Sulaiman bin Buraidah reported on the authority of his father. When the Apostle of Allaah ﷺ appointed a Commander over an Army or a detachment, he instructed him to fear Allaah himself and consider the welfare of the Muslims who were with him. He then said “When you meet the polytheists who are your enemy, summon them tone of three things and accept whichever of them they are willing to agree to, and refrain from them. Summon them to Islam and if they agree, accept it from them and refrain from them. Then summon them to leave their territory and transfer to the abode of the Emigrants and tell them that if they do so, they will have the same rights and responsibilities as the Emigrants, but if they refuse and choose their own abode, tell them that they will be like the desert Arabs who are Muslims subject to Allaah’s jurisdiction which applies to the believers, but will have no spoil or booty unless they strive with the Muslims. If they refuse demand jizyah (poll tax) from them, if they agree accept it from them and refrain from them. But if they refuse, seek Alaah’s help and fight with them. When you invade the fortress and they (its people) offer to capitulate and have the matter referred to Allaah’s jurisdiction, do not grant this, for you do not know whether or not you will hit on Allaah’s jurisdiction regarding them. But let them capitulate and have the matter refereed to your jurisdiction and make a decision about them later on as you wish. Sufyan (bin ‘Uyainah) said thah ‘Alqamah said “I mentioned this tradition to Muqatil bin Habban, He said “Muslim narrated it to me.” Abu Dawud said “He is Ibn Haidam narrated from Al Nu’man in Muqqarin from the Prophet ﷺ like the tradition of Sulaiman bin Buraidah. (Using translation from Abū Dāʾūd 2612)   

كَانَ رَسُولُ اللهِ ﷺ إِذَا بَعَثَ أَمِيرًا عَلَى سَرِيَّةٍ أَوْ جَيْشٍ أَوْصَاهُ بِتَقْوَى اللهِ فِي خَاصَّةِ نَفْسِهِ وَبِمَنْ مَعَهُ مِنَ الْمُسْلِمِينَ خَيْرًا قَالَ إِذَا لَقِيتَ عَدُوَّكَ مِنَ الْمُشْرِكِينَ فَادْعُهُمْ إِلَى إِحْدَى ثَلَاثِ خِصَالٍ أَوْ خِلَالٍ فَأَيَّتُهُنَّ أَجَابُوكَ إِلَيْهَا فَاقْبَلْ مِنْهُمْ وَكُفَّ عَنْهُمْ ادْعُهُمْ إِلَى الْإِسْلَامِ فَإِنْ أَجَابُوكَ فَاقْبَلْ مِنْهُمْ وَكُفَّ عَنْهُمْ ثُمَّ ادْعُهُمْ إِلَى التَّحَوُّلِ مِنْ دَارِهِمْ إِلَى دَارِ الْمُهَاجِرِينَ وَأَعْلِمْهُمْ أَنَّهُمْ إِنْ فَعَلُوا ذَلِكَ أَنَّ لَهُمْ مَا لِلْمُهَاجِرِينَ وَأَنَّ عَلَيْهِمْ مَا عَلَى الْمُهَاجِرِينَ فَإِنْ أَبَوْا وَاخْتَارُوا دَارَهُمْ فَأَعْلِمْهُمْ أَنَّهُمْ يَكُونُونَ مِثْلَ أَعْرَابِ الْمُسْلِمِينَ يَجْرِي عَلَيْهِمْ حُكْمُ اللهِ الَّذِي كَانَ يَجْرِي عَلَى الْمُؤْمِنِينَ وَلَا يَكُونُ لَهُمْ فِي الْفَيْءِ وَالْغَنِيمَةِ نَصِيبٌ إِلَّا أَنْ يُجَاهِدُوا مَعَ الْمُسْلِمِينَ فَإِنْ هُمْ أَبَوْا فَادْعُهُمْ إِلَى إِعْطَاءِ الْجِزْيَةِ فَإِنْ أَجَابُوكَ فَاقْبَلْ مِنْهُمْ وَكُفَّ عَنْهُمْ فَإِنْ أَبَوْا فَاسْتَعِنْ بِاللهِ وَقَاتِلْهُمْ وَإِذَا قَاتَلْتَ أَهْلَ حِصْنٍ فَأَرَادُوكَ أَنْ تُنْزِلَهُمْ عَلَى حُكْمِ اللهِ فَلَا تُنْزِلْهُمْ وَإِنَّكُمْ لَا تَدْرُونَ مَا يَحْكُمُ اللهُ فِيهِمْ وَلَكِنْ أَنْزِلُوهُمْ عَلَى حُكْمِكُمْ ثُمَّ اقْضُوا فِيهِمْ بَعْدُ مَا شِئْتُمْ قَالَ سُفْيَانُ قَالَ عَلْقَمَةُ فَذَكَرْتُ هَذَا الْحَدِيثَ لِمُقَاتِلِ بْنِ حَيَّانَ فَقَالَ حَدَّثَنِي مُسْلِمٌ هُوَ ابْنُ هَيْصَمٍ عَنِ النُّعْمَانِ بْنِ مُقَرِّنٍ ؓ عَنِ النَّبِيِّ ﷺ مِثْلَ حَدِيثِ سُلَيْمَانَ بْنِ بُرَيْدَةَ  

[Machine] The Messenger of Allah, ﷺ , used to appoint a leader for an army and advise him. He would mention a hadith and elaborate on it. And when you lay siege to the people of a fortress and they request you to grant them the covenant of Allah and the covenant of your Prophet, do not grant them the covenant of Allah and the covenant of your Prophet, but grant them your own covenant and the covenant of your fathers and the covenants of your companions. Indeed, you have the option to accept their covenants and the covenants of your fathers, which is easier for you than accepting the covenant of Allah and the covenant of His Messenger. And the chain of transmission of the narrated incident of a military expedition was not mentioned.  

كَانَ رَسُولُ اللهِ ﷺ إِذَا بَعَثَ أَمِيرًا عَلَى جَيْشٍ أَوْصَاهُ وَذَكَرَ الْحَدِيثَ زَادَ فِيهِ وَإِذَا حَاصَرْتَ أَهْلَ حِصْنٍ وَأَرَادُوكَ عَلَى أَنْ تَجْعَلَ لَهُمْ ذِمَّةَ اللهِ وَذِمَّةَ نَبِيِّكَ فَلَا تَجْعَلْ لَهُمْ ذِمَّةَ اللهِ وَذِمَّةَ نَبِيِّكَ وَلَكِنِ اجْعَلْ لَهُمْ ذِمَّتَكَ وَذِمَّةَ آبَائِكَ وَذِمَمَ أَصْحَابِكَ فَإِنَّكُمْ أَنْ تُخْفِرُوا ذِمَمَكُمْ وَذِمَمَ آبَائِكُمْ أَهْوَنُ عَلَيْكُمْ مِنْ أَنْ تُخْفِرُوا ذِمَّةَ اللهِ وَذِمَّةَ رَسُولِهِ وَلَمْ يَذْكُرْ إِسْنَادَ حَدِيثِ مُقَاتِلٍ  

[Machine] "And that he should not circumambulate the Ka'bah naked, and the Day of the Great Hajj, the Day of Sacrifice, is indeed called the Greater Hajj because of people's saying that the Lesser Hajj is superior. So Abu Bakr threw it back to the people that year and did not perform Hajj in the following year, the year in which the Messenger of Allah ﷺ performed the Farewell Hajj as a polytheist. And Allah ﷻ revealed in the year in which Abu Bakr threw it back to the polytheists, 'O you who have believed, indeed the polytheists are unclean, so let them not approach al-Masjid al-Haram...' [9:28] until His saying, 'Knowing and Wise' [9:28]. So the polytheists used to engage in trade, and the Muslims would benefit from it. But when Allah made it forbidden for the polytheists to approach al-Masjid al-Haram, the Muslims felt in themselves the loss of the trade with which the polytheists used to engage. So Allah ﷻ said, 'And if you fear poverty, Allah will enrich you from His bounty if He wills' [9:28]. Then He permitted in the verse that follows it the imposition of the jizyah, which was not previously taken. He made it as a substitute for what was forbidden from them of keeping company with the polytheists in their trades. So He said, 'Fight those who do not believe in Allah or in the Last Day and who do not consider unlawful what Allah and His Messenger have made unlawful and who do not adopt the religion of truth from those who were given the Scripture - [fight] until they give the jizyah willingly while they are humbled.' [9:29] So when Allah made that permissible for the Muslims, they recognized that it was better for them than what they used to find with the polytheists in their trade."  

وَأَنْ لَا يَطُوفَ بِالْبَيْتِ عُرْيَانٌ وَيَوْمُ الْحَجِّ الْأَكْبَرِ يَوْمُ النَّحْرِ وَإِنَّمَا قِيلَ الْحَجُّ الْأَكْبَرُ مِنْ أَجْلِ قَوْلِ النَّاسِ الْحَجَّ الْأَصْغَرَ فَنَبَذَ أَبُو بَكْرٍ ؓ إِلَى النَّاسِ فِي ذَلِكَ الْعَامِ فَلَمْ يَحُجَّ فِي الْعَامِ الْقَابِلِ الَّذِي حَجَّ فِيهِ رَسُولُ اللهِ ﷺ حَجَّةَ الْوَدَاعِ مُشْرِكٌ وَأَنْزَلَ اللهُ ﷻ فِي الْعَامِ الَّذِي نَبَذَ فِيهِ أَبُو بَكْرٍ إِلَى الْمُشْرِكِينَ {يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا إِنَّمَا الْمُشْرِكُونَ نَجَسٌ فَلَا يَقْرَبُوا الْمَسْجِدَ الْحَرَامَ} [التوبة 28] إِلَى قَوْلِهِ {عَلِيمٌ حَكِيمٌ} [التوبة 28] فَكَانَ الْمُشْرِكُونَ يُوَافُونَ بِالتِّجَارَةِ فَيَنْتَفِعُ بِهَا الْمُسْلِمُونَ فَلَمَّا حَرَّمَ اللهُ عَلَى الْمُشْرِكِينَ أَنْ لَا يَقْرَبُوا الْمَسْجِدَ الْحَرَامَ وَجَدَ الْمُسْلِمُونَ فِي أَنْفُسِهِمْ مِمَّا قُطِعَ عَنْهُمْ مِنَ التِّجَارَةِ الَّتِي كَانَ الْمُشْرِكُونَ يُوَافُونَ بِهَا فَقَالَ اللهُ تَعَالَى {وَإِنْ خِفْتُمْ عَيْلَةً فَسَوْفَ يُغْنِيكُمُ اللهُ مِنْ فَضْلِهِ إِنْ شَاءَ} [التوبة 28] ثُمَّ أَحَلَّ فِي الْآيَةِ الَّتِي تَتْبَعُهَا الْجِزْيَةَ وَلَمْ تَكُنْ تُؤْخَذُ قَبْلَ ذَلِكَ فَجَعَلَهَا عِوَضًا مِمَّا مَنَعَهُمْ مِنْ مُوَافَاةِ الْمُشْرِكِينَ بِتِجَارَاتِهِمْ فَقَالَ {قَاتِلُوا الَّذِينَ لَا يُؤْمِنُونَ بِاللهِ وَلَا بِالْيَوْمِ الْآخِرِ وَلَا يُحَرِّمُونَ مَا حَرَّمَ اللهُ وَرَسُولُهُ وَلَا يَدِينُونَ دِينَ الْحَقِّ مِنَ الَّذِينَ أُوتُوا الْكِتَابَ حَتَّى يُعْطُوا الْجِزْيَةَ عَنْ يَدٍ وَهُمْ صَاغِرُونَ} [التوبة 29] فَلَمَّا أَحَلَّ اللهُ ذَلِكَ لِلْمُسْلِمِينَ عَرَفُوا أَنَّهُ قَدْ عَاضَهُمْ أَفْضَلَ مِمَّا كَانُوا وَجَدُوا عَلَيْهِ مِمَّا كَانَ الْمُشْرِكُونَ يُوَافُونَ بِهِ مِنَ التِّجَارَةِ  

[Machine] From Mujahid's statement regarding this verse, "Fight those who do not believe in Allah or in the Last Day," to his statement, "until they give the jizyah willingly while they are humbled." He said, this was revealed when the Prophet ﷺ and his companions were commanded to march towards the Tabuk expedition.  

عَنْ مُجَاهِدٍ فِي قَوْلِهِ {قَاتِلُوا الَّذِينَ لَا يُؤْمِنُونَ بِاللهِ وَلَا بِالْيَوْمِ الْآخِرِ} [التوبة 29] إِلَى قَوْلِهِ {حَتَّى يُعْطُوا الْجِزْيَةَ عَنْ يَدٍ وَهُمْ صَاغِرُونَ} [التوبة 29] قَالَ نَزَلَ هَذَا حِينَ أُمِرَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ وَأَصْحَابُهُ بِغَزْوَةِ تَبُوكَ  

[Machine] "When the Messenger of Allah ﷺ reached Tabuk, Yahna Ibn Rawbah, the companion of Ayilah, came to meet him. The Messenger of Allah ﷺ made peace with him and gave him the jizyah. The people of Jarabaa and Athruh also came to meet him and they gave him the jizyah."  

فَلَمَّا انْتَهَى رَسُولُ اللهِ ﷺ إِلَى تَبُوكَ أَتَاهُ يَحْنَةُ بْنُ رَوْبَةَ صَاحِبُ أَيْلَةَ فَصَالَحَ رَسُولَ اللهِ ﷺ وَأَعْطَاهُ الْجِزْيَةَ وَأَتَاهُ أَهْلُ جَرَبَا وَأَذْرُحَ فَأَعْطَوْهُ الْجِزْيَةَ  

[Machine] The polytheists fight against Islam, and the people of the Book fight over the jizyah.  

يُقَاتَلُ أَهْلُ الْأَوْثَانِ عَلَى الْإِسْلَامِ وَيُقَاتَلُ أَهْلُ الْكِتَابِ عَلَى الْجِزْيَةِ