19. Sūrat Maryam

١٩۔ سُورَةُ مَريَم

19.1 The story of Zechariah and the birth and youth of John.

١٩۔١ مقطع في سُورَةُ مَريَم

quran:19:1In the name of Allah, the Entirely Merciful, the Especially Merciful.

Kaf, Ha, Ya, 'Ayn, Sad.  

Kāf hā yā ‘ayn sād: God knows best what He means by these ˹letters˺.
القرآن:١٩:١بِسْمِ اللَّهِ الرَّحْمَٰنِ الرَّحِيمِ

كهيعص  

{كَهيعَص} الله أعلم بمراده بذلك.
quran:19:2

˹This is˺ a mention of the mercy of your Lord to His servant Zechariah  

This is, a mention of your Lord’s mercy to His servant (‘abdahu, a direct object of rahma, ‘mercy’) Zachariah (an explication of it ˹the direct object˺),
القرآن:١٩:٢

ذِكْرُ رَحْمَتِ رَبِّكَ عَبْدَهُ زَكَرِيَّا  

هذا {ذكر رحمة ربك عبده} مفعول رحمة {زكريا} بيان له.
quran:19:3

When he called to his Lord a private supplication.  

when (idh is semantically connected to rahma, ‘mercy’) he called out to his Lord a call, entailing a supplication, in secret, in the middle of the night, because this ˹time of the night˺ invites a faster response ˹to one’s supplication˺.
القرآن:١٩:٣

إِذْ نَادَىٰ رَبَّهُ نِدَاءً خَفِيًّا  

{إذ} متعلق برحمة {نادى ربه نداءً} مشتملاً على دعاء {خفيا} سرا جوف الليل لأنه أسرع للإجابة.
quran:19:4

He said, "My Lord, indeed my bones have weakened, and my head has filled with white, and never have I been in my supplication to You, my Lord, unhappy.  

He said, ‘My Lord, truly the bones, all ˹the bones˺, within me have become feeble, weak, and my head is alight with grey hair (shayban, a specification derived from the subject of the verb in other words, hoariness has spread throughout his hairs just as a spark of fire spreads through firewood) and I wish to supplicate to you, and I have never been in my supplications to You, my Lord, unsuccessful, that is, ˹I have never been˺ disappointed, in the past, so do not disappoint me in what follows.
القرآن:١٩:٤

قَالَ رَبِّ إِنِّي وَهَنَ الْعَظْمُ مِنِّي وَاشْتَعَلَ الرَّأْسُ شَيْبًا وَلَمْ أَكُنْ بِدُعَائِكَ رَبِّ شَقِيًّا  

{قال رب إني وهن} ضعف {العظم} جميعه {مني واشتعل الرأس} مني {شيبا} تمييز محوَّل عن الفاعل أي: انتشر الشيب في شعره كما ينتشر شعاع النار في الحطب وإني أريد أن أدعوك {ولم أكن بدعائك} أي: بدعائي إياك {ربّ شقيا} أي: خائبا فيما مضى فلا تخيبني فيما يأتي.
quran:19:5

And indeed, I fear the successors after me, and my wife has been barren, so give me from Yourself an heir  

And truly I fear my kinsfolk, namely, those who will succeed me ˹as closest after me˺ in kinship, such as ˹my˺ paternal cousins, after me, that is, after my death, ˹I fear˺ for the religion, lest they forsake it, as You have witnessed in the case of the Children of Israel, in the way that they changed ˹their˺ religion, and my wife is barren, she does not conceive. So grant me from Yourself a successor, a son,
القرآن:١٩:٥

وَإِنِّي خِفْتُ الْمَوَالِيَ مِنْ وَرَائِي وَكَانَتِ امْرَأَتِي عَاقِرًا فَهَبْ لِي مِنْ لَدُنْكَ وَلِيًّا  

{وإني خفت الموالي} أي الذين يلوني في النسب كبني العم {من ورائي} أي بعد موتي على الدين أن يُضيعوه كما شاهدته في بني إسرائيل من تبديل الدين {وكانت امرأتي عاقرا} لا تلد {فهب لي من لدنك} من عندك {وليا} ابنا.
quran:19:6

Who will inherit me and inherit from the family of Jacob. And make him, my Lord, pleasing ˹to You˺."  

who may inherit from me (read yarithnī in apocopated form as a response to the imperative statement ˹fahab lī, ‘grant me’˺, or read yarithunī as an adjectival qualification of waliyyan, ‘a successor’) and inherit (also read in both ways ˹mentioned˺), from the House of Jacob, my forefather, ˹inherit˺ knowledge and prophethood, and make him, my Lord, acceptable’, that is, pleasing to you.
القرآن:١٩:٦

يَرِثُنِي وَيَرِثُ مِنْ آلِ يَعْقُوبَ ۖ وَاجْعَلْهُ رَبِّ رَضِيًّا  

{يَرثني} بالجزم جواب الأمر وبالرفع صفة وليا {ويرث} بالوجهين {من آل يعقوب} جدّي، العلم والنبوة {واجعله رب رضيا} أي: مرضيا عندك. قال تعالى في إجابة طلبه الابن الحاصل به رحمته:
quran:19:7

˹He was told˺, "O Zechariah, indeed We give you good tidings of a boy whose name will be John. We have not assigned to any before ˹this˺ name."  

God, exalted be He, in responding to his request for a son that will be the incarnation of His mercy, says: ‘O Zachariah! Indeed We give you good tidings of a boy, who will inherit in the way that you have requested — whose name is John. Never before have We made anyone his namesake’, that is, ˹never has there been˺ anyone with the name ‘John’.
القرآن:١٩:٧

يَا زَكَرِيَّا إِنَّا نُبَشِّرُكَ بِغُلَامٍ اسْمُهُ يَحْيَىٰ لَمْ نَجْعَلْ لَهُ مِنْ قَبْلُ سَمِيًّا  

{يا زكريا إنا نبشرك بغلامِ} يَرثُ كما سألت {اسمه يحيى لم نجعل له من قبل سميا} أي: مسمى بيحيى.
quran:19:8

He said, "My Lord, how will I have a boy when my wife has been barren and I have reached extreme old age?"  

He said, ‘My Lord, how shall I have a son when my wife is barren and I have reached infirm old age?’ (‘itiyyan, ˹derives˺ from ˹the verb˺ ‘atā, ‘it became withered’) in other words, ˹he had reached˺ extreme old age, 120 years; and his wife had reached the age of 98 (‘atiya in terms of its root derives from ‘utuwwun, but the tā’ is vowelled as -ti-, to soften it, the first wāw ˹vowel˺ is changed into a yā’ to be in harmony with the –ti- vowelling, while the second ˹wāw letter˺ is changed into a yā’ so that the ˹previous˺ yā’ can be assimilated with it).
القرآن:١٩:٨

قَالَ رَبِّ أَنَّىٰ يَكُونُ لِي غُلَامٌ وَكَانَتِ امْرَأَتِي عَاقِرًا وَقَدْ بَلَغْتُ مِنَ الْكِبَرِ عِتِيًّا  

{قال ربّ أنَّى} كيف {يكون لي غلام وكانت امرأتي عاقرا وقد بلغت من الكبر عتيا} من عتا: يبس، أي نهاية السن مائة وعشرين سنة وبلغت امرأته ثمانية وتسعين سنة وأصل عتى: عتو وكسرت التاء تخفيفا وقلبت الواو الأولى ياء لمناسبة الكسرة والثانية ياء لتدغم فيها الياء.
quran:19:9

˹An angel˺ said, "Thus ˹it will be˺; your Lord says, 'It is easy for Me, for I created you before, while you were nothing.' "  

He said, ‘It, the matter ˹in question˺, of creating a boy from both of you, shall be so! Your Lord says, “It is easy for Me, namely, to restore your sexual potency and tear open your wife’s womb ˹in preparation˺ for conception, for I certainly created you before when you were nothing”’, ˹you were nothing˺ before your created form became manifest. As God wished to manifest this great power, He inspired him ˹the form of˺ the question, in order for him to receive the response that will indicate it ˹this power˺. And when his soul yearned for the prompt arrival of that whereof he had been given good tidings:
القرآن:١٩:٩

قَالَ كَذَٰلِكَ قَالَ رَبُّكَ هُوَ عَلَيَّ هَيِّنٌ وَقَدْ خَلَقْتُكَ مِنْ قَبْلُ وَلَمْ تَكُ شَيْئًا  

{قال} الأمر {كذلك} من خلق غلام منكما {قال ربك هو عليَّ هين} أي: بأن أرد عليك قوة الجماع وأفتق رحم امرأتك للعلوق {وقد خلقتك من قبل ولم تكُ شيئا} قبل خلقك ولإظهار الله هذه القدرة العظيمة ألهمه السؤال ليجاب بما يدل عليها ولما تاقت نفسه إلى سرعة المبشر به.
quran:19:10

˹Zechariah˺ said, "My Lord, make for me a sign." He said, "Your sign is that you will not speak to the people for three nights, ˹being˺ sound."  

He said, ‘Lord, appoint for me some sign’, namely, some indication of my wife’s becoming pregnant. Said He, ‘Your sign, for this, is that you shall not speak to people, that is, that you ˹should˺ refrain from speaking to them, but not ˹from speaking˺ the remembrance of God, exalted be He, for three nights, that is, together with the days thereof, as ˹stated˺ in ˹sūrat˺ Āl ‘Imrān, ‘for three days’ ˹Q. 3:41˺, while ˹you are˺ in sound health’ (sawiyyan, a circumstantial qualifier referring to the subject of the verb tukallima, ‘you shall ˹not˺ speak’) in other words, despite there being no defect ˹in you˺.
القرآن:١٩:١٠

قَالَ رَبِّ اجْعَلْ لِي آيَةً ۚ قَالَ آيَتُكَ أَلَّا تُكَلِّمَ النَّاسَ ثَلَاثَ لَيَالٍ سَوِيًّا  

{قال رب اجعل آية} أي علامة على حمل امرأتي {قال آيتك} عليه {ألا تكلم الناس} أي تمتنع من كلامهم بخلاف ذكر الله {ثلاث ليال} أي بأيامها كما في آل عمران ثلاثة أيام {سَويا} حال من فاعل تكلم أي بلا علة.
quran:19:11

So he came out to his people from the prayer chamber and signaled to them to exalt ˹Allah˺ in the morning and afternoon.  

So he emerged before his people from the sanctuary, that is, from the temple — they had been waiting for him to open it in order to perform ˹their˺ prayers therein after his command, as was the custom — and signalled, indicated, to them, ‘Make glorifications, perform prayers, at morning and evening’, at the beginning of the day and ˹at˺ its end, as per usual. He then realised, upon his being prevented from speaking to them, that she was pregnant with John.
القرآن:١٩:١١

فَخَرَجَ عَلَىٰ قَوْمِهِ مِنَ الْمِحْرَابِ فَأَوْحَىٰ إِلَيْهِمْ أَنْ سَبِّحُوا بُكْرَةً وَعَشِيًّا  

{فخرج على قومه من المحراب} أي المسجد وكانوا ينتظرون فتحه ليصلوا فيه بأمره على العادة {فأوحى} أشار {إليهم أن سبحوا} صلوا {بُكرة وعشيا} أوائل النهار وأواخره على العادة فعلم بمنعه من كلامهم حملها بيحيى، وبعد ولادته بسنتين قال الله تعالى له:
quran:19:12

˹Allah˺ said, "O John, take the Scripture with determination." And We gave him judgement ˹while yet˺ a boy  

And two years after his birth, God, exalted be He, said to him: ‘O John! Hold on to the Scripture, namely, the Torah, firmly’, earnestly. And We gave him judgement, prophethood, while still a child, a three-year old;
القرآن:١٩:١٢

يَا يَحْيَىٰ خُذِ الْكِتَابَ بِقُوَّةٍ ۖ وَآتَيْنَاهُ الْحُكْمَ صَبِيًّا  

{يا يحيى خذ الكتاب} أي: التوراة {بقوة} بجد {وآتيناه الحكم} النبوة {صبيا} ابن ثلاث سنين.
quran:19:13

And affection from Us and purity, and he was fearing of Allah  

and compassion, a mercy for mankind, from Us, from Our presence, and purity, a charity for them, and he was God-fearing — it is related that he never committed a sin, nor contemplated ˹committing˺ one;
القرآن:١٩:١٣

وَحَنَانًا مِنْ لَدُنَّا وَزَكَاةً ۖ وَكَانَ تَقِيًّا  

{وحنانا} رحمة للناس {من لدنا} من عندنا {وزكاة} صدقة عليهم {وكان تقيا} روي أنه لم يعمل خطيئة ولم يهم بها.
quran:19:14

And dutiful to his parents, and he was not a disobedient tyrant.  

and dutiful to his parents, that is, virtuous towards them. And he was not arrogant or rebellious, disobedient to his Lord.
القرآن:١٩:١٤

وَبَرًّا بِوَالِدَيْهِ وَلَمْ يَكُنْ جَبَّارًا عَصِيًّا  

{وبرّا بوالديه} أي: محسنا إليهما {ولم يكن جبارا} متكبرا {عصيا} عاصيا لربه.
quran:19:15

And peace be upon him the day he was born and the day he dies and the day he is raised alive.  

‘And peace, from Us, be upon him, the day he was born, and the day he dies, and the day he shall be raised alive!’, that is, ˹on˺ those fearful days in which he sees what he will never have seen before — in these he will be given security ˹from fear˺.
القرآن:١٩:١٥

وَسَلَامٌ عَلَيْهِ يَوْمَ وُلِدَ وَيَوْمَ يَمُوتُ وَيَوْمَ يُبْعَثُ حَيًّا  

{وسلامٌ} منا {عليه يوم وُلد ويوم يموت ويوم يُبعث حيا} أي: في هذه الأيام المخوفة التي يرى ما لم يره قبلها فهو آمن فيها.