‘Umar wrote to AbuʼUbaidah bin al-Jarrah [saying]: Teach your children swimming and teach your fighters archery. After that they used to practise archery frequently, then a stray arrow came and killed a boy, and no one knew where it came from; he was under the care of his maternal uncle. Abu ʿUbaidah wrote to ʿUmar about that [asking]: To whom should I pay his diyah? ‘Umar wrote back telling him that the Messenger of Allah ﷺ used to say: “Allah and His Messenger are the mawla (guardian) of the one who has no mawla, and the maternal uncle is the heir of the one who has no heir.” (Using translation from Aḥmad 323)   

يَخْتَلِفُونَ بَيْنَ الْأَغْرَاضِ فَجَاءَ سَهْمٌ غَرْبٌ فَأَصَابَ غُلَامًا فَقَتَلَهُ فِي حِجْرِ خَالٍ لَهُ لَا يُعْلَمُ لَهُ أَصْلٌ قَالَ فَكَتَبَ أَبُو عُبَيْدَةَ إِلَى عُمَرَ بْنِ الْخَطَّابِ ؓ يَسْأَلُهُ إِلَى مَنْ يَدْفَعُ عَقْلَهُ قَالَ فَكَتَبَ إِلَيْهِ عُمَرُ أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللهِ ﷺ كَانَ يَقُولُ اللهُ وَرَسُولُهُ مَوْلَى مَنْ لَا مَوْلَى لَهُ وَالْخَالُ وَارِثُ مَنْ لَا وَارِثَ لَهُ  

The Prophet ﷺ said: If anyone leaves a debt or a helpless family I shall be responsible-and sometimes the narrator said: Allah and His Apostle will be responsible-but if anyone leaves property, it goes to his heirs. I am the heirs of him who has none, paying blood-wit for him and inheriting from him; and a maternal uncle is the heir of him who has none, paying blood-wit for him and inheriting from him. (Using translation from Abū Dāʾūd 2899)   

عَنِ الْمِقْدَامِ صَاحِبِ رَسُولِ اللهِ ﷺ عَنِ النَّبِيِّ ﷺ قَالَ مَنْ تَرَكَ كَلًّا فَإِلَيْنَا وَرُبَّمَا قَالَ إِلَى اللهِ وَرَسُولِهِ وَمَنْ تَرَكَ مَالًا فَلِوَرَثَتِهِ وَأَنَا وَارِثُ مَنْ لَا وَارِثَ لَهُ أَعْقِلُ عَنْهُ وَأَرِثُهُ وَالْخَالُ وَارِثُ مَنْ لَا وَارِثَ لَهُ يَعْقِلُ عَنْهُ وَيَرِثُهُ  

[Machine] The Messenger of Allah ﷺ said, "I am closer to every believer than his own self. So whoever abandons a debt or property, it belongs to me. And whoever leaves behind wealth, it belongs to his inheritors. And I am the guardian of those who have no guardian, so I inherit their wealth and release their burdens." Abu Dawood said, "He is the guardian of those who have no guardian, inheriting their wealth and releasing their burdens."  

قَالَ رَسُولُ اللهِ ﷺ أَنَا أَوْلَى بِكُلِّ مُؤْمِنٍ مِنْ نَفْسِهِ فَمَنْ تَرَكَ دَيْنًا أَوْ ضَيْعَةً فَإِلِيَّ وَمَنْ تَرَكَ مَالًا فَلِوَرَثَتِهِ وَأَنَا مَوْلَى مَنْ لَا مَوْلَى لَهُ أَرِثُ مَالَهُ وَأَفُكُّ عَانَهُ وَالْخَالُ مَوْلَى مَنْ لَا مَوْلَى لَهُ يَرِثُ مَالَهُ وَيَفُكُّ عَانَهُ قَالَ أَبُو دَاوُدَ  

I heard the Messenger of Allah ﷺ say: I am the heirs of Him who has none, freeing him from his liabilities, and inheriting what he possesses. A maternal uncle is the heir of Him who has none, freeing him from his liabilities, and inheriting his property. (Using translation from Abū Dāʾūd 2901)   

سَمِعْتُ رَسُولَ اللهِ ﷺ يَقُولُ أَنَا وَارِثُ مَنْ لَا وَارِثَ لَهُ أَفُكُّ عُنِيَّهُ وَأَرِثُ مَالَهُ وَالْخَالُ وَارِثُ مَنْ لَا وَارِثَ لَهُ يَفُكُّ عُنِيَّهُ وَيَرِثُ مَالَهُ  

[Machine] The Sheikh was narrated from another perspective, weaker than that.  

الشَّيْخُ وَرُوِيَ مِنْ وَجْهٍ آخَرَ أَضْعَفَ مِنْ ذَلِكَ  

[Machine] From the Prophet ﷺ, he said: "The paternal uncle is an inheritor."  

عَنِ النَّبِيِّ ﷺ قَالَ الْخَالُ وَارِثٌ  

[Machine] Narrated by the Prophet ﷺ , "The maternal uncle is an inheritor who has a different status than a partner, as you can see. Walid bin Abi Sulaym does not have a legitimate claim to it, and Allah knows best."  

عَنِ النَّبِيِّ ﷺ قَالَ الْخَالُ وَارِثٌ هَذَا مُخْتَلَفٌ فِيهِ عَلَى شَرِيكٍ كَمَا تَرَى وَلَيْثُ بْنُ أَبِي سُلَيْمٍ غَيْرُ مُحْتَجٍّ بِهِ وَاللهُ أَعْلَمُ  

[Machine] God and His Messenger said: "The one who has no guardian, the paternal uncle is his heir." This is the preserved saying of Aisha, held as authoritative. And likewise...  

قَالَتُ اللهُ وَرَسُولُهُ مَوْلَى مَنْ لَا مَوْلَى لَهُ وَالْخَالُ وَارِثُ مَنْ لَا وَارِثَ لَهُ هَذَا هُوَ الْمَحْفُوظُ مِنْ قَوْلِ عَائِشَةَ مَوْقُوفًا عَلَيْهَا وَكَذَلِكَ  

[Machine] Thabit ibn Dadah was a nobleman among the Banu Unayf or the Banu Al-Ajlan tribe. When he died, the Prophet ﷺ was asked if he had any heir. However, they could not find anyone to inherit from him. So the Prophet ﷺ passed on his inheritance to his nephew, Abu Lubaba ibn Abdullah. This narration is from Hadith Ar-Rudastani and the Hadith of Abu Abdullah, in which the names of the heir and the inheritor are not mentioned and it is disconnected (chain of narration) 12217. It is also narrated from Muhammad ibn Ishaq, from Ya'qub ibn Utbah, from Muhammad ibn Yahya ibn Habban, from his uncle Wasif ibn Habban, from the Prophet ﷺ, that he asked Asim ibn Adi Al-Ansari about Thabit ibn Dadah, and he was informed that he was killed. Do you know if he has any lineage among you? He said, "No, he was just a visitor among us." Then the Messenger of Allah ﷺ decreed his inheritance to his nephew, and Abu Abdul Rahman As-Sulami informed us, that I am Abu Al-Hasan Al-Karizi, narrating from Ali ibn Abdul Aziz, from Abu Ubaid, from Abbad ibn Abbad, from Muhammad ibn Ishaq, from Ya'qub ibn Utbah, from Muhammad ibn Yahya ibn Habban, from his uncle Wasif ibn Habban, who raised the narration. This narration is also disconnected. Al-Shafi'i responded to this in Al-Qadim, saying, "Thabit ibn Dadah was killed on the day of Uhud before the establishment of inheritance laws." The Sheikh said, "He was killed on the day of Uhud," according to the narration of Az-Zuhri from Saeed ibn Al-Musayyib.  

أَنَّ ثَابِتَ بْنَ الدَّحْدَاحِ كَانَ رَجُلًا أَتِيًّا فِي بَنِي أُنَيْفٍ أَوْ فِي بَنِي الْعَجْلَانِ مَاتَ فَسَأَلَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ هَلْ لَهُ وَارِثٌ؟ فَلَمْ يَجِدُوا لَهُ وَارِثًا فَدَفَعَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ مِيرَاثَهُ إِلَى ابْنِ أُخْتِهِ وَهُوَ أَبُو لُبَابَةَ بْنُ عَبْدِ الْمُنْذِرِ لَفْظُ حَدِيثِ الْأَرْدَسْتَانِيِّ وَحَدِيثُ أَبِي عَبْدِ اللهِ مُخْتَصَرًا لَمْ يُسَمِّ الْوَارِثَ وَالْمُوَرَّثَ وَهُوَ مُنْقَطِعٌ 12217 وَرُوِيَ عَنْ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ إِسْحَاقَ عَنْ يَعْقُوبَ بْنِ عُتْبَةَ عَنْ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ يَحْيَى بْنِ حَبَّانَ عَنْ عَمِّهِ وَاسِعِ بْنِ حَبَّانَ عَنِ النَّبِيِّ ﷺ أَنَّهُ سَأَلَ عَاصِمَ بْنَ عَدِيٍّ الْأَنْصَارِيَّ عَنْ ثَابِتِ بْنِ الدَّحْدَاحِ وَتُوُفِّيَ هَلْ تَعْلَمُونَ لَهُ نَسَبًا فِيكُمْ؟ فَقَالَ لَا وَإِنَّمَا هُوَ أَتِيٌّ فِينَا قَالَ فَقَضَى رَسُولُ اللهِ ﷺ بِمِيرَاثِهِ لِابْنِ أُخْتِهِ أَخْبَرَنَاهُ أَبُو عَبْدِ الرَّحْمَنِ السُّلَمِيُّ أنا أَبُو الْحَسَنِ الْكَارِزِيُّ ثنا عَلِيُّ بْنُ عَبْدِ الْعَزِيزِ عَنْ أَبِي عُبَيْدٍ ثنا عَبَّادُ بْنُ عَبَّادٍ عَنْ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ إِسْحَاقَ عَنْ يَعْقُوبَ بْنِ عُتْبَةَ عَنْ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ يَحْيَى بْنِ حَبَّانَ عَنْ عَمِّهِ وَاسِعِ بْنِ حَبَّانَ رَفَعَهُ وَهَذَا أَيْضًا مُنْقَطِعٌ وَقَدْ أَجَابَ عَنْهُ الشَّافِعِيُّ فِي الْقَدِيمِ فَقَالَ ثَابِتُ بْنُ الدَّحْدَاحَةِ قُتِلَ يَوْمَ أُحُدٍ قَبْلَ أَنْ تَنْزِلَ الْفَرَائِضُ قَالَ الشَّيْخُ قَتْلُهُ فِي يَوْمِ أُحُدٍ فِي رِوَايَةِ الزُّهْرِيِّ عَنْ سَعِيدِ بْنِ الْمُسَيِّبِ  

[Machine] Then Ibn Dhadhah did not stay there long until the polytheists of Quraysh came on the day of Uhud, so he went out with the Messenger of Allah ﷺ and fought them and was martyred. Al-Shafi'i said: The Ayah of inheritance was revealed concerning what our companions have confirmed regarding the daughters of Mahmud ibn Muslimah, and it was revealed on the day of Khaybar. It was said that it was revealed after Uhud regarding the daughters of Sa'd ibn al-Rabi'. And all of this was after the command of Thabit ibn Dhadhahah. The Shaykh [Al-Shafi'i] mentioned in what we mentioned from the hadith of Jabir bin Abdullah and his saying to the Prophet ﷺ : "Indeed, my uncles will inherit me, so how will the inheritance be?" So the Ayah of inheritance descended as evidence that it was revealed after Uhud. For indeed, before Uhud, his father was alive, and indeed he was martyred on the day of Uhud, leaving behind Jabir and his daughters. When Jabir became ill, he had sisters, but he did not have a father or children. So he said, "Indeed, my uncles will inherit me." So the Ayah of inheritance was revealed. It has also been said that the Ayah of inheritance was revealed in the one that is at the end of Surah An-Nisa, and the one that is at the beginning of it was revealed concerning the daughters of Sa'd ibn al-Rabi', as Al-Shafi'i said, may Allah have mercy on him.  

فَلَمْ يَلْبَثِ ابْنُ الدَّحْدَاحِ إِلَّا يَسِيرًا حَتَّى جَاءَ كُفَّارُ قُرَيْشٍ يَوْمَ أُحُدٍ فَخَرَجَ مَعَ رَسُولِ اللهِ ﷺ فَقَاتَلَهُ فَقُتِلَ شَهِيدًا قَالَ الشَّافِعِيُّ وَإِنَّمَا نَزَلَتْ آيَةُ الْفَرَائِضِ فِيمَا يُثْبِتُ أَصْحَابُنَا فِي بَنَاتِ مَحْمُودِ بْنِ مَسْلَمَةَ وَقُتِلَ يَوْمَ خَيْبَرَ وَقِيلَ نَزَلَتْ بَعْدَ أُحُدٍ فِي بَنَاتِ سَعْدِ بْنِ الرَّبِيعِ وَهَذَا كُلُّهُ بَعْدَ أَمْرِ ثَابِتِ بْنِ الدَّحْدَاحَةِ قَالَ الشَّيْخُ فِيمَا ذَكَرْنَا مِنْ حَدِيثِ جَابِرِ بْنِ عَبْدِ اللهِ وَقَوْلِهِ لِلنَّبِيِّ ﷺ إِنَّمَا يَرِثُنِي كَلَالَةٌ فَكَيْفَ الْمِيرَاثُ؟ فَنَزَلَتْ آيَةُ الْفَرَائِضِ دَلَالَةٌ عَلَى أَنَّهَا نَزَلَتْ بَعْدَ أُحُدٍ فَإِنَّ قَبْلَ أُحُدٍ كَانَ أَبُوهُ حَيًّا وَإِنَّمَا قُتِلَ يَوْمَ أُحُدٍ شَهِيدًا وَخَلَّفَ جَابِرًا وَبَنَاتٍ لَهُ فَحِينَ مَرِضَ جَابِرٌ كَانَ لَهُ أَخَوَاتٌ وَلَمْ يَكُنْ لَهُ أَبٌ وَلَا وَلَدٌ فَقَالَ إِنَّمَا يَرِثُنِي كَلَالَةٌ فَنَزَلَتْ آيَةُ الْفَرَائِضِ وَقَدْ قِيلَ إِنَّمَا نَزَلَتْ فِيهِ آيَةُ الْفَرَائِضِ الَّتِي فِي آخِرِ سُورَةِ النِّسَاءِ وَنَزَلَتِ الَّتِي فِي أَوَّلِهَا فِي ابْنَتَيْ سَعْدِ بْنِ الرَّبِيعِ كَمَا قَالَ الشَّافِعِيُّ رَحِمَهُ اللهُ  

"The wife of Sa'd bin Ar-Rabi came with her two daughters from Sa'd to he Messenger of Allah ﷺand said; O Messenger of Allah ﷺ! these two are daughters of Sa'd bin Ar-Rabi who fought along with you on the day of Uhud and was martyred. Their uncle took their wealth, without leaving any wealth for them, and they will not be married unless they have wealth.' He said: 'Allah will decide on that matter.' The ayah about inheritance was revealed, so the Messenger of Allah ﷺ sent (word) to their Uncle saying: Give the two daughters of Sa'd two thirds, and give their mother one eighth, and whatever remains, then it is for you.' (Using translation from Tirmidhī 2092)   

يَا رَسُولَ اللهِ هَاتَانِ ابْنَتَا سَعْدِ بْنِ الرَّبِيعِ قُتِلَ أَبُوهُمَا مَعَكَ شَهِيدًا يَوْمَ أُحُدٍ وَإِنَّ عَمَّهُمَا أَخَذَ مَالَهُمَا اسْتِفَاءً وَلَمْ يَتْرُكْ لَهُمَا مَالًا وَلَا تُنْكَحَانِ إِلَّا وَلَهُمَا مَالٌ فَقَالَ رَسُولُ اللهِ ﷺ يَقْضِي اللهُ فِي ذَلِكَ فَأَنْزَلَ اللهُ الْمِيرَاثَ فَأَرْسَلَ إِلَى عَمِّهِمَا فَدَعَاهُ فَقَالَ أَعْطِ ابْنَتَيْ سَعْدٍ الثُّلُثَيْنِ وَأَعْطِ أُمَّهُمَا الثُّمُنَ وَلَكَ مَا بَقِيَ  

[Machine] "Do you know how he spent his life there?" They said, "No." He said, "By Allah, I know the people who lived with him there. He treated his aunt as he would treat his sister, and his paternal aunt as he would treat his aunt. So he gave two-thirds to his aunt and one-third to his paternal aunt." It was narrated by Al-Hassan, Jabir ibn Zaid, Bakr ibn Abdullah al-Muzani, and others, that Umar distributed two-thirds to his aunt and one-third to his paternal aunt. All of this is transmitted and narrated by the people of Medina from Umar, and it is more likely to be correct. Allah knows best.  

هَلْ تَدْرُونَ كَيْفَ قَضَى عُمَرُ ؓ فِيهَا؟ قَالُوا لَا فَقَالَ وَاللهِ إِنِّي لَأَعْلَمُ النَّاسِ بِقَضَاءِ عُمَرَ فِيهَا جَعَلَ الْعَمَّةَ بِمَنْزِلَةِ الْأَخِ وَالْخَالَةَ بِمَنْزِلَةِ الْأُخْتِ فَأَعْطَى الْعَمَّةَ الثُّلُثَيْنِ وَالْخَالَةَ الثُّلُثَ وَرَوَاهُ الْحَسَنُ وَجَابِرُ بْنُ زَيْدٍ وَبَكْرُ بْنُ عَبْدِ اللهِ الْمُزَنِيُّ وَغَيْرُهُمْ أَنَّ عُمَرَ ؓ جَعَلَ لِلْعَمَّةِ الثُّلُثَيْنِ وَلِلْخَالَةِ الثُّلُثَ وَجَمِيعُ ذَلِكَ مَرَاسِيلُ وَرِوَايَةُ الْمَدَنِيِّينَ عَنْ عُمَرَ أَوْلَى أَنْ تَكُونَ صَحِيحَةً وَاللهُ أَعْلَمُ  

[Machine] The aunt is like the mother, and the paternal aunt is like the father, and the niece is like the sister, and every relative is like the womb that follows, if there is no inheriting relative. We have narrated from Abu Ishaq al-Sabi'i from al-Sha'abi from Masruq who said: Abdullah said: Assign them the positions of their fathers, he says: inherit every person in the position of their father.  

الْخَالَةُ بِمَنْزِلَةِ الْأُمِّ وَالْعَمَّةُ بِمَنْزِلَةِ الْأَبِ وَابْنَةُ الْأَخِ بِمَنْزِلَةِ الْأَخِ وَكُلُّ ذِي رَحِمٍ بِمَنْزِلَةِ الرَّحِمِ الَّتِي تَلِيهِ إِذَا لَمْ يَكُنْ وَارِثٌ ذُو قَرَابَةٍ وَرُوِّينَا عَنْ أَبِي إِسْحَاقَ السَّبِيعِيِّ عَنِ الشَّعْبِيِّ عَنْ مَسْرُوقٍ قَالَ قَالَ عَبْدُ اللهِ أَنْزِلُوهُمْ مَنَازِلَ آبَائِهِمْ يَقُولُ وَرِّثْ كُلَّ إِنْسَانٍ بِمَنْزِلَةِ أَبِيهِ  

[Machine] About his companions, Ali and Abdullah, if they couldn't find an arrow, they would give each other's relatives the entire wealth. And the aunt, the daughter of the aunt, the daughter of the sister, for the mother or father, and the mother or father, the aunt, the daughter of the aunt, the daughter of the granddaughter, and the grandfather from the mother's side, whether near or far in relation, they have the right to the wealth if there is no one else. But if there is the daughter of the sister and the daughter of the aunt, then it is half and half. And if it is the aunt and the uncle, then it is one-third and two-thirds. And the daughter of the uncle and the daughter of the aunt, it is one-third and two-thirds.  

عَنْ أَصْحَابِهِ كَانَ عَلِيٌّ وَعَبْدُ اللهِ إِذَا لَمْ يَجِدُوا ذَا سَهْمٍ أَعْطَوَا الْقَرَابَةَ أَعْطَوْا بِنْتَ الْبِنْتِ الْمَالَ كُلَّهُ وَالْخَالَ الْمَالَ كُلَّهُ وَكَذَلِكَ ابْنَةُ الْأَخِ وَابْنَةَ الْأُخْتِ لِلْأُمِّ أَوْ لِلْأَبِ وَالْأُمِّ أَوْ لِلْأَبِ وَالْعَمَّةَ وَابْنَةَ الْعَمِّ وَابْنَةَ بِنْتِ الِابْنِ وَالْجَدَّ مِنْ قِبَلِ الْأُمِّ وَمَا قَرُبَ أَوْ بَعُدَ إِذَا كَانَ رَحِمًا فَلَهُ الْمَالُ إِذَا لَمْ يُوجَدْ غَيْرُهُ فَإِنْ وُجِدَ ابْنَةُ بِنْتٍ وَابْنَةُ أُخْتٍ فَالنِّصْفُ وَالنِّصْفُ وِإِنْ كَانَتْ عَمَّةٌ وَخَالَةٌ فَالثُّلُثُ وَالثُّلُثَانِ وَابْنَةُ الْخَالِ وَابْنَةُ الْخَالَةِ الثُّلُثُ وَالثُّلُثَانِ