوْصِلِيُّ ثنا أَبُو خَيْثَمَةَ ثنا جَرِيرٌ عَنْ عَاصِمٍ الْأَحْوَلِ عَنْ أَبِي عُثْمَانَ فَذَكَرَهُ  

[Machine] The Messenger of Allah ﷺ said, "O Allah, whoever is appointed over any affair of my Ummah (nation), be kind to them and whoever is harsh to them, be harsh to them." Abu Abdullah Al-Hafiz informed us, Abu Ahmed Al-Hafiz narrated to us, Muhammad bin Ishaq bin Khuzayma informed me, Ali bin Hassan Al-Attar narrated to me, Abdur Rahman bin Mahdi narrated to me, Jarir bin Hazim said, "I heard Harmala Al-Misri talking about Abdul Rahman bin Shimasa, who narrated from Aisha, that the Prophet ﷺ said something similar to this."  

رَسُولِ اللهِ ﷺ يَقُولُ اللهُمَّ مَنْ وَلِيَ مِنْ أَمْرِ أُمَّتِي شَيْئًا فَرَفَقَ بِهِمْ فَارْفُقْ بِهِ وَمَنْ شَقَّ عَلَيْهِمْ فَاشْقُقْ عَلَيْهِ وَأَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو عَبْدِ اللهِ الْحَافِظُ أَخْبَرَنِي أَبُو أَحْمَدَ الْحَافِظُ أنبأ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ إِسْحَاقَ بْنِ خُزَيْمَةَ ثنا عَلِيُّ بْنُ حَسَّانَ الْعَطَّارُ ثنا عَبْدُ الرَّحْمَنِ بْنُ مَهْدِيٍّ ثنا جَرِيرُ بْنُ حَازِمٍ قَالَ سَمِعْتُ حَرْمَلَةَ الْمِصْرِيَّ يُحَدِّثُ عَنْ عَبْدِ الرَّحْمَنِ بْنِ شِمَاسَةَ عَنْ عَائِشَةَ ؓ عَنِ النَّبِيِّ ﷺ نَحْوَهُ  

[Machine] The Messenger of Allah, ﷺ , said: "When he besieged the people of Ta'if and was unable to gain anything from them, we will march tomorrow, if Allah wills." The Muslims said: "How can we go without achieving victory?" The Messenger of Allah, ﷺ , said: "Prepare for battle in the morning." They prepared and attacked them, and they were wounded. The Messenger of Allah, ﷺ , said: "We will march tomorrow." They were amazed by that, so the Messenger of Allah, ﷺ , laughed.  

قَالَ رَسُولُ اللهِ ﷺ يَعْنِي حِينَ حَاصَرَ أَهْلَ الطَّائِفِ فَلَمْ يَنَلْ مِنْهُمْ شَيْئًا إِنَّا قَافِلُونَ غَدًا إِنْ شَاءَ اللهُ فَقَالَ الْمُسْلِمُونَ كَيْفَ نَذْهَبُ وَلَمْ نَفْتَحْ؟ فَقَالَ رَسُولُ اللهِ ﷺ فَاغْدُوا لِلْقِتَالِ فَغَدَوْا عَلَيْهِمْ فَأَصَابَتْهُمْ جِرَاحَةٌ فَقَالَ رَسُولُ اللهِ ﷺ إِنَّا قَافِلُونَ غَدًا فَأَعْجَبَهُمْ ذَلِكَ فَضَحِكَ رَسُولُ اللهِ ﷺ  

[Machine] The Messenger of Allah ﷺ said, "Stand up and enter a paradise whose width is that of the heavens and the earth." Umair bin Al-Humam Al-Ansari said, "O Messenger of Allah, is its width really that of the heavens and the earth?" He replied, "Yes." Umair said, "Wow, wow!" The Messenger of Allah ﷺ asked, "What led you to say 'wow, wow'?" Umair replied, "By Allah, O Messenger of Allah, it is only the hope that I may be one of its people." The Prophet ﷺ said, "Indeed, you are one of its people." He then took out dates from his pocket and started eating them, saying, "If I live until I finish eating these dates, then surely it will be a long life." He then threw the rest of the dates that he had with him and fought until he was killed.  

رَسُولُ اللهِ ﷺ قُومُوا إِلَى جَنَّةٍ عَرْضُهَا السَّمَاوَاتُ وَالْأَرْضُ قَالَ يَقُولُ عُمَيْرُ بْنُ الْحُمَامِ الْأَنْصَارِيُّ يَا رَسُولَ اللهِ عَرْضُهَا السَّمَاوَاتُ وَالْأَرْضُ؟ قَالَ نَعَمْ قَالَ بَخٍ بَخٍ قَالَ رَسُولُ اللهِ ﷺ مَا يَحْمِلُكَ عَلَى قَوْلِكَ بَخٍ بَخٍ؟ قَالَ لَا وَاللهِ يَا رَسُولَ اللهِ إِلَّا رَجَاءَ أَنْ أَكُونَ مِنْ أَهْلِهَا قَالَ فَإِنَّكَ مِنْ أَهْلِهَا قَالَ فَأَخْرَجَ تَمَرَاتٍ مِنْ قَرَنِهِ فَجَعَلَ يَأْكُلُ مِنْهُنَّ ثُمَّ قَالَ لَئِنْ أَنَا حَيِيتُ حَتَّى آكُلَ مِنْ تَمَرَاتِي هَذِهِ إِنَّهَا لَحَيَاةٌ طَوِيلَةٌ قَالَ فَرَمَى بِمَا كَانَ مَعَهُ مِنَ التَّمْرِ ثُمَّ قَاتَلَهُمْ حَتَّى قُتِلَ  

On the day of the battle of Uhud, a man came to the Prophet ﷺ and said, "Can you tell me where I will be if I should get martyred?" The Prophet ﷺ replied, "In Paradise." The man threw away some dates he was carrying in his hand, and fought till he was martyred . (Using translation from Bukhārī 4046)   

رَجُلٌ لِلنَّبِيِّ ﷺ يَوْمَ أُحُدٍ أَرَأَيْتَ إِنْ قُتِلْتُ يَا رَسُولَ اللهِ أَيْنَ أَنَا؟ قَالَ فِي الْجَنَّةِ فَأَلْقَى تُمَيْرَاتٍ كُنَّ فِي يَدِهِ ثُمَّ قَاتَلَ حَتَّى قُتِلَ أَخْرَجَاهُ فِي الصَّحِيحِ مِنْ حَدِيثِ سُفْيَانَ  

[Machine] About the first battle fought by the Messenger of Allah ﷺ against the polytheists, he said, "If Allah witnesses me in a battle, He will show what I am capable of." So on the day of Uhud, the Muslims were exposed, and he said, "O Allah, I apologize to You for what these people, referring to the polytheists, have done, and I excuse myself to You for what these people, referring to the Muslims, have done." Then he walked with his sword and met Sa`d bin Mu`adh, who said, "Who is Sa`d? By the One in Whose Hand my soul is, I can smell the fragrance of Paradise from Uhud." Sa`d said, "What could I do, O Messenger of Allah, when I saw what happened?" So we found him among the dead with eighty-two wounds from sword strikes, spear stabs, and arrow shots. His sister recognized him by his wounds. Anas said, "We used to say that this verse was revealed about him and his companions." In my book, it is mentioned that Anas bin An-Nadr said this.  

عَنْ أَوَّلِ قِتَالٍ قَاتَلَهُ رَسُولُ اللهِ ﷺ الْمُشْرِكِينَ لَئِنْ أَشْهَدَنِي اللهُ قِتَالًا لَيَرَيَنَّ اللهُ مَا أَصْنَعُ فَلَمَّا كَانَ يَوْمُ أُحُدٍ انْكَشَفَ الْمُسْلِمُونَ فَقَالَ اللهُمَّ إِنِّي أَبْرَأُ إِلَيْكَ مِمَّا جَاءَ بِهِ هَؤُلَاءِ يَعْنِي الْمُشْرِكِينَ وَأَعْتَذِرُ إِلَيْكَ مِمَّا صَنَعَ هَؤُلَاءِ يَعْنِي الْمُسْلِمِينَ ثُمَّ مَشَى بِسَيْفِهِ فَلَقِيَهُ سَعْدُ بْنُ مُعَاذٍ فَقَالَ أَيْ سَعْدٌ وَالَّذِي نَفْسِي بِيَدِهِ إِنِّي لَأَجِدُ رِيحَ الْجِنَّةِ دُونَ أُحُدٍ وَاهًا لِرِيحِ الْجَنَّةِ قَالَ سَعْدٌ فَمَا اسْتَطَعْتُ يَا رَسُولَ اللهِ مَا صَنَعَ فَوَجَدْنَاهُ بَيْنَ الْقَتْلَى وَبِهِ بِضْعٌ وَثَمَانُونَ جِرَاحَةً مِنْ ضَرْبَةٍ بِسَيْفٍ وَطَعْنَةٍ بِرُمْحٍ وَرَمْيَةٍ بِسَهْمٍ وَقَدْ مَثَّلُوا بِهِ حَتَّى عَرَفَتْهُ أُخْتُهُ بِبَنَانِهِ قَالَ أَنَسٌ كُنَّا نَقُولُ أُنْزِلَتْ هَذِهِ الْآيَةُ {مِنَ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ رِجَالٌ صَدَقُوا مَا عَاهَدُوا اللهَ عَلَيْهِ} [الأحزاب 23] فِيهِ وَفِي أَصْحَابِهِ كَذَا فِي كِتَابِي وَالصَّوَابُ أَنَسُ بْنُ النَّضْرِ  

Whoso turns them away from us will attain Paradise or will be my Companion in Paradise. A man from the Ansar came forward and fought (the enemy) until he was killed. The enemy advanced and overwhelmed him again and he repeated the words: Whoso turns them away, from us will attain Paradise or will be my Companion in Paradise. A man from the Arsar came forward and fought until he was killed. This state continued until the seven Ansar were killed (one after the other). Now, the Messenger of Allah ﷺ said to his two Companions: We have not done justice to our Companions. (Using translation from Muslim 1789)   

أَنَّ النَّبِيَّ ﷺ أُفْرِدَ يَوْمَ أُحُدٍ فِي سَبْعَةٍ مِنَ الْأَنْصَارِ وَرَجُلَيْنِ مِنْ قُرَيْشٍ فَلَمَّا رَهِقُوهُ قَالَ مَنْ يَرُدُّهُمْ عَنَّا وَلَهُ الْجَنَّةُ أَوْ هُوَ رَفِيقِي فِي الْجَنَّةِ؟ فَتَقَدَّمَ رَجُلٌ مِنَ الْأَنْصَارِ فَقَاتَلَ حَتَّى قُتِلَ ثُمَّ رَهِقُوهُ أَيْضًا فَقَالَ مَنْ يَرُدُّهُمْ عَنَّا وَلَهُ الْجَنَّةُ أَوْ هُوَ رَفِيقِي فِي الْجَنَّةِ؟ فَتَقَدَّمَ رَجُلٌ مِنَ الْأَنْصَارِ فَقَاتَلَ حَتَّى قُتِلَ فَلَمْ يَزَلْ كَذَلِكَ حَتَّى قُتِلَ السَّبْعَةُ فَقَالَ رَسُولُ اللهِ ﷺ لِصَاحِبَيْهِ مَا أَنْصَفْنَا أَصْحَابَنَا  

[Machine] He continued riding his horse until he reached the sea, then he embarked and fought until he was killed.  

سَنَنِهِ يَعْنِي فَرَسَهُ حَتَّى أَصْلَى بِحَرِّهَا فَحَمَلَ فَقَاتَلَ حَتَّى قُتِلَ  

[Machine] "Leave me alone, O Khalid, for indeed you had a special position with the Messenger of Allah ﷺ , and I and my father were among the most devoted people to the Messenger of Allah ﷺ . So he continued walking until he was killed."  

خَلِّ عَنِّي يَا خَالِدُ فَإِنَّهُ قَدْ كَانَتْ لَكَ مَعَ رَسُولِ اللهِ ﷺ سَابِقَةٌ وَإِنِّي وَأَبِي كُنَّا مِنْ أَشَدِّ النَّاسِ عَلَى رَسُولِ اللهِ ﷺ فَمَشَى حَتَّى قُتِلَ  

[Machine] "Raise me with your spears and throw me towards them, so they lifted him with their spears and threw him from behind the wall, and they realized that he had killed ten of them."  

ارْفَعُونِي بِرِمَاحِكُمْ فَأَلْقُونِي إِلَيْهِمْ فَرَفَعُوهُ بِرِمَاحِهِمْ فَأَلْقَوهُ مِنْ وَرَاءِ الْحَائِطِ فَأَدْرَكُوهُ قَدْ قَتَلَ مِنْهُمْ عَشَرَةً  

[Machine] I heard the Messenger of Allah ﷺ saying, "Paradise is beneath the shades of swords." A man with a disheveled appearance stood up and asked, "O Abu Musa, did you hear the Messenger of Allah ﷺ saying this?" He replied, "O Allah, yes." The man then returned to his companions, greeted them, and then broke the sheath of his sword, tightened his grip on it, fought the enemy until he was killed.  

سَمِعْتُ رَسُولَ اللهِ ﷺ يَقُولُ الْجَنَّةُ تَحْتَ ظِلَالِ السُّيُوفِ قَالَ فَقَامَ رَجُلٌ رَثُّ الْهَيْئَةِ فَقَالَ يَا أَبَا مُوسَى أَنْتَ سَمِعْتَ رَسُولَ اللهِ ﷺ يَقُولُ هَذَا؟ قَالَ اللهُمَّ نَعَمْ قَالَ فَرَجَعَ إِلَى أَصْحَابِهِ فَسَلَّمَ عَلَيْهِمْ ثُمَّ كَسَرَ جَفْنَ سَيْفِهِ وَشَدَّ عَلَى الْعَدُوِّ ثُمَّ قَاتَلَ حَتَّى قُتِلَ  

[Machine] He left the expense in the way of Allah.  

هُوَ تَرْكُ النَّفَقَةِ فِي سَبِيلِ اللهِ  

[Machine] In his statement {And spend in the way of Allah} [Al-Baqarah 195], the verse says that no one should say, "I cannot find anything to spend, except for a small amount." So, prepare it and spend it in the way of Allah. {And do not throw [yourselves] with your [own] hands into destruction} [Al-Baqarah 195].  

فِي قَوْلِهِ {وَأَنْفِقُوا فِي سَبِيلِ اللهِ} [البقرة 195] الْآيَةَ قَالَ يَقُولُ لَا يَقُولَنَّ أَحَدُكُمْ لَا أَجِدُ شَيْئًا إِنْ لَمْ يَجِدْ إِلَّا مِشْقَصًا فَلْيُجَهَّزْ بِهِ فِي سَبِيلِ اللهِ {وَلَا تُلْقُوا بِأَيْدِيكُمْ إِلَى التَّهْلُكَةِ} [البقرة 195]  

"We were in a Roman city, when a large column of Romans came out to us. So about the same number or more of the Muslims went towards them. The commander of the people of Egypt was 'Uqbah bin 'Amir, and the commenter of the (our) group was Fadalah bin 'Ubaid. One man among the Muslims reached the Roman line until he entered amidst them, so the people started screaming: 'Subhan Allah! He has thrown himself into destruction!' Abu Ayyub Al-Ansari said: 'O you people! You give this interpretation for this Ayah, while this Ayah was only revealed about us, the people among the Ansar, when Allah made Islam might, and increased its supporters. Some of us secretly said to each other, outside of the presence of the Messenger of Allah ﷺ: "Our wealth has been ruined, and Allah has strengthened Islam, and increased its supporters, so if we tend to our wealth then what we lost of it shall be revitalized for us." So Allah, Blessed and Most High, revealed to His Prophet ﷺ, rebuking what we said: 'And spend in the cause of Allah, and do not throw yourselves into destruction. (2:195)' So the destruction was tending to the wealth and maintaining it.' Abu Ayyub did not cease traveling in Allah's cause, until he was buried in the land of the Romans." (Using translation from Tirmidhī 2972)   

كُنَّا بِالْقُسْطَنْطِينِيَّةِ وَعَلَى أَهْلِ مِصْرَ عُقْبَةُ بْنُ عَامِرٍ وَعَلَى أَهْلِ الشَّامِ رَجُلٌ يُرِيدُ فَضَالَةَ بْنَ عُبَيْدٍ فَخَرَجَ مِنَ الْمَدِينَةِ صَفٌّ عَظِيمٌ مِنَ الرُّومِ فَصَفَفْنَا لَهُمْ فَحَمَلَ رَجُلٌ مِنَ الْمُسْلِمِينَ عَلَى الرُّومِ حَتَّى دَخَلَ فِيهِمْ ثُمَّ خَرَجَ عَلَيْنَا فَصَاحَ النَّاسُ إِلَيْهِ فَقَالُوا سُبْحَانَ اللهِ أَلْقَى بِيَدِهِ إِلَى التَّهْلُكَةِ فَقَامَ أَبُو أَيُّوبَ الْأَنْصَارِيُّ صَاحِبُ رَسُولِ اللهِ ﷺ فَقَالَ يَا أَيُّهَا النَّاسُ إِنَّكُمْ لَتُؤَوِّلُونَ هَذِهِ الْآيَةَ عَلَى هَذَا التَّأْوِيلِ إِنَّمَا أُنْزِلَتْ هَذِهِ الْآيَةُ فِينَا مَعْشَرَ الْأَنْصَارِ إِنَّا لَمَّا أَعَزَّ اللهُ دِينَهُ وَكَثُرَ نَاصِرُوهُ فَقُلْنَا فِيمَا بَيْنَنَا بَعْضُنَا لِبَعْضٍ سِرًّا مِنْ رَسُولِ اللهِ ﷺ إِنَّ أَمْوَالَنَا قَدْ ضَاعَتْ فَلَوْ أَقَمْنَا فِيهَا قَدْ أَصْلَحْنَا مَا ضَاعَ مِنْهَا فَأَنْزَلَ اللهُ ﷻ يَرُدُّ عَلَيْنَا مَا هَمَمْنَا بِهِ فَقَالَ {وَأَنْفِقُوا فِي سَبِيلِ اللهِ وَلَا تُلْقُوا بِأَيْدِيكُمْ إِلَى التَّهْلُكَةِ} [البقرة 195] فَكَانَتِ التَّهْلُكَةُ فِي الْإِقَامَةِ الَّتِي أَرَدْنَا أَنْ نُقِيمَ فِي أَمْوَالِنَا نُصْلِحُهَا فَأَمَرَنَا بِالْغَزْوِ فَمَا زَالَ أَبُو أَيُّوبَ ؓ غَازِيًا فِي سَبِيلِ اللهِ حَتَّى قَبَضَهُ اللهُ ﷻ  

[Machine] A man said to Bara'a, "Shall I carry a sword to the battlefield in a thousand perils?". He replied, "No, the real peril is when a person commits a sin and then throws it behind his back with his own hands and says, 'It will not be forgiven for me'."  

قَالَ رَجُلٌ لِلْبَرَاءِ ؓ أَحْمِلُ عَلَى الْكَتِيبَةِ بِالسَّيْفِ فِي أَلْفٍ مِنَ التَّهْلُكَةِ ذَاكَ؟ قَالَ لَا إِنَّمَا التَّهْلُكَةُ أَنْ يُذْنِبَ الرَّجُلُ الذَّنْبَ ثُمَّ يُلْقِيَ بِيَدَيْهِ ثُمَّ يَقُولَ لَا يُغْفَرُ لِي  

[Machine] If one of you commits a sin, he should not throw himself into destruction with his own hands and say, 'There is no repentance for me,' but rather, let him seek forgiveness from Allah and repent to Him. Indeed, Allah is All-Forgiving, Most Merciful.  

إِذَا أَذْنَبَ أَحَدُكُمْ فَلَا يُلْقِيَّنَّ بِيَدِهِ إِلَى التَّهْلُكَةِ وَلَا يَقُولَنَّ لَا تَوْبَةَ لِي وَلَكِنْ لِيَسْتَغْفِرِ اللهَ وَلْيَتُبْ إِلَيْهِ فَإِنَّ اللهَ غَفُورٌ رَحِيمٌ  

[Machine] He was sitting with Umar when they mentioned a man who sold himself on the day of Nihawand. Umar said, "By Allah, O Amir al-Mu'minin, my maternal uncle, people claim that he brought about his own destruction with his own hands." Umar replied, "Those people are lying. Rather, he is among those who traded the hereafter for the worldly life," as mentioned in Ya'la's narration.  

أَنَّهُ كَانَ جَالِسًا عِنْدَ عُمَرَ ؓ فَذَكَرُوا رَجُلًا شَرَى نَفْسَهُ يَوْمَ نَهَاوَنْدَ فَقَالَ ذَاكَ وَاللهِ يَا أَمِيرَ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ خَالِي زَعَمَ النَّاسُ أَنَّهُ أَلْقَى بِيَدَيْهِ إِلَى التَّهْلُكَةِ فَقَالَ عُمَرُ ؓ كَذَبَ أُولَئِكَ بَلْ هُوَ مِنَ الَّذِينَ اشْتَرَوَا الْآخِرَةَ بِالدُّنْيَا كَذَا فِي رِوَايَةِ يَعْلَى  

[Machine] So 'Umar said: "Those people are liars, but rather he is from those who have traded the Hereafter for the worldly life." Qays and the one killed, 'Awf ibn Abi Humeid, who is also known as Abu Shibl, said. Ya'qub Malik is more similar.  

فَقَالُ عُمَرُ كَذَبَ أُولَئِكَ بَلْ هُوَ مِنَ الَّذِينَ اشْتَرُوا الْآخِرَةَ بِالدُّنْيَا قَالَ قَيْسٌ وَالْمَقْتُولُ عَوْفُ بْنُ أَبِي حُمَيْدٍ وَهُوَ أَبُو شِبْلٍ قَالَ يَعْقُوبُ مَالِكٌ أَشْبَهُ  

The Prophet ﷺ said: Our Lord Most High is pleased with a man who fights in the path of Allah, the Exalted; then his companions fled away (i.e. retreated). But he knew that it was a sin (to flee away from the battlefield), so he returned, and his blood was shed. Thereupon Allah, the Exalted, says to His angels: Look at My servant; he returned seeking what I have for him (i.e. the reward), and fearing (the punishment) I have, until his blood was shed. (Using translation from Abū Dāʾūd 2536)   

قَالَ رَسُولُ اللهِ ﷺ عَجِبَ رَبُّنَا ﷻ مِنْ رَجُلٍ غَزَا فِي سَبِيلِ اللهِ فَانْهَزَمَ أَصْحَابُهُ فَعَلِمَ مَا عَلَيْهِ فَرَجَعَ حَتَّى أُهْرِيقَ دَمُهُ فَيَقُولُ اللهُ ﷻ لِمَلَائِكَتِهِ انْظُرُوا إِلَى عَبْدِي رَجَعَ رَغْبَةً فِيمَا عِنْدِي وَشَفَقَةً مِمَّا عِنْدِي حَتَّى أُهْرِيقَ دَمُهُ  

The Prophet ﷺ , while in a tent (on the day of the battle of Badr) said, "O Allah! I ask you the fulfillment of Your Covenant and Promise. O Allah! If You wish (to destroy the believers) You will never be worshipped after today." Abu Bakr caught him by the hand and said, "This is sufficient, O Allah's Apostle! You have asked Allah pressingly." The Prophet ﷺ was clad in his armor at that time. He went out, saying to me: "There multitude will be put to flight and they will show their backs. Nay, but the Hour is their appointed time (for their full recompense) and that Hour will be more grievous and more bitter (than their worldly failure)." (54.45-46) Khalid said that was on the day of the battle of Badr. (Using translation from Bukhārī 2915)   

النَّبِيَّ ﷺ قَالَ وَهُوَ فِي قُبَّةٍ لَهُ يَوْمَ بَدْرٍ أَنْشُدُكَ عَهْدَكَ وَوَعْدَكَ اللهُمَّ إِنْ شِئْتَ لَمْ تُعْبَدْ بَعْدَ هَذَا الْيَوْمِ أَبَدًا فَأَخَذَ أَبُو بَكْرٍ ؓ بِيَدِهِ فَقَالَ حَسْبُكَ يَا رَسُولَ اللهِ فَقَدْ أَلْحَحْتَ عَلَى رَبِّكَ وَهُوَ فِي الدِّرْعِ فَخَرَجَ وَهُوَ يَقُولُ {سَيُهْزَمُ الْجَمْعُ وَيُوَلُّونَ الدُّبُرَ بَلِ السَّاعَةُ مَوْعِدُهُمْ وَالسَّاعَةُ أَدْهَى وَأَمَرُّ} [القمر 46]  

[Machine] So I saw the Messenger of Allah, ﷺ , when he went to ascend to the rock, and the Messenger of Allah, ﷺ , was apparent between two armors, and he was unable to ascend to it. So Talhah ibn Ubayd Allah sat beneath it, and the Messenger of Allah, ﷺ , stood up until he reached it. Then the Messenger of Allah, ﷺ , said, "Talhah has obliged."  

فَرَأَيْتُ رَسُولَ اللهِ ﷺ حِينَ ذَهَبَ لِيَنْهَضَ إِلَى الصَّخْرَةِ وَكَانَ رَسُولُ اللهِ ﷺ قَدْ ظَاهَرَ بَيْنَ دِرْعَيْنِ فَلَمْ يَسْتَطِعْ أَنْ يَنْهَضَ إِلَيْهَا فَجَلَسَ طَلْحَةُ بْنُ عُبَيْدِ اللهِ تَحْتَهُ فَنَهَضَ رَسُولُ اللهِ ﷺ حَتَّى اسْتَوَى عَلَيْهَا فَقَالَ رَسُولُ اللهِ ﷺ أَوْجَبَ طَلْحَةُ  

As-Sa'ib reported on the authority of a man whom he named: The Messenger of Allah ﷺ put on two coats of mail during the battle of Uhud as a double protection. (The narrator is doubtful about the word zahara or labisa.) (Using translation from Abū Dāʾūd 2590)   

أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللهِ ﷺ ظَاهَرَ يَوْمَ أُحُدٍ بَيْنَ دِرْعَيْنِ  

[Machine] That the Prophet ﷺ appeared between two shields on the day of Uhud. And Bashr bin Sari narrated it from Sufyan bin 'Uyaynah from Yazid bin Khusaifah from As-Sa'ib bin Yazid from those who told him from Talhah bin 'Ubaidullah. Abu Al-Hasan bin 'Abdan informed us that Ahmad bin 'Ubaid narrated it from Ibrahim bin Al-Haytham, from 'Abdul-A'la bin Hammad, from Bashr bin Sari, who mentioned it.  

أَنَّ النَّبِيَّ ﷺ ظَاهَرَ بَيْنَ دِرْعَيْنِ يَوْمَ أُحُدٍ 17935 وَرَوَاهُ بِشْرُ بْنُ السَّرِيِّ عَنْ سُفْيَانَ بْنِ عُيَيْنَةَ عَنْ يَزِيدَ بْنِ خُصَيْفَةَ عَنِ السَّائِبِ بْنِ يَزِيدَ عَمَّنْ حَدَّثَهُ عَنْ طَلْحَةَ بْنِ عُبَيْدِ اللهِ أَخْبَرَنَاهُ أَبُو الْحَسَنِ بْنُ عَبْدَانَ أنبأ أَحْمَدُ بْنُ عُبَيْدٍ ثنا إِبْرَاهِيمُ بْنُ الْهَيْثَمِ ثنا عَبْدُ الْأَعْلَى بْنُ حَمَّادٍ ثنا بِشْرُ بْنُ السَّرِيِّ فَذَكَرَهُ  

[Machine] "Abdullah bin Jash of the Asadi tribe, and Abdullah bin Shurayh or Shurayh bin Malik bin Rabi'ah bin Dibaab, who is the son of Umm Maktoom, said, 'We are blind, O Messenger of Allah. Do we have permission?' So the verse was revealed saying, 'Those who stay behind from the believers, other than those due to injury, are not equal to those who strive in the cause of Allah' (Quran 4:95). 'Allah had preferred those who strive hard' (Quran 4:95). 'Over those who sit at home' (Quran 4:95). So these individuals who sit at home and are not due to injury are not equal to those due to injury. 'And Allah had preferred those who strive hard with a great reward and degrees from Him' (Quran 4:96). 'Those who sit at home from the believers, other than those due to injury.' Al-Bukhari had mentioned this hadith in his Sahih at the beginning without its context from two other sources through Ibn Juraij. Ash-Shafi'i, may Allah have mercy on him, explained that if Allah promised good to those who sit at home and are not due to injury, then they do not commit a sin by staying behind. Allah, may He be glorified, indicated His praise in His statement about mobilization, when He commanded mobilization saying, 'March forth whether light or heavy' (Quran 9:41). And He said, 'If you do not go forth for defense, He will pun- ish you with a painful torment' (Quran 9:39). And He said, 'It is not for the believers to march forth all together. Why should not a party from every section of them go forth?' (Quran 9:122). So He informed them that the obligation of jihad was upon a sufficient number of jihadists, and He indicated that if they all stayed behind together, they would all commit a sin by so doing, by His statement, 'If you do not go forth for defense, He will punish you with a painful torment' (Quran 9:39)."  

عَبْدُ اللهِ بْنُ جَحْشٍ الْأَسَدِيُّ وَعَبْدُ اللهِ بْنُ شُرَيْحٍ أَوْ شُرَيْحُ بْنُ مَالِكِ بْنِ رَبِيعَةَ بْنِ ضِبَابٍ وَهُوَ ابْنُ أُمِّ مَكْتُومٍ إِنَّا أَعْمَيَانِ يَا رَسُولَ اللهِ فَهَلْ لَنَا رُخْصَةٌ؟ فَنَزَلَ {لَا يَسْتَوِي الْقَاعِدُونَ مِنَ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ غَيْرُ أُولِي الضَّرَرِ} [النساء 95] {فَضَّلَ اللهُ الْمُجَاهِدِينَ} [النساء 95] {عَلَى الْقَاعِدِينَ دَرَجَةً} [النساء 95] فَهَؤُلَاءِ الْقَاعِدُونَ غَيْرُ أُولِي الضَّرَرِ {وَفَضَّلَ اللهُ الْمُجَاهِدِينَ عَلَى الْقَاعِدِينَ أَجْرًا عَظِيمًا دَرَجَاتٍ مِنْهُ} [النساء 96] الْقَاعِدِينَ مِنَ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ غَيْرِ أُولِي الضَّرَرِ أَخْرَجَ الْبُخَارِيُّ فِي الصَّحِيحِ أَوَّلَ الْحَدِيثِ دُونَ سِيَاقَتِهِ مِنْ وَجْهَيْنِ آخَرَيْنِ عَنِ ابْنِ جُرَيْجٍ قَالَ الشَّافِعِيُّ رَحِمَهُ اللهُ وَبَيِّنٌ إِذَا وَعَدَ اللهُ الْقَاعِدِينَ غَيْرَ أُولِي الضَّرَرِ الْحُسْنَى أَنَّهُمْ لَا يَأْثَمُونَ بِالتَّخَلُّفِ وَأَبَانَ اللهُ جَلَّ ثَنَاؤُهُ فِي قَوْلِهِ فِي النَّفِيرِ حِينَ أَمَرَ بِالنَّفِيرِ {انْفِرُوا خِفَافًا وَثِقَالًا} [التوبة 41] وَقَالَ {إِلَّا تَنْفِرُوا يُعَذِّبْكُمْ عَذَابًا أَلِيمًا} [التوبة 39] وَقَالَ {وَمَا كَانَ الْمُؤْمِنُونَ لِيَنْفِرُوا كَافَّةً فَلَوْلَا نَفَرَ مِنْ كُلِّ فِرْقَةٍ مِنْهُمْ طَائِفَةٌ} [التوبة 122] فَأَعْلَمَهُمْ أَنَّ فَرْضَهُ الْجِهَادَ عَلَى الْكِفَايَةِ مِنَ الْمُجَاهِدِينَ وَأَبَانَ أَنْ لَوْ تَخَلَّفُوا مَعًا أَثِمُوا مَعًا بِالتَّخَلُّفِ بِقَوْلِهِ تَعَالَى {إِلَّا تَنْفِرُوا يُعَذِّبْكُمْ عَذَابًا أَلِيمًا} [التوبة 39]  

[Machine] "The Messenger of Allah" [Surah 9:120] until His saying, "they work" [Surah 9:121], He abrogated it with the verse that follows it, "And it is not for the believers to go forth [to battle] all at once" [Surah 9:122].  

رَسُولِ اللهِ} [التوبة 120] إِلَى قَوْلِهِ {يَعْمَلُونَ} [التوبة 121] نَسَخَهَا بِالْآيَةِ الَّتِي تَلِيهَا {وَمَا كَانَ الْمُؤْمِنُونَ لِيَنْفِرُوا كَافَّةً} [التوبة 122]  

[Machine] "Allah, the Blessed and Exalted, said, 'Take your precautions and march forth in groups or altogether.' (Surah An-Nisa 71) And He said, 'March forth, light and heavy.' (Surah At-Tawbah 41) And He said, 'If you do not march forth, He will punish you with a painful punishment.' (Surah At-Tawbah 39) Then, He abrogated these verses and said, 'And it is not for the believers to march forth all together.' (Surah At-Tawbah 122) He said, so a group went out with the Messenger of Allah ﷺ and another group stayed behind. He said, 'Those who stay behind with the Messenger of Allah ﷺ are the ones who study and teach the religion and warn their people when they return from the expedition, so that they may be cautious about what Allah has revealed from His book, its obligations, and its limits.'"  

اللهُ تَبَارَكَ وَتَعَالَى {خُذُوا حِذْرَكُمْ فَانْفِرُوا ثُبَاتٍ} [النساء 71] عُصَبًا {أَوِ انْفِرُوا جَمِيعًا} [النساء 71] وَقَالَ {انْفِرُوا خِفَافًا وَثِقَالًا} [التوبة 41] وَقَالَ {إِلَّا تَنْفِرُوا يُعَذِّبْكُمْ عَذَابًا أَلِيمًا} [التوبة 39] ثُمَّ نَسَخَ هَذِهِ الْآيَاتِ فَقَالَ {وَمَا كَانَ الْمُؤْمِنُونَ لِيَنْفِرُوا كَافَّةً} [التوبة 122] قَالَ فَتَغْزُو طَائِفَةٌ مَعَ رَسُولِ اللهِ ﷺ وَتُقِيمُ طَائِفَةٌ قَالَ فَالْمَاكِثُونَ مَعَ رَسُولِ اللهِ ﷺ هُمُ الَّذِينَ يَتَفَقَّهُونَ فِي الدِّينِ وَيُنْذِرُونَ قَوْمَهُمْ إِذَا رَجَعُوا إِلَيْهِمْ مِنَ الْغَزْوِ لَعَلَّهُمْ يَحْذَرُونَ مَا نَزَّلَ اللهُ مِنْ كِتَابِهِ وَفَرَائِضِهِ وَحُدُودِهِ  

[Machine] From the Prophet of Allah ﷺ: He who equips a warrior in the cause of Allah has indeed fought, and he who stays behind to take care of his family has fought in goodness.  

عَنْ رَسُولِ اللهِ ﷺ قَالَ مَنْ جَهَّزَ غَازِيًا فِي سَبِيلِ اللهِ فَقَدْ غَزَا وَمَنْ خَلَفَهُ فِي أَهْلِهِ بِخَيْرٍ فَقَدْ غَزَا  

Abu Sa’id Al Khudri said “The Apostle of Allaah ﷺ sent an expedition towards Banu Lihyan and said “One of the two persons should go forth. He then said to those who sat (at home), If any one of you looks after the family and property of a warrior, he will receive half the reward of the one who goes forth (in jihad).” (Using translation from Abū Dāʾūd 2510)   

أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللهِ ﷺ بَعَثَ إِلَى بَنِي لِحْيَانَ وَقَالَ لِيَخْرُجْ مِنْ كُلِّ رَجُلَيْنِ رَجُلٌ ثُمَّ قَالَ لِلْقَاعِدِ أَيُّكُمْ خَلَفَ الْخَارِجَ فِي أَهْلِهِ وَمَالِهِ بِخَيْرٍ كَانَ لَهُ مِثْلُ نِصْفِ أَجْرِ الْخَارِجِ  

[Machine] The Messenger of Allah ﷺ said, "Whoever dies without participating in battle and without having the intention for it, dies upon a branch of hypocrisy."  

قَالَ رَسُولُ اللهِ ﷺ مَنْ مَاتَ وَلَمْ يَغْزُ وَلَمْ يُحَدِّثْ نَفْسَهُ بِغَزْوٍ مَاتَ عَلَى شُعْبَةٍ مِنَ النِّفَاقِ  

The Prophet ﷺ said: He who does not join the warlike expedition (jihad), or equip, or looks well after a warrior's family when he is away, will be smitten by Allah with a sudden calamity. Yazid ibn Abdu Rabbihi said in his tradition: 'before the Day of Resurrection". (Using translation from Abū Dāʾūd 2503)   

أَنَّ النَّبِيَّ ﷺ قَالَ مَنْ لَمْ يَغْزُ أَوْ لَمْ يُجَهِّزْ غَازِيًا أَوْ يَخْلُفْ غَازِيًا فِي أَهْلِهِ بِخَيْرٍ أَصَابَهُ اللهُ بِقَارِعَةٍ قَالَ يَزِيدُ فِي حَدِيثِهِ قَبْلَ يَوْمِ الْقِيَامَةِ  

[Machine] The Messenger of Allah ﷺ called out for an expedition against the Arabs, but they hesitated. Then, the verse was revealed: "If you do not go forth, He will punish you with a painful punishment" [Surah At-Tawbah 9:39]. The punishment mentioned here was the deprivation of rain.  

رَسُولَ اللهِ ﷺ اسْتَنْفَرَ حَيًّا مِنَ الْعَرَبِ فَتَثَاقَلُوا فَنَزَلَتْ {إِلَّا تَنْفِرُوا يُعَذِّبْكُمْ عَذَابًا أَلِيمًا} [التوبة 39] قَالَ كَانَ عَذَابُهُمْ حَبْسَ الْمَطَرِ عَنْهُمْ  

[Machine] The Messenger of Allah ﷺ delivered a sermon and mentioned jihad, and did not give preference to anything over it except what is written. This indicates that it is a communal obligation (fard kifayah), as he gave preference to what is written as it is. And Allah knows best.  

خَطَبَ رَسُولُ اللهِ ﷺ فَذَكَرَ الْجِهَادَ فَلَمْ يُفَضِّلْ عَلَيْهِ شَيْئًا إِلَّا الْمَكْتُوبَةَ هَذَا يَدُلُّ عَلَى أَنَّهُ فَرْضٌ عَلَى الْكِفَايَةِ حَيْثُ فَضَّلَ عَلَيْهِ الْمَكْتُوبَةَ بِعَيْنِهَا وَاللهُ أَعْلَمُ  

[Machine] Concerning war, there are only sermons from Umar and young children. Indeed, Ibn Umar used to accompany and carry his son during raids, and he considered participating in jihad for the sake of Allah as the best action after prayer.  

عَنِ الْغَزْوِ إِلَّا وَصَايَا عُمَرَ وَصِبْيَانٌ صِغَارٌ وَإِنَّ ابْنَ عُمَرَ كَانَ يُغْزِي وَلَدَهُ وَيَحْمِلُ عَلَى الظَّهْرِ وَيَرَى الْجِهَادَ فِي سَبِيلِ اللهِ أَفْضَلَ الْأَعْمَالِ بَعْدَ الصَّلَاةِ  

AbuDawud said: Al-Hasan ibn Ali traced this tradition back to the Prophet ﷺ: When people are passing by, it is enough if one of them gives a salutation on their behalf, and that it is enough for those who are sitting if one of them replies. (Using translation from Abū Dāʾūd 5210)   

أَنْ يَرُدَّ أَحَدُهُمْ  

Allah 's Apostle said, " I have been ordered to fight with the people till they say, 'None has the right to be worshipped but Allah,' and whoever says, 'None has the right to be worshipped but Allah,' his life and property will be saved by me except for Islamic law, and his accounts will be with Allah, (either to punish him or to forgive him.)" (Using translation from Bukhārī 2946)   

أَخْبَرَهُ أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللهِ ﷺ قَالَ أُمِرْتُ أَنْ أُقَاتِلَ النَّاسَ حَتَّى يَقُولُوا لَا إِلَهَ إِلَّا اللهُ فَمَنْ قَالَ لَا إِلَهَ إِلَّا اللهُ فَقَدْ عَصَمَ مِنِّي نَفْسَهُ وَمَالَهُ إِلَّا بِحَقِّهِ وَحِسَابُهُ عَلَى اللهِ  

"I came with Ali bin Abi Talib when the Messenger of Allah sent him to the people of Makkah with news of the dissolution of treaty obligations." He said: "How did you announced that no one would enter Paradise but a believing soul, no one was to circumambulate the House naked: whoever had a treaty with the Messenger of Allah, then for its period, or, it extended to four months, and when four months had passed, and that Allah is free from (all) obligations to the idolaters and so is His Messenger. No idolater was to perform Hajj after this year. I kept on announcing it until my vice grew hoarse." (Using translation from Nasāʾī 2958)   

كُنْتُ مَعَ عَلِيِّ بْنِ أَبِي طَالِبٍ ؓ حَيْثُ بَعَثَهُ رَسُولُ اللهِ ﷺ بِبَرَاءَةٍ إِلَى الْمُشْرِكِينَ وَكُنْتُ أُنَادِي حَتَّى صَحِلَ صَوْتِي قُلْتُ يَا أَبِي بِأِيِّ شَيْءٍ كُنْتَ تُنَادِي؟ قَالَ أَمَرَنَا أَنْ نُنَادِي أَنَّهُ لَا يَدْخُلُ الْجَنَّةَ إِلَّا مُؤْمِنٌ وَمَنْ كَانَ بَيْنَهُ وَبَيْنَ رَسُولِ اللهِ ﷺ عَهْدٌ فَأَجَلُهُ إِلَى أَرْبَعَةِ أَشْهُرٍ فَإِذَا مَضَتِ الْأَرْبَعَةُ أَشْهُرٍ فَإِنَّ اللهَ بَرِيءٌ مِنَ الْمُشْكِرِينَ وَرَسُولُهُ وَلَا يَطُوفَنَّ بِالْكَعْبَةِ بَعْدَ الْعَامِ مُشْرِكٌ أَوْ بَعْدَ الْيَوْمِ مُشْرِكٌ  

[Machine] The Messenger of Allah, ﷺ , used to entrust the leader of an army with a certain advice concerning himself and those with him from the Muslims. He would say: "Fight in the name of Allah and for the sake of Allah, and fight those who disbelieve in Allah. Do not betray, deceive, mutilate, kill children, or kill the people in their homes. And when you meet your enemies who are polytheists, invite them to one of three choices. Whichever of the three they respond to, accept it from them and refrain from fighting them. Then invite them to migrate from their land to the land of the Muhajireen (Muslims who migrated from Mecca to Medina). Inform them that if they do so, they will have the same rights and responsibilities as the Muhajireen. And if they refuse to migrate, inform them that they will be like the Arab Bedouins, subject to the same laws as the Arabs, and they will not receive any share of the spoils of war. Their only option then is to fight alongside the Muslims. If they refuse to pay the jizyah (tax on non-Muslims), seek assistance from Allah and fight them." And the rest of the hadith is mentioned, and the completion of the hadith will come, if Allah wills.  

كَانَ رَسُولُ اللهِ ﷺ إِذَا بَعَثَ أَمِيرًا عَلَى جَيْشٍ أَوْصَاهُ فِي خَاصَّةِ نَفْسِهِ بِتَقْوَى اللهِ وَبِمَنْ مَعَهُ مِنَ الْمُسْلِمِينَ خَيْرًا ثُمَّ قَالَ اغْزُوا بِاسْمِ اللهِ وَفِي سَبِيلِ اللهِ قَاتِلُوا مَنْ كَفَرَ بِاللهِ اغْزُوا وَلَا تَغُلُّوا وَلَا تَغْدِرُوا وَلَا تُمَثِّلُوا وَلَا تَقْتُلُوا وَلِيدًا وَإِذَا لَقِيتَ عَدُوَّكَ مِنَ الْمُشْرِكِينَ فَادْعُهُمْ إِلَى إِحْدَى ثَلَاثِ خِصَالٍ أَوْ خِلَالٍ فَأَيَّتُهُنَّ مَا أَجَابُوكَ فَاقْبَلْ مِنْهُمْ وَكُفَّ عَنْهُمْ ثُمَّ ادْعُهُمْ إِلَى التَّحَوُّلِ مِنْ دَارِهِمْ إِلَى دَارِ الْمُهَاجِرِينَ وَأَخْبِرْهُمْ إِنْ هُمْ فَعَلُوا ذَلِكَ فَلَهُمْ مَا لِلْمُهَاجِرِينَ وَعَلَيْهِمْ مَا عَلَى الْمُهَاجِرِينَ فَإِنْ هُمْ أَبَوْا أَنْ يَتَحَوَّلُوا مِنْ دَارِهِمْ إِلَى دَارِ الْمُهَاجِرِينَ فَأَخْبِرْهُمْ أَنَّهُمْ يَكُونُونَ كَأَعْرَابِ الْمُسْلِمِينَ يَجْرِي عَلَيْهِمْ حُكْمُ اللهِ الَّذِي يَجْرِي عَلَى الْعَرَبِ وَلَا يَكُونُ لَهُمْ مِنَ الْفَيْءِ وَلَا مِنَ الْغَنِيمَةِ شَيْءٌ إِلَّا أَنْ يُجَاهِدُوا مَعَ الْمُسْلِمِينَ فَإِنْ هُمْ أَبَوْا فَسَلْهُمْ إِعْطَاءَ الْجِزْيَةِ فَإِنْ فَعَلُوا فَكُفَّ عَنْهُمْ فَإِنْ هُمْ أَبَوْا فَاسْتَعِنْ بِاللهِ وَقَاتِلْهُمْ وَذَكَرَ بَاقِيَ الْحَدِيثِ وَتَمَامُ الْحَدِيثِ يَرِدُ إِنْ شَاءَ اللهُ  

When it was the day of (the battle of) Hunain, I saw a Muslim man fighting with one of the pagans and another pagan was hiding himself behind the Muslim in order to kill him. So I hurried towards the pagan who was hiding behind the Muslim to kill him, and he raised his hand to hit me but I hit his hand and cut it off. That man got hold of me and pressed me so hard that I was afraid (that I would die), then he knelt down and his grip became loose and I pushed him and killed him. The Muslims (excepting the Prophet ﷺ and some of his companions) started fleeing and I too, fled with them. Suddenly I met ʿUmar bin Al-Khattab amongst the people and I asked him, "What is wrong with the people?" He said, "It is the order of Allah" Then the people returned to Messenger of Allah ﷺ (after defeating the enemy). Messenger of Allah ﷺ said, "Whoever produces a proof that he has killed an infidel, will have the spoils of the killed man." So I got up to look for an evidence to prove that I had killed an infidel, but I could not find anyone to bear witness for me, so I sat down. Then it came to my mind (that I should speak of it) and I mentioned the case to Messenger of Allah ﷺ. A man from the persons who were sitting with him (i.e. the Prophet), said, "The arms of the deceased one whom he ( i.e. Abu Qatada) has mentioned, are with me, so please compensate him for it (i.e. the spoils)," Abu Bakr said, "No, Messenger of Allah ﷺ will not give it (i.e. the spoils) to a weak humble person from Quraish and leave one of Allah's Lions who fights on behalf of Allah and His Apostle." Messenger of Allah ﷺ then got up and gave that (spoils) to me, and I bought with it, a garden which was the first property I got after embracing Islam. (Using translation from Bukhārī 4322)   

قَالَ رَسُولُ اللهِ ﷺ يَوْمَ حُنَيْنٍ مَنْ أَقَامَ بَيِّنَةً عَلَى قَتِيلٍ فَلَهُ سَلَبُهُ فَقُمْتُ لِأَلْتَمِسَ بَيِّنَةً عَلَى قَتِيلِي فَلَمْ أَرَ أَحَدًا يَشْهَدُ لِي فَجَلَسْتُ ثُمَّ بَدَا لِي فَذَكَرْتُ أَمْرَهُ لِرَسُولِ اللهِ ﷺ فَقَالَ رَجُلٌ مِنْ جُلَسَائِهِ سِلَاحُ هَذَا الْقَتِيلِ الَّذِي يَذْكُرُ عِنْدِي قَالَ فَأَرْضِهِ مِنْهُ قَالَ أَبُو بَكْرٍ ؓ كَلَّا لَا يُعْطَهُ أُصَيْبِغٌ مِنْ قُرَيْشٍ وَيَدَعُ أَسَدًا مِنْ أُسْدِ اللهِ يُقَاتِلُ عَنِ اللهِ وَرَسُولِهِ قَالَ فَعَلِمَ رَسُولُ اللهِ ﷺ فَأَدَّاهُ إِلِيَّ فَاشْتَرَيْتُ مِنْهُ خِرَافًا فَكَانَ أَوَّلَ مَالٍ تَأَثَّلْتُهُ وَقَالَ أَبُو عَمْرٍو فِي رِوَايَتِهِ فَقَامَ رَسُولُ اللهِ ﷺ فَأَدَّاهُ إِلِيَّ  

[Machine] "Known to various knowledgeable people whom I have met regarding apostasy, it is said that Abu Bakr (May Allah be pleased with him) said, 'Verily, the spoils of war are only for those who witnessed the battle.'"  

مَعْلُومٌ عِنْدَ غَيْرِ وَاحِدٍ مِمَّنْ لَقِيتُ مِنْ أَهْلِ الْعِلْمِ بِالرِّدَّةِ أَنَّ أَبَا بَكْرٍ ؓ قَالَ إِنَّمَا الْغَنِيمَةُ لِمَنْ شَهِدَ الْوَقْعَةَ  

[Machine] Ash-Shafi'i, may Allah have mercy on him, wrote to Abu Bakr and Abu Bakr wrote that the spoils of war are only for those who witnessed the battle and did not receive anything for 'Ikrimah, because he did not witness the battle. So Ziyad spoke to his companions and they agreed to share with 'Ikrimah and his companions voluntarily. And this is our statement.  

الشَّافِعِيُّ رَحِمَهُ اللهُ فَإِنَّ زِيَادًا كَتَبَ فِيهِ إِلَى أَبِي بَكْرٍ ؓ وَكَتَبَ أَبُو بَكْرٍ ؓ إِنَّمَا الْغَنِيمَةُ لِمَنْ شَهِدَ الْوَقْعَةَ وَلَمْ يَرَ لِعِكْرِمَةَ شَيْئًا؛ لِأَنَّهُ لَمْ يَشْهَدِ الْوَقْعَةَ فَكَلَّمَ زِيَادٌ أَصْحَابَهُ فَطَابُوا أَنْفُسًا بِأَنْ أَشْرَكُوا عِكْرِمَةَ وَأَصْحَابَهُ مُتَطَوِّعِينَ عَلَيْهِمْ وَهَذَا قَوْلُنَا  

[Machine] And Omar bin Al-Khattab replied to them: "Indeed, the spoils are for those who witnessed the battle."  

وَكَانَتْ أُذُنُ عَمَّارٍ جُدِعَتْ مَعَ رَسُولِ اللهِ ﷺ فَكَتَبُوا إِلَى عُمَرَ بْنِ الْخَطَّابِ ؓ فَكَتَبَ إِلَيْهِمْ عُمَرُ إِنَّ الْغَنِيمَةَ لِمَنْ شَهِدَ الْوَقْعَةَ  

[Machine] About Umar (may Allah be pleased with him).  

عَنْ عُمَرَ ؓ  

[Machine] If it is proved true about him, we would accept it faster than him. Then, he mentioned the disagreement of Abu Yusuf's hadith about Umar. The Shiekh said, it is disconnected and narrated by Mujalid who is weak, and the hadith of Tariq ibn Shihab, its chain of narration is authentic without a doubt, and Allah knows best. Al-Shafi'i, may Allah have mercy on him, said that something has been narrated from the Prophet ﷺ in a similar meaning to what has been narrated from Abu Bakr and Umar, but I don't remember its wording. The Shiekh said, he only intended, and Allah knows best, the hadith of Abu Hurairah in the story of Aban ibn Sa'id ibn al-As when he, along with his companions, encountered the Prophet ﷺ at Khaybar after its conquest and he did not distribute its spoils among them. And that had passed with its chains of narration along with what has been narrated in this topic in the book of division.  

وَلَوْ ثَبَتَ عَنْهُ كُنَّا أَسْرَعَ إِلَى قَبُولِهِ مِنْهُ ثُمَّ ذَكَرَ مُخَالَفَةَ أَبِي يُوسُفَ حَدِيثَ عُمَرَ هَذَا قَالَ الشَّيْخُ وَهُوَ مُنْقَطِعٌ وَرِوَايَةُ مُجَالِدٍ وَهُوَ ضَعِيفٌ وَحَدِيثُ طَارِقِ بْنِ شِهَابٍ إِسْنَادُهُ صَحِيحٌ لَا شَكَّ فِيهِ وَاللهُ أَعْلَمُ قَالَ الشَّافِعِيُّ رَحِمَهُ اللهُ وَقَدْ رُوِيَ عَنِ النَّبِيِّ ﷺ شَيْءٌ يَثْبُتُ فِي مَعْنَى مَا رُوِيَ عَنْ أَبِي بَكْرٍ وَعُمَرَ ؓ لَا يَحْضُرُنِي حِفْظُهُ قَالَ الشَّيْخُ إِنَّمَا أَرَادَ وَاللهُ أَعْلَمُ حَدِيثَ أَبِي هُرَيْرَةَ فِي قِصَّةِ أَبَانَ بْنِ سَعِيدِ بْنِ الْعَاصِ حِينَ وَقَعَ مَعَ أَصْحَابِهِ عَلَى النَّبِيِّ ﷺ بِخَيْبَرَ بَعْدَ أَنْ فَتَحَهَا وَلَمْ يَقْسِمْ لَهُمْ وَقَدْ مَضَى ذَلِكَ بِأَسَانِيدِهِ مَعَ سَائِرِ مَا رُوِيَ فِي هَذَا الْبَابِ فِي كِتَابِ الْقَسْمِ  

[Machine] The spoils of war go to those who witnessed the event.  

الْغَنِيمَةُ لِمَنْ شَهِدَ الْوَقْعَةَ  

[Machine] When the Messenger of Allah ﷺ finished the Battle of Hunayn, he sent Abu 'Amir with an army to the tribe of Aws. He encountered Durayd ibn Simmah and Durayd was killed. Allah caused his companions to be defeated, and the rest of the story was mentioned.  

لَمَّا فَرَغَ رَسُولُ اللهِ ﷺ مِنْ حُنَيْنٍ بَعَثَ أَبَا عَامِرٍ عَلَى جَيْشٍ إِلَى أَوْطَاسٍ فَلَقِيَ دُرَيْدَ بْنَ الصِّمَّةِ فَقُتِلَ دُرَيْدٌ وَهَزَمَ اللهُ أَصْحَابَهُ وَذَكَرَ بَاقِيَ الْحَدِيثِ