9. Sūrat al-Tawbah

٩۔ سُورَةُ التوبَة

Qurʾān > Chapter 9 > Section 15
القرآن > كتاب ٩ > باب ١٥

9.15 Categories for the distribution of Charity.

٩۔١٥ مقطع في سُورَةُ التوبَة

quran:9:60 –

Zakah expenditures are only for the poor and for the needy and for those employed to collect ˹zakah˺ and for bringing hearts together ˹for Islam˺ and for freeing captives ˹or slaves˺ and for those in debt and for the cause of Allah and for the ˹stranded˺ traveler - an obligation ˹imposed˺ by Allah. And Allah is Knowing and Wise.  

The voluntary almsgivings, the alms to be dispensed, are only for the poor, who cannot find anything to suffice them in the least, and the needy, who cannot find anything to suffice them, and those who work with them, that is, ˹with˺ these alms, in other words, the one who collects ˹them˺, the one who takes the oaths ˹from those who claim them˺, the slave to be manumitted by contract, as well as the tax-summoner; and those whose hearts are to be reconciled, so that they might become Muslims, or that Islam might be firmly established, or that their peers might become Muslims, or that they might defend Muslims, all of whom are ˹classed according to different˺ categories. According to al-Shāfi‘ī, may God be pleased with him, the first and the last ˹of these categories˺ are no longer given ˹of the alms-tax˺ today, because of the ˹established˺ power of Islam; in contrast, the other two ˹categories˺ are given ˹of the alms-tax˺, according to the sounder ˹opinion˺; and for, the manumission of, slaves, that is, ˹for˺ slaves to be manumitted by contract, and for the debtors, those in debt, if they have taken out a debt without intending thereby an act of disobedience, or those who have repented but have nothing with which to fulfil ˹the penalty of expiation˺, or to set things right between people, even if they be wealthy; and, for the way of God, that is, ˹for˺ those who are engaged in the struggle, of those for whom there is no ˹share of the˺ booty (fay’), even if they be wealthy; and for the traveller, the one cut off ˹from resources˺ during his journey — a duty imposed by God (farīdatan, ‘a duty’, is in the accusative because of an implied verb ˹sc. faradahā, ‘which He has imposed’˺). And God is Knower, of His creatures, Wise, in His actions. Thus, it is impermissible to dispense these ˹alms-proceeds˺ other than to these ˹categories˺, or to deny ˹these proceeds to˺ any one of these ˹categories˺ if they exist. The Imam must divide these ˹proceeds˺ among them equally, but he is permitted to give priority to certain individuals over others within any one category. The lām ˹of li’l-fuqarā’, ‘for the poor’˺ indicates that it is obligatory to include every individual ˹of these categories in the distribution of the proceeds˺; it is not, however, obligatory ˹to do so˺ when the person in charge of the monies has to apportion it but ˹finds that˺ it is insufficient. Indeed ˹in such a situation˺ it suffices to give three individuals from each category, but anything less than that is not sufficient, as is indicated by the plural form. The Sunna shows that the prerequisite condition for receiving ˹a share˺ of such ˹monies˺ is that the person be a Muslim, but not a Hashimī or a Muttālibī.
القرآن:٩:٦٠ –

إِنَّمَا الصَّدَقَاتُ لِلْفُقَرَاءِ وَالْمَسَاكِينِ وَالْعَامِلِينَ عَلَيْهَا وَالْمُؤَلَّفَةِ قُلُوبُهُمْ وَفِي الرِّقَابِ وَالْغَارِمِينَ وَفِي سَبِيلِ اللَّهِ وَابْنِ السَّبِيلِ ۖ فَرِيضَةً مِنَ اللَّهِ ۗ وَاللَّهُ عَلِيمٌ حَكِيمٌ  

{إنما الصدقات} الزكوات مصروفة {للفقراء} الذين لا يجدون ما يقع موقعا من كفايتهم {والمساكين} الذين لا يجدون ما يكفيهم {والعاملين عليها} أي الصدقات من جاب وقاسم وكاتب وحاشر {والمؤلفة قلوبهم} ليسلموا أو يثبت إسلامهم أو يسلم نظراؤهم أو يذبوا عن المسلمين أقسام، الأول والأخير لا يعطيان اليوم عند الشافعي ؓ لعز الإسلام بخلاف الآخرين فيعطيان على الأصح {وفي} فك {الرقاب} أي المكاتبين {والغارمين} أهل الدَّين إن استدانوا لغير معصية أو تابوا وليس لهم وفاء أو لإصلاح ذات البين ولو أغنياء {وفي سبيل الله} أي القائمين بالجهاد ممن لا فيء لهم ولو أغنياء {وابن السبيل} المنقطع في سفره {فريضة} نصب بفعله المقدر {من الله والله عليم} بخلقه {حكيم} في صنعه فلا يجوز صرفها لغير هؤلاء ولا منع صنف منهم إذا وجد فيقسمها الإمام عليهم على السواء وله تفضيل بعض آحاد الصنف على بعض، وأفادت اللام وجوب استغراق أفراده لكن لا يجب على صاحب المال إذا قسم لعسره بل يكفي إعطاء ثلاثة من كل صنف ولا يكفي دونها كما أفادته صيغة الجمع وبيَّنت السنة أن شرط المعطى منها الإسلام وأن لا يكون هاشميا ولا مطلبيا.