When the Messenger of Allah ﷺ died and Abu Bakr ؓ became (caliph) after him, and some of the Arabs apostatized,ʻUmar ؓ said: O Abu Bakr, how can you fight the people when the Messenger of Allah ﷺ said: ʿI have been ordered to fight the people until they bear witness that there is no god except Allah. Whoever bears witness that there is no god except Allah has protected his wealth and his life from me, except in cases dictated by Islamic law, and their reckoning will be with Allahʿ? Abu Bakr ؓ said: by Allah I shall certainly fight the one who separates prayer and zakah, for zakah is what is due from wealth. By Allah, whoever withholds from me a goat that they used to give (in zakah) to the Messenger of Allah ﷺ, I shall fight them for withholding it. 'Umar said: By Allah, as soon as I realized that Allah had opened the heart of Abu Bakr to fighting, I realized that it was the right thing to do. (Using translation from Aḥmad 117)   

لَمَّا تُوُفِّيَ رَسُولُ اللهِ ﷺ وَاسْتُخْلِفَ أَبُو بَكْرٍ ؓ بَعْدَهُ وَكَفَرَ مَنْ كَفَرَ مِنَ الْعَرَبِ قَالَ عُمَرُ بْنُ الْخَطَّابِ ؓ لِأَبِي بَكْرٍ ؓ كَيْفَ نُقَاتِلُ النَّاسَ وَقَدْ قَالَ رَسُولُ اللهِ ﷺ أُمِرْتُ أَنْ أُقَاتِلَ النَّاسَ حَتَّى يَقُولُوا لَا إِلَهَ إِلَّا اللهُ فَمَنْ قَالَ لَا إِلَهَ إِلَّا اللهُ فَقَدْ عَصَمَ مِنِّي مَالَهُ وَنَفْسَهُ إِلَّا بِحَقِّهِ وَحِسَابُهُ عَلَى اللهِ فَقَالَ أَبُو بَكْرٍ ؓ وَاللهِ لَأُقَاتِلَنَّ مَنْ فَرَّقَ بَيْنَ الصَّلَاةِ وَالزَّكَاةِ فَإِنَّ الزَّكَاةَ حَقُّ الْمَالِ وَاللهِ لَوْ مَنَعُونِي عِقَالًا كَانُوا يُؤَدُّونَهُ إِلَى رَسُولِ اللهِ ﷺ لَقَاتَلْتُهُمْ عَلَى مَنْعِهِ قَالَ عُمَرُ بْنُ الْخَطَّابِ ؓ فَوَاللهِ مَا هُوَ إِلَّا أَنْ رَأَيْتُ اللهَ قَدْ شَرَحَ صَدْرَ أَبِي بَكْرٍ لِلْقِتَالِ فَعَرَفْتُ أَنَّهُ الْحَقُّ  

[Machine] The Messenger of Allah ﷺ said, "I have been commanded to fight the people until they testify that there is no god but Allah. And when they say it, their lives and wealth are protected from me except by the right of their Islam, and their accountability is with Allah." Abu Bakr said, "This is their right. Do not separate what Allah has brought together. If they withhold from me even a small amount of what they gave to the Messenger of Allah ﷺ , I will fight them over it." Abu Zakariya Ibn Abi Ishaq Al-Muzakki reported to us, Abu Al-Abbas Muhammad Ibn Ya'qub informed us, Anber Ibn Sulaiman reported to us, Al-Shafi'i narrated to us, and Sufyan mentioned it, except that he did not mention the phrase "do not separate what Allah has brought together." The Imam Sheikh, may Allah have mercy on him, said, "And Abu Bakr al-Siddiq used this narration as evidence. One of them stated that the Prophet ﷺ said 'except by the right of their Islam' and this is their right. The other stated 'do not separate what Allah has brought together.' Al-Shafi'i, may Allah have mercy on him, said, 'In my opinion, and Allah knows best, it is an obligation to fight them for their neglect of prayer, just as it is for their neglect of zakat.' He also said, 'And perhaps his school of thought in this matter is that Allah says, "And they were not commanded except to worship Allah, [being] sincere to Him in religion, inclining to truth, and to establish prayer and to give zakat. And that is the correct religion" [Quran 98:5], and Allah has enjoined on them the testimony of truth, prayer, and zakat, and when he withholds an obligation that he must fulfill, it is not left without consequences. And when he withholds it until it is exacted from him or he is killed, and the Sheikh, may Allah have mercy on him, said, 'As for the statement of Umar, by Allah, it is only because I saw that Allah had expanded the chest of Abu Bakr for battle. I recognized that it was the truth, that his chest was expanded with the argument and the evidence that he presented. And some of our leaders, may Allah have mercy on them, have said that there is a concise narration of this hadith, and it is confirmed by various narrations from the Prophet ﷺ that he commanded fighting for the two testimonies, establishing prayer, and giving zakat. Abu Bakr al-Siddiq fought those who prevented zakat based on the text and the evidence mentioned in it, not that he followed it blindly."  

قَالَ رَسُولُ اللهِ ﷺ أُمِرْتُ أَنْ أُقَاتِلَ النَّاسَ حَتَّى يَقُولُوا لَا إِلَهَ إِلَّا اللهُ فَإِذَا قَالُوهَا عَصَمُوا مِنِّي دِمَاءَهُمْ وَأَمْوَالَهُمْ إِلَّا بِحَقِّهَا وَحِسَابُهُمْ عَلَى اللهِ فَقَالَ أَبُو بَكْرٍ ؓ هَذَا مِنْ حَقِّهَا لَا تُفَرِّقُوا بَيْنَ مَا جَمَعَ اللهُ لَوْ مَنَعُونِي عَنَاقًا مِمَّا أَعْطُوا رَسُولَ اللهِ ﷺ قَاتَلْتُهُمْ عَلَيْهِ أَخْبَرَنَاهُ أَبُو زَكَرِيَّا بْنُ أَبِي إِسْحَاقَ الْمُزَكِّي ثَنَا أَبُو الْعَبَّاسِ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ يَعْقُوبَ أَنْبَأَ الرَّبِيعُ بْنُ سُلَيْمَانَ أَنْبَأَ الشَّافِعِيُّ أَنْبَأَ سُفْيَانُ فَذَكَرَهُ إِلَّا أَنَّهُ سَقَطَ مِنْهُ قَوْلُهُ لَا تُفَرِّقُوا بَيْنَ مَا جَمَعَ اللهُ قَالَ الشَّيْخُ الْإِمَامُ رَحِمَهُ اللهُ وَاحْتَجَّ أَبُو بَكْرٍ الصِّدِّيقُ ؓ فِي هَذَا الْحَدِيثِ أَحَدُهُمَا أَنْ قَالَ قد قَالَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ إِلَّا بِحَقِّهَا وَهَذَا مِنْ حَقِّهَا وَالْآخَرُ أَنْ قَالَ لَا تُفَرِّقُوا بَيْنَ مَا جَمَعَ اللهُ قَالَ الشَّافِعِيُّ رَحِمَهُ اللهُ يَعْنِي فِيمَا أَرَى وَاللهُ أَعْلَمُ أَنَّهُ مُجَاهِدُهُمْ عَلَى الصَّلَاةِ وَإِنَّ الزَّكَاةَ مِثْلَهَا قَالَ الشَّافِعِيُّ وَلَعَلَّ مَذْهَبَهُ فِيهِ أَنَّ اللهَ يَقُولُ {وَمَا أُمِرُوا إِلَّا لِيَعْبُدُوا اللهَ مُخْلِصِينَ لَهُ الدِّينَ حُنَفَاءَ وَيُقِيمُوا الصَّلَاةَ وَيُؤْتُوا الزَّكَاةَ وَذَلِكَ دَيْنُ الْقِيمَةِ} [البينة 5] وَأَنَّ اللهَ فَرَضَ عَلَيْهِمْ شَهَادَةَ الْحَقِّ وَالصَّلَاةَ وَالزَّكَاةَ وَأَنَّهُ مَتَى مَنَعَ فَرْضًا قَدْ لَزِمَهُ لَمْ يُتْرَكْ وَمَنْعِهِ حَتَّى يُؤَدِّيَهُ أَوْ يُقْتَلَ قَالَ الشَّيْخُ رَحِمَهُ اللهُ وَأَمَّا قَوْلُ عُمَرَ ؓ فَوَاللهِ مَا هُوَ إِلَّا أَنِّي رَأَيْتُ اللهَ قَدْ شَرَحَ صَدْرَ أَبِي بَكْرٍ لِلْقِتَالِ فَعَرَفْتُ أَنَّهُ الْحَقُّ يُرِيدُ أَنَّهُ انْشَرَحَ صَدْرُهُ بِالْحُجَّةِ الَّتِي أَدْلَى بِهَا وَالْبُرْهَانِ الَّذِي أَقَامَهُ وَقَالَ بَعْضُ أَئِمَّتِنَا رَحِمَهُمُ اللهُ قَدْ وَقَعَ اخْتِصَارٌ فِي رِوَايَةِ هَذَا الْحَدِيثِ وَقَدْ صَحَّ عَنِ النَّبِيِّ ﷺ مِنْ أَوْجُهٍ كَثِيرَةٍ أَنَّهُ أَمَرَ بِالْقِتَالِ عَلَى الشَّهَادَتَيْنِ وَعَلَى إِقَامَةِ الصَّلَاةِ وَإِيتَاءِ الزَّكَاةِ فَأَبُو بَكْرٍ الصِّدِّيقُ ؓ إِنَّمَا قَاتَلَ مَانِعِي الزَّكَاةِ بِالنَّصِّ مَعَ مَا ذُكِرَ مِنَ الدَّلَالَةِ وَعُمَرُ بْنُ الْخَطَّابِ ؓ إِنَّمَا سَلَّمَ ذَلِكَ لَهُ حِينَ قَامَتْ عَلَيْهِ الْحُجَّةُ بِمَا رَوَى فِيهِ مِنَ النَّصِّ وَذَكَرَ فِيهِ مِنَ الدَّلَالَةِ لَا أَنَّهُ قَلَّدَهُ فِيهِ  

"When the Messenger of Allah [SAW] died, the 'Arabs apostatized, so 'Umar said: 'O Abu Bakr, how can you fight the 'Arabs?' Abu Bakr said: 'The Messenger of Allah [SAW] said: "I have been commanded to fight the people until they bear witness to La ilaha illallah (there is none worthy of worship except Allah) and that I am the Messenger of Allah, and they establish Salah and pay Zakah." By Allah, if they withhold from me a young goat that they used to give to the Messenger of Allah [SAW], I will fight them for it.' 'Umar said: 'By Allah, as soon as I realized how certain Abu Bakr was, I knew that it was the truth.'" (Using translation from Nasāʾī 3969)   

لَمَّا تُوُفِّيَ رَسُولُ اللهِ ﷺ ارْتَدَّتِ الْعَرَبُ قَالَ فَقَالَ عُمَرُ بْنُ الْخَطَّابِ ؓ يَا أَبَا بَكْرٍ أَتُرِيدُ أَنْ تُقَاتِلَ الْعَرَبَ؟ قَالَ فَقَالَ أَبُو بَكْرٍ ؓ إِنَّمَا قَالَ رَسُولُ اللهِ ﷺ أُمِرْتُ أَنْ أُقَاتِلَ النَّاسَ حَتَّى يَشْهَدُوا أَنْ لَا إِلَهَ إِلَّا اللهُ وَأَنِّي رَسُولُ اللهِ وَيُقِيمُوا الصَّلَاةَ وَيُؤْتُوا الزَّكَاةَ وَاللهِ لَوْ مَنَعُونِي عَنَاقًا مِمَّا كَانُوا يُعْطُونَ رَسُولَ اللهِ ﷺ لَأُقَاتِلَنَّهُمْ عَلَيْهِ قَالَ عُمَرُ بْنُ الْخَطَّابِ ؓ فَلَمَّا رَأَيْتُ رَأْيَ أَبِي بَكْرٍ قَدْ شُرِحَ عَلَيْهِ عَلِمْتُ أَنَّهُ الْحَقُّ  

[Machine] The Messenger of Allah ﷺ said, "I have been commanded to fight against people until they bear witness that there is no deity worthy of worship except Allah and establish the prayer, and give the obligatory charity. And if they do that, then their blood and wealth are inviolable to me, except in the right of Islam, and their account is with Allah the Exalted."  

قَالَ رَسُولُ اللهِ ﷺ أُمِرْتُ أَنْ أُقَاتِلَ النَّاسَ حَتَّى يَشْهَدُوا أَنْ لَا إِلَهَ إِلَّا اللهُ وَيُقِيمُوا الصَّلَاةَ وَيُؤْتُوا الزَّكَاةَ ثُمَّ حُرِّمَتْ عَلَيَّ دِمَاؤُهُمْ وَأَمْوَالُهُمْ وَحِسَابُهُمْ عَلَى اللهِ تَعَالَى  

Abu Hurairah reported the Apostle of Allaah ﷺ as saying “ I am commanded to fight with men till they testify that there is no god but Allaah, when they do that they will keep their life and property safe from me, except what is due to them. (i.e., life and property) and their reckoning will be at Allaah’s hands.” (Using translation from Abū Dāʾūd 2640)   

قَالَ رَسُولُ اللهِ ﷺ أُمِرْتُ أَنْ أُقَاتِلَ النَّاسَ حَتَّى يَقُولُوا لَا إِلَهَ إِلَّا اللهُ وَيُقِيمُوا الصَّلَاةَ وَيُؤْتُوا الزَّكَاةَ فَإِذَا فَعَلُوا مَنَعُوا مِنِّي دِمَاءَهُمْ وَأَمْوَالَهُمْ إِلَّا بِحَقِّهَا وَحِسَابُهُمْ عَلَى اللهِ ﷻ  

Messenger of Allah ﷺ said: "I have been ordered (by Allah) to fight against the people until they testify that none has the right to be worshipped but Allah and that Muhammad is Messenger of Allah ﷺ, and offer the prayers perfectly and give the obligatory charity, so if they perform that, then they save their lives and property from me except for Islamic laws and then their reckoning (accounts) will be done by Allah." (Using translation from Bukhārī 25)   

أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللهِ ﷺ قَالَ أُمِرْتُ أَنْ أُقَاتِلَ النَّاسَ حَتَّى يَشْهَدُوا أَنْ لَا إِلَهَ إِلَّا اللهُ وَأَنَّ مُحَمَّدًا رَسُولُ اللهِ وَيُقِيمُوا الصَّلَاةَ وَيُؤْتُوا الزَّكَاةَ فَإِذَا فَعَلُوا ذَلِكَ عَصَمُوا مِنِّي دِمَاءَهُمْ وَأَمْوَالَهُمْ إِلَّا بِحَقِّ الْإِسْلَامِ وَحِسَابُهُمْ عَلَى اللهِ  

[Machine] In His statement, "O you who have believed, whoever of you should revert from his religion - Allah will bring forth [in place of them] a people He will love and who will love Him" [Surah Al-Ma'idah, Ayah 54] – this entire Ayah was revealed when Allah knew that some people would revert from Islam. So when Allah took the soul of His Messenger ﷺ , the people reverted from Islam except for three mosques: the people of Madinah, the people of Makkah, and the people of Jawaytha from the people of Bahrain, from the Banu 'Abdul Qays. The Arabs said, "As for Salah (the prayer), we will continue to pray. And as for Zakah (the obligatory charity), we swear by Allah, we will not be forced to give away our wealth!" Then Abu Bakr (may Allah be pleased with him) spoke to them kindly and left them alone. It was said to him, "If only they had understood (and complied) they would have given Zakah willingly." Abu Bakr refused and said, "By Allah, I will not distinguish between what Allah and His Messenger have joined together. By Allah, if they withhold even a small rope which they used to give before, I will fight them regarding it." So Allah sent armies upon them, and they fought for the sake of what the Messenger of Allah ﷺ fought for, until they agreed to pay the Zakah, which is the obligatory charity. Then a delegation of the Arabs came to him and he gave them the option between a humiliating plan or clear war. They chose the plan as it was easier for them to witness their own people being killed in the Fire and the Muslims being killed in Paradise. Whatever the Muslims took from their wealth was lawful, and whatever was taken from the Muslims they were able to retrieve it from them.  

فِي قَوْلِهِ ﷻ {يَا آَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا مَنْ يَرْتَدَّ مِنْكُمْ عَنْ دِينِهِ فَسَوْفَ يَأْتِي اللهُ بِقَوْمٍ يُحِبُّهُمْ وَيُحِبُّونَهُ} الْآيَةِ كُلِّهَا قَالَ نَزَلَتْ هَذِهِ الْآيَةُ وَقَدْ عَلِمَ اللهُ أَنَّهُ سَيَرْتَدُّ مُرْتَدُّونَ مِنَ النَّاسِ فَلَمَّا قَبَضَ اللهُ رَسُولَ اللهِ ﷺ ارْتَدَّ النَّاسُ عَنِ الْإِسْلَامِ إِلَّا ثَلَاثَةَ مَسَاجِدَ أَهْلَ الْمَدِينَةِ وَأَهْلَ مَكَّةَ وَأَهْلَ جَوَاثَا مِنْ أَهْلِ الْبَحْرَيْنِ مِنْ عَبْدِ الْقَيْسِ وَقَالَتِ الْعَرَبُ أَمَا الصَّلَاةُ فَنُصَلِّي وَأَمَّا الزَّكَاةُ فَوَاللهِ لَا نُغْصَبُ أَمْوَالَنَا فَكُلِّمَ أَبُو بَكْرٍ ؓ أَنْ يَتَجَاوَزَ عَنْهُمْ وَتُخْلَى عَنْهُمْ وَقِيلَ لَهُ إِنَّهُمْ لَوْ قَدْ فَقِهُوَا لَأَعْطُوا الزَّكَاةَ طَائِعِينَ فَأَبَى عَلَيْهِمْ أَبُو بَكْرٍ ؓ قَالَ وَاللهِ لَا أُفَرِّقُ بَيْنَ شَيْءٍ جَمَعَ اللهُ بَيْنَهُ وَاللهِ لَوْ مَنَعُونِي عَنَاقًا مِمَّا فَرَضَ اللهُ وَرَسُولُهُ لَقَاتَلْتُهُمْ عَلَيْهِ فَبَعَثَ اللهُ عَلَيْهِمْ عَصَائِبَ فَقَاتَلُوا عَلَى مَا قَاتَلَ عَلَيْهِ رَسُولُ اللهِ ﷺ حَتَّى أَقَرُّوا بِالْمَاعُونِ وَهِيَ الزَّكَاةُ الْمَفْرُوضَةُ ثُمَّ إِنَّ وَفْدَ الْعَرَبِ قَدِمُوا عَلَيْهِ فَخَيَّرَهُمْ بَيْنَ خُطَّةٍ مُخْزِيَةٍ أَوْ حَرْبٍ مُجْلِيَةٍ فَاخْتَارُوا الْخُطَّةَ وَكَانَتْ أَهْوَنَ عَلَيْهِمْ أَنْ يَشْهَدُوا أَنَّ قَتْلَاهُمْ فِي النَّارِ وَقَتْلَى الْمُسْلِمِينَ فِي الْجَنَّةِ وَمَا أَصَابَ الْمُسْلِمُونَ مِنْ أَمْوَالِهِمْ فَهُوَ حَلَالٌ وَمَا أَصَابُوا مِنَ الْمُسْلِمِينَ رَدُّوهُ عَلَيْهِمْ  

[Machine] Abu Bakr Al-Siddiq, after the Prophet ﷺ , prepared armies, some of which were led by Shurahbil ibn Hasanah, Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan, and Amr ibn Al-Aas. They marched until they reached the Levant, where the Romans gathered a great multitude against them. Abu Bakr was informed of this, so he sent a message to Khalid ibn Al-Walid, who was in Iraq, instructing him to immediately bring three thousand Persian soldiers to support their brothers in the Levant. Khalid responded swiftly, with his army and his steeds, and the earth trembled under the weight of those with him, until he arrived in Damir. There he found the Muslims camped in Jabiyah, and the Arab tribes who were under Roman rule heard of Khalid's arrival and were alarmed. In this regard, one of them said, "Oh, how we long for the horses of Abu Bakr! Perhaps our dream is close, but we do not know." In another narration by Imam Al-Shafi'i, he said in Al-Mabsut, "Oh, how we long for the morning before the dawn breaks! Perhaps our dream is close, but we ​​do not know. We obeyed the Messenger of Allah without hesitation when he was among us. Oh, how strange it is! What has happened to the power of Abu Bakr? If they ask you for something, and you refuse them, it is like depriving them of dates or something sweeter than dates. We will deprive them of anything that remains noble in us when times are difficult." This is what Abu Abdullah Al-Hafiz narrated and attributed to Abu Al-Abbas, who attributed it to Al-Rabi' ibn Anas, who attributed it to Al-Shafi'i. He mentioned these verses, and Al-Shafi'i said, "They said to Abu Bakr after Asr prayer, 'We did not commit disbelief after believing, but we have become stingy with our wealth.'"  

أَنَّ أَبَا بَكْرٍ الصِّدِّيقَ ؓ كَانَ جَهَّزَ بَعْدَ النَّبِيِّ ﷺ جُيُوشًا عَلَى بَعْضِهَا شُرَحْبِيلُ ابْنُ حَسَنَةَ وَيَزِيدُ بْنُ أَبِي سُفْيَانَ وَعَمْرُو بْنُ الْعَاصِ فَسَارُوا حَتَّى نَزَلُوا الشَّامَ فَجَمَعَتْ لَهُمُ الرُّومُ جُمُوعًا عَظِيمَةً فَحُدِّثَ أَبُو بَكْرٍ ؓ بِذَلِكَ فَأَرْسَلَ إِلَى خَالِدِ بْنِ الْوَلِيدِ وَهُوَ بِالْعِرَاقِ أَوْ كَتَبَ أَنِ انْصَرِفْ بِثَلَاثَةِ آلَافِ فَارِسٍ فَأَمِدَّ إِخْوَانَكَ بِالشَّامِ وَالْعَجَلَ الْعَجَلَ فَأَقْبَلَ خَالِدٌ مُغِذًّا جَوَادًا فَاشْتَقَّ الْأَرْضَ بِمَنْ مَعَهُ حَتَّى خَرَجَ إِلَى ضمير فَوَجَدَ الْمُسْلِمِينَ مُعَسْكِرِينَ بِالْجَابِيَةِ وَتَسَامَعَ الْأَعْرَابُ الَّذِينَ كَانُوا فِي مَمْلَكَةِ الرُّومِ بِخَالِدٍ فَفَزِعُوا لَهُ فَفِي ذَلِكَ يَقُولُ قَائِلُهُمْ [البحر البسيط] أَلَا يَا أَصْبِحِينَا قَبْلَ خَيْلِ أَبِي بَكْرٍ لَعَلَّ مَنَايَانَا قَرِيبٌ وَمَا نَدْرِي وَفِي رِوَايَةِ الشَّافِعِيِّ رَحِمَهُ اللهُ فِي الْمَبْسُوطِ [البحر البسيط] أَلَا فَاصْبَحِينَا قَبْلَ نَائِرَةِ الْفَجْرِ لَعَلَّ مَنَايَانَا قَرِيبٌ وَمَا نَدْرِي أَطَعْنَا رَسُولَ اللهِ مَا كَانَ وَسْطَنَا فَيَا عَجَبًا مَا بَالُ مُلْكِ أَبِي بَكْرِ فَإِنَّ الَّذِي سَأَلُوكُمْ فَمَنَعْتُمْ لَكَالتَّمْرِ أَوْ أَحْلَى إِلَيْهِمْ مِنَ التَّمْرِ سَنَمْنَعُهُمْ مَا كَانَ فِينَا بَقِيَّةٌ كِرَامٌ عَلَى الْعَزَاءِ فِي سَاعَةِ الْعُسْرِ وَهَذَا فِيمَا أَجَازَ لِي أَبُو عَبْدِِ اللهِ الْحَافِظُ رِوَايَتَهُ عَنْهُ عَنْ أَبِي الْعَبَّاسِ عَنِ الرَّبِيعِ عَنِ الشَّافِعِيِّ فَذَكَرَ هَذِهِ الْأَبْيَاتَ قَالَ الشَّافِعِيُّ قَالُوا لِأَبِي بَكْرٍ ؓ بَعْدَ الْإِسَارِ مَا كَفَرْنَا بَعْدَ إِيمَانِنَا وَلَكِنْ شَحَحْنَا عَلَى أَمْوَالِنَا