2. Sūrat al-Baqarah

٢۔ سُورَةُ البَقَرَة

2.75 Commandment of fasting in the month of Ramadan. Purpose of fasting is to build God-consciousness.

٢۔٧٥ مقطع في سُورَةُ البَقَرَة

quran:2:183

O you who have believed, decreed upon you is fasting as it was decreed upon those before you that you may become righteous -  

O you who believe, prescribed for you, obligatory ˹for you˺, is the Fast, just as it was prescribed for those, communities, that were before you so that you might guard yourselves, against acts of disobedience, for, it ˹the fast˺ curbs the desires that prompt these ˹acts˺.
القرآن:٢:١٨٣

يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا كُتِبَ عَلَيْكُمُ الصِّيَامُ كَمَا كُتِبَ عَلَى الَّذِينَ مِنْ قَبْلِكُمْ لَعَلَّكُمْ تَتَّقُونَ  

{يا أيها الذين أمنوا كُتب} فرض {عليكم الصيام كما كتب على الذين من قبلكم} من الأمم {لعلكم تتقون} المعاصي فإنه يكسر الشهوة التي هي مبدؤها.
quran:2:184

˹Fasting for˺ a limited number of days. So whoever among you is ill or on a journey ˹during them˺ - then an equal number of days ˹are to be made up˺. And upon those who are able ˹to fast, but with hardship˺ - a ransom ˹as substitute˺ of feeding a poor person ˹each day˺. And whoever volunteers excess - it is better for him. But to fast is best for you, if you only knew.  

For days (ayyāman, ‘days’, is in the accusative as the object of al-siyām, ‘the fast’, or of an implied yasūmū, ‘he fasts’) numbered, few or specific in number, that is, those of Ramadān, as will be mentioned below; God has specified a small number as a way of facilitating matters for those under the obligation; and if any of you, during the month, be sick, or be on a journey, in which prayers are shortened, or if one is strained by the fast in both cases and breaks it, then a number of other days, equal to the ones during which he broke his fast — let him fast them instead; and for those who are, not, able to do it, ˹to fast˺ on account of old age or chronic illness, a redemption: which is, the feeding of a poor man, with about the same amount one consumes in a given day, that is, one mudd measure of the principal food of that town each day (a variant reading has ˹genitive˺ fidyatin as an explicative clause. It is also said that the ˹lā˺ negation of the verb ˹yutīqūnahu˺ is not actually implied, because at the very beginning of Islam, they could choose between fasting or offering the redemption; but later on this was abrogated by fixing the Fast ˹as an obligation˺, where God says, So let those of you, who are present at the month, fast it ˹Q. 2:185˺: Ibn ‘Abbās said ˹by way of qualification˺ ‘Except for the pregnant one and the one breastfeeding, if they break their fast out of concern for the child; in the case of these two, the verse remains valid and has not been abrogated’). For him who volunteers good, by offering more than the minimum amount mentioned for the redemption; that, volunteering, is good for him; but that you should fast (wa-an tasūmū is the subject) is better for you (khayrun lakum is its predicate), than breaking the fast and paying the redemption, if you but knew, that this is better for you, then do it.
القرآن:٢:١٨٤

أَيَّامًا مَعْدُودَاتٍ ۚ فَمَنْ كَانَ مِنْكُمْ مَرِيضًا أَوْ عَلَىٰ سَفَرٍ فَعِدَّةٌ مِنْ أَيَّامٍ أُخَرَ ۚ وَعَلَى الَّذِينَ يُطِيقُونَهُ فِدْيَةٌ طَعَامُ مِسْكِينٍ ۖ فَمَنْ تَطَوَّعَ خَيْرًا فَهُوَ خَيْرٌ لَهُ ۚ وَأَنْ تَصُومُوا خَيْرٌ لَكُمْ ۖ إِنْ كُنْتُمْ تَعْلَمُونَ  

{أيَّاما} نصب بالصيام أو يصوموا مقدرا {معدودات} أي قلائل أو مؤقتات بعدد معلوم وهي رمضان كما سيأتي وقلَّله تسهيلا على المكلفين {فمن كان منكم} حين شهوده {مريضا أو على سفر} أي مسافرا سفر القصر وأجهده الصوم في الحالين فأفطر {فعدَّة} فعليه عدة ما أفطر {من أيام أخر} يصومها بدله {وعلى الذين} لا {يطيقونه} لكبر أو مرض لا يرجى برؤه {فدية} هي {طعام مسكين} أي قدر ما يأكله في يومه وهو مدٌ من غالب قوت البلد لكل يوم، وفي قراءة بإضافة فدية وهي للبيان وقيل لا غير مقدرة وكانوا مخيرين في صدر الإسلام بين الصوم والفدية ثم نسخ بتعيين الصوم بقوله من شهد منكم الشهر فليصمه، قال ابن عباس: إلا الحامل والمرضع إذا أفطرتا خوفا على الولد فإنها باقية بلا نسخ في حقهما {فمن تطوع خيرا} بالزيادة على القدر المذكور في الفدية {فهو} أي التطوع {خير له، وأن تصوموا} مبتدأ خبره {خير لكم} من الإفطار والفدية {إن كنتم تعلمون} أنه خير لكم فافعلوه.
quran:2:185

The month of Ramadhan ˹is that˺ in which was revealed the Qur'an, a guidance for the people and clear proofs of guidance and criterion. So whoever sights ˹the new moon of˺ the month, let him fast it; and whoever is ill or on a journey - then an equal number of other days. Allah intends for you ease and does not intend for you hardship and ˹wants˺ for you to complete the period and to glorify Allah for that ˹to˺ which He has guided you; and perhaps you will be grateful.  

These days of, the month of Ramadān, wherein the Qur’ān was revealed, from the Preserved Tablet to the earthly heaven on the Night of Ordainment ˹laylat al-qadr˺ from Him, a guidance (hudan, ‘a guidance’, is a circumstantial qualifier), guiding away from error, for the people, and as clear proofs, lucid verses, of the Guidance, the rulings that guide to truth, and, of, the Criterion, that discriminates between truth and falsehood; So let those of you, who are present at the month, fast it and if any of you be sick, or if he be on a journey, then a number of other days (this ˹concession˺ has already been mentioned, but it is repeated here to avoid the mistaken impression that it has been abrogated by the comprehensive implication of man shahida, ‘who are present’). God desires ease for you, and desires not hardship for you, and for this reason He has permitted you the breaking of the fast during illness or travel, ˹this ease being˺ the very reason He has commanded you to fast; He supplements ˹the previous statement with˺: and that you fulfil (read tukmilū or tukammilū) the number, of the fasting days of Ramadān, and magnify God, when you have completed them, for having guided you, for having directed you to the principal rites of His religion, and that you might be thankful, to God for this.
القرآن:٢:١٨٥

شَهْرُ رَمَضَانَ الَّذِي أُنْزِلَ فِيهِ الْقُرْآنُ هُدًى لِلنَّاسِ وَبَيِّنَاتٍ مِنَ الْهُدَىٰ وَالْفُرْقَانِ ۚ فَمَنْ شَهِدَ مِنْكُمُ الشَّهْرَ فَلْيَصُمْهُ ۖ وَمَنْ كَانَ مَرِيضًا أَوْ عَلَىٰ سَفَرٍ فَعِدَّةٌ مِنْ أَيَّامٍ أُخَرَ ۗ يُرِيدُ اللَّهُ بِكُمُ الْيُسْرَ وَلَا يُرِيدُ بِكُمُ الْعُسْرَ وَلِتُكْمِلُوا الْعِدَّةَ وَلِتُكَبِّرُوا اللَّهَ عَلَىٰ مَا هَدَاكُمْ وَلَعَلَّكُمْ تَشْكُرُونَ  

تلك الأيام {شهر رمضان الذي أنزل فيه القرآن} من اللوح المحفوظ إلى السماء الدنيا في ليلة القدر منه {هدى} حال هاديا من الضلالة {للناس وبينات} آيات واضحات {من الهدى} بما يهدي إلى الحق من الأحكام {و} من {الفرقان} مما يفرق بين الحق والباطل {فمن شهد} حضر {منكم الشهر فليصمه ومن كان مريضا أو على سفر فعدة من أيام أخر} تقدم مثله وكرر لئلا يتوهم نسخه بتعميم من شهد {يريد الله بكم اليسر ولا يريد بكم العسر} ولذا أباح لكم الفطر في المرض والسفر ولكون ذلك في معنى العلة أيضا للأمر بالصوم عطف عليه {ولتكملوا} بالتخفيف والتشديد {العدة} أي عدة صوم رمضان {ولتكبروا الله} عند إكمالها {على ما هداكم} أرشدكم لمعالم دينه {ولعلكم تشكرون} الله على ذلك.