[Machine] The Messenger of Allah ﷺ forbade espionage.  

نَهَى رَسُولُ اللهِ ﷺ عَنِ الْمُخَابَرَةِ  

I heard the Messenger of Allah ﷺ say: If any of you does not leave mukhabarah, he should take notice of war from Allah and His Apostle ﷺ. (Using translation from Abū Dāʾūd 3406)   

سَمِعْتُ رَسُولَ اللهِ ﷺ يَقُولُ مَنْ لَمْ يَذَرِ الْمُخَابَرَةَ فَلْيُؤْذِنْ بِحَرْبٍ مِنَ اللهِ وَرَسُولِهِ  

أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللهِ ﷺ نَهَى عَنْ ذَلِكَ فَتَرَكْنَاهُ  

[Machine] The Messenger of Allah ﷺ forbade farming.  

أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللهِ ﷺ نَهَى عَنِ الْمُزَارَعَةِ  

[Machine] The Messenger of Allah ﷺ forbade renting the land. This is an authentic and well-supported hadith. Sulaiman ibn Harb said that the Prophet ﷺ forbade renting farmlands.  

أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللهِ ﷺ نَهَى عَنْ كِرَاءِ الْأَرْضِ هَذَا حَدِيثُ عَارِمٍ وَمُسَدَّدٍ وَقَالَ سُلَيْمَانُ بْنُ حَرْبٍ إِنَّ النَّبِيَّ ﷺ نَهَى عَنْ كِرَاءِ الْمَزَارِعِ  

[Machine] The Messenger of Allah ﷺ said, "Whoever has land, let him cultivate it. And if he does not cultivate it, then let his brother cultivate it."  

قَالَ رَسُولُ اللهِ ﷺ مَنْ كَانَتْ لَهُ أَرْضٌ فَلْيَزْرَعْهَا فَإِنْ لَمْ يَزْرَعْهَا فَلْيُزْرِعْهَا أَخَاهُ  

[Machine] The Messenger of Allah ﷺ said, "Whoever has land, let him cultivate it. But if he is unable to do so, let him give it to his Muslim brother and not rent it out."  

قَالَ رَسُولُ اللهِ ﷺ مَنْ كَانَتْ لَهُ أَرْضٌ فَلْيَزْرَعْهَا فَإِنْ عَجَزَ عَنْهَا فَلْيَمْنَحْهَا أَخَاهُ الْمُسْلِمَ وَلَا يُؤَاجِرْهَا  

[Machine] The Messenger of Allah ﷺ prohibited taking reward or payment for the earth.  

نَهَى رَسُولُ اللهِ ﷺ أَنْ يُؤْخَذَ لِلْأَرْضِ أَجْرٌ أَوْ عَطَاءٌ  

[Machine] "The Messenger of Allah ﷺ said: 'Whoever possesses land should cultivate it or let his brother cultivate it, and should not sell it.' So I asked Sa'id, 'Does this mean renting it out?' He replied, 'Yes.'"  

أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللهِ ﷺ قَالَ مَنْ كَانَ لَهُ فَضْلُ أَرْضٍ فَلْيَزْرَعْهَا أَوْ لِيُزْرِعْهَا أَخَاهُ وَلَا تَبِيعُوهَا فَقُلْتُ لِسَعِيدٍ مَا قَوْلُهُ لَا تَبِيعُوهَا يَعْنِي الْكِرَاءَ؟ قَالَ نَعَمْ  

Ibn 'Umar used to let out his land till it reached him that Rafi' b. Khadij al-Ansari narrated that the Messenger of Allah ﷺ forbade let out land. So 'Abd Allah (b. 'Umar) said: Ibn Khadij, what do you narrate from the Messenger of Allah ﷺ about leasing the land? Rafi' replied to 'Abd Allah b. 'Umar: I heard both of my uncles were present in the battle of Badr say, and they narrated it to the members of the family, that the Messenger of Allah ﷺ forbade leasing land. 'Abd Allah said: I swear by Allah, I knew that land was leased in the time of the Messenger of Allah ﷺ. 'Abd Allah then feared that the Messenger of Allah ﷺ might have created something new in that matter, so he gave up leasing land. Abu Dawud said: This tradition has also been transmitted by Ayyub, 'Ubaid Allah, Kathir b. Farqad, Malik from Nafi' on the authority of Rafi' from the Prophet ﷺ. It has also been transmitted by al-Auzai' from Hafs b. 'Inan al-Hanafi from Nafi' from Rafi' who said: I heard the Messenger of Allah ﷺ say: Similarly, it has been transmitted by Zaid b. Abi Unaisah from al-Hakkam from Nafi' from Ibn 'Umar that he went to Rafi' and asked: Have you heard the Messenger of Allah ﷺ say? He replied: Yes. Similarly, it has also been transmitted by 'Ikrimah b. 'Ammar from Abu al-Najashi, from Rafi' b. Khadij who said: I heard the Prophet ﷺ say. It has also been transmitted by al-Auza'i from Abu al-Najashi from Rafi' b. Khadij from his uncle Zuhair b. Rafi' from the Prophet ﷺ. Abu Dawud said: The name of Abu al-Najashi is 'Ata b. Suhaib. (Using translation from Abū Dāʾūd 3394)   

عَنْ رَسُولِ اللهِ ﷺ فِي كِرَاءِ الْأَرْضِ؟ فَقَالَ رَافِعُ بْنُ خَدِيجٍ لِعَبْدِ اللهِ سَمِعْتُ عَمِّيَّ وَكَانَا قَدْ شَهِدَا بَدْرًا يُحَدِّثَانِ أَهْلَ الدَّارِ أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللهِ ﷺ نَهَى عَنْ كِرَاءِ الْأَرْضِ قَالَ عَبْدُ اللهِ وَاللهِ لَقَدْ كُنْتُ أَعْلَمُ فِي عَهْدِ رَسُولِ اللهِ ﷺ أَنَّ الْأَرْضَ تُكْرَى ثُمَّ خَشِيَ عَبْدُ اللهِ أَنْ يَكُونَ رَسُولُ اللهِ ﷺ أَحْدَثَ فِي ذَلِكَ شَيْئًا لَمْ يَكُنْ عَلِمَهُ فَتَرَكَ كِرَاءَ الْأَرْضِ  

[Machine] The Prophet ﷺ forbade renting out farmland. Abdullah stopped renting out his farmland, even though he used to do so before. Al-Zuhri said, "I asked Salim, 'Do you rent it out yourself?' He said, 'Yes, Abdullah ibn Umar used to rent it out.'" I asked, "Where is the hadith of Rafa?'" Salim said, "Rafa used to burden himself with it more."  

أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللهِ ﷺ نَهَى عَنْ كِرَاءِ الْمَزَارِعِ قَالَ فَتَرَكَ عَبْدُ اللهِ كِرَاءَهَا وَقَدْ كَانَ يُكْرِيهَا قَبْلَ ذَلِكَ قَالَ الزُّهْرِيُّ فَقُلْتُ لِسَالِمٍ فَتُكْرِيهَا أَنْتَ؟ قَالَ نَعَمْ قَدْ كَانَ عَبْدُ اللهِ بْنُ عُمَرَ يُكْرِيهَا قُلْتُ فَأَيْنَ حَدِيثُ رَافِعٍ؟ فَقَالَ سَالِمٌ إِنَّ رَافِعًا أَكْثَرَ عَلَى نَفْسِهِ  

[Machine] "From the Prophet, ﷺ , that he forbade renting land, so Ibn Umar left it after that. And Abu Abdullah Al-Hafiz informed us that Abu Abdullah Muhammad ibn Ya'qub informed us that Ibrahim ibn Abdullah Al-Sa'di informed us that Yazid ibn Harun reported this Hadith with its meaning."  

عَنِ النَّبِيِّ ﷺ أَنَّهُ نَهَى عَنْ كِرَاءِ الْأَرْضِ فَتَرَكَهُ ابْنُ عُمَرَ بَعْدَ ذَلِكَ 11708 وَأَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو عَبْدِ اللهِ الْحَافِظُ ثنا أَبُو عَبْدِ اللهِ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ يَعْقُوبَ ثنا إِبْرَاهِيمُ بْنُ عَبْدِ اللهِ السَّعْدِيُّ ثنا يَزِيدُ بْنُ هَارُونَ أنبأ ابْنُ عَوْنٍ بِهَذَا الْحَدِيثِ بِمَعْنَاهُ  

[Machine] Ibn Umar cultivated his farms during the time of the Messenger of Allah ﷺ, Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, and during the leadership of Muawiyah. A man came to him and said, "Rafi' claims that the Prophet ﷺ prohibited renting out farmland." Nafi' narrated, "So Ibn Umar went to Rafi' and I went with him." Ibn Umar asked Rafi', "What have I heard about you mentioning something from the Prophet ﷺ regarding renting out farms?" Rafi' replied, "Yes, the Messenger of Allah ﷺ prohibited renting out farms." Ibn Umar continued, "Whenever he was asked about it afterward, he would say, 'Rafi' claims that the Prophet ﷺ prohibited it,' and Nafi' clarified, 'So when Rafi' mentioned what he did, I knew that we used to rent our farms during the time of the Messenger of Allah ﷺ, for four sheep and a little straw that I do not recall exactly.'"  

ابْنُ عُمَرَ يُكْرِي مَزَارِعَهُ عَلَى عَهْدِ رَسُولِ اللهِ ﷺ وَأَبِي بَكْرٍ وَعُمَرَ وَعُثْمَانَ وَصَدْرًا مِنْ إِمَارَةِ مُعَاوِيَةَ ؓ فَأَتَاهُ رَجُلٌ فَقَالَ إِنَّ رَافِعًا يَزْعُمُ أَنَّ النَّبِيَّ ﷺ نَهَى عَنْ كِرَاءِ الْأَرْضِ قَالَ نَافِعٌ فَانْطَلَقَ ابْنُ عُمَرَ إِلَى رَافِعٍ وَانْطَلَقْتُ مَعَهُ فَقَالَ لَهُ ابْنُ عُمَرَ مَا الَّذِي بَلَغَنِي عَنْكَ تَذْكُرُ عَنِ النَّبِيِّ ﷺ فِي كِرَاءِ الْمَزَارِعِ؟ قَالَ نَعَمْ نَهَى رَسُولُ اللهِ ﷺ عَنْ كِرَاءِ الْمَزَارِعِ وَكَانَ ابْنُ عُمَرَ إِذَا سُئِلَ عَنْهُ بَعْدَ ذَلِكَ قَالَ زَعَمَ رَافِعٌ أَنَّ نَبِيَّ اللهِ ﷺ نَهَى عَنْهُ قَالَ نَافِعٌ فَقَالَ ابْنُ عُمَرَ لَمَّا ذَكَرَ رَافِعٌ مَا ذَكَرَ قَدْ كُنْتُ أَعْلَمُ أَنَّا نُكْرِي مَزَارِعَنَا عَلَى عَهْدِ رَسُولِ اللهِ ﷺ بِمَا عَلَى الْأَرْبِعَاءِ وَشَيْءٍ مِنَ التِّبْنِ لَا أَحْفَظُهُ  

[Machine] That the Prophet of Allah ﷺ prohibited it and Muslim narrated it from another perspective that Ikrimah ibn Ammar completed it.  

أَنَّ نَبِيَّ اللهِ ﷺ نَهَى عَنْهُ وَأَخْرجَهُ مُسْلِمٌ مِنْ وَجْهٍ آخَرَ عَنْ عِكْرِمَةَ بْنِ عَمَّارٍ أَتَمَّ مِنْ ذَلِكَ  

[Machine] There were some men who had extra land during the time of the Messenger of Allah ﷺ , and they would rent it out for one-third, one-fourth, or one-half of its produce. So the Messenger of Allah ﷺ said, "Whoever has extra land, let him cultivate it or give it as a gift to his brother. If he refuses, then let him keep his land."  

كَانَتْ لِرِجَالٍ فُضُولُ أَرَضِينَ عَلَى عَهْدِ رَسُولِ اللهِ ﷺ وَكَانُوا يُؤَاجِرُونَهَا عَلَى الثُّلُثِ وَالرُّبُعِ وَالنِّصْفِ فَقَالَ رَسُولُ اللهِ ﷺ مَنْ كَانَتْ لَهُ فَضْلُ أَرْضٍ فَلْيَزْرَعْهَا أَوْ لِيَمْنَحْهَا أَخَاهُ فَإِنْ أَبَى فَلْيُمْسِكْ أَرْضَهَ لَفْظُ حَدِيثِ بِشْرٍ وَفِي رِوَايَةِ عُبَيْدِ اللهِ كَانَتْ لِرِجَالٍ فُضُولُ أَرَضِينَ فَكَانُوا يَزْرَعُونَهَا بِالثُّلُثِ وَالرُّبُعِ وَالنِّصْفِ فَبَلَغَ ذَلِكَ النَّبِيَّ ﷺ فَقَالَ مَنْ كَانَتْ لَهُ أَرْضٌ فَلْيَزْرَعْهَا أَوْ لِيَمْنَحْهَا أَخَاهُ فَإِنْ لَمْ يَفْعَلْ فَلْيُمْسِكْ أَرْضَهُ  

We used to get land (on rent) during the lifetime of Allah's Messeuge, ﷺ with a share of one-third or one-fourth (of the produce from the land irrigated) with the help of canals. Thereupon Messenger of Allah ﷺ stood up (to address) and said: HRe who has land should cultivate it, and if he does not cultivate it, he should lend it to his brother, and if he does not lend it to his brother, he should then retain it. (Using translation from Muslim 1536t)   

قَالَ سَمِعْتُ جَابِرَ بْنَ عَبْدِ اللهِ يَقُولُ كُنَّا فِي زَمَانِ رَسُولِ اللهِ ﷺ نَأْخُذُ الْأَرْضَ بِالثُّلُثِ وَالرُّبُعِ بِالْمَاذِيَانَاتِ فَقَامَ رَسُولُ اللهِ ﷺ فَقَالَ مَنْ كَانَتْ لَهُ أَرْضٌ فَلْيَزْرَعْهَا وَإِنْ لَمْ يَزْرَعْهَا فَلْيَمْنَحْهَا أَخَاهُ فَإِنْ لَمْ يَمْنَحْهَا أَخَاهُ فَلْيُمْسِكْهَا  

We used to cultivate land on rent during the lifetime of Allah's Apostle ﷺ and we got a share out of the grain left in the ears after threshing them and something unspecified. Messenger of Allah ﷺ said: He who has land should cultivate it or let his brother till it, otherwise he should leave it. (Using translation from Muslim 1536s)   

كُنَّا نُخَابِرُ عَلَى عَهْدِ رَسُولِ اللهِ ﷺ بِنَصِيبٍ مِنَ الْقُصَرَّى وَمِنْ كَذَا فَقَالَ رَسُولُ اللهِ ﷺ مَنْ كَانَتْ لَهُ أَرْضٌ فَلْيَزْرَعْهَا أَوْ فَلْيُحْرِثْهَا أَخَاهُ وَإِلَّا فَلْيَدَعْهَا  

[Machine] We used to go with the Messenger of Allah ﷺ on his raids. He came upon some of his Companions and asked them, "What is this?" They replied, "We have slaughtered it for food." The Messenger of Allah ﷺ forbade them to eat it and said, "If any one of you has no food other than meat, he should cut pieces from it (from the three parts mentioned above) and eat. And he should not desire to take a share of it for awarding to his companions who do not own a portion of it."  

كُنَّا نُحَاقِلُ عَلَى عَهْدِ رَسُولِ اللهِ ﷺ قَالَ فَقَدِمَ عَلَيْهِ بَعْضُ عُمُومَتِهِ قَالَ قَتَادَةُ اسْمُهُ ظُهَيْرٌ قَالَ نَهَى رَسُولُ اللهِ ﷺ عَنْ أَمْرٍ كَانَ لَنَا نَافِعًا وَطَوَاعِيَةُ اللهِ وَرَسُولِهِ أَنْفَعُ لَنَا وَأَنْفَعُ قَالَ الْقَوْمُ وَمَا ذَاكَ؟ قَالَ قَالَ رَسُولُ اللهِ ﷺ مَنْ كَانَتْ لَهُ أَرْضٌ فَلْيَزْرَعْهَا أَوْ لِيُزْرِعْهَا أَخَاهُ وَلَا يُكَارِيهَا بِالثُّلُثِ وَلَا بِالرُّبُعِ وَلَا طَعَامٍ مُسَمًّى  

[Machine] "We used to lease land, paying a third or a quarter of its produce as rent and a named food item. On that day, there was neither gold nor silver that we would pay as rent for the land. So I did not realize the day when one of my relatives met me and said, 'The Messenger of Allah has prohibited us from a matter that used to benefit us.' And the obedience to the Messenger of Allah is more beneficial for us than what we used to lease land, paying a third or a quarter of its produce as rent and a named food item." And he prohibited us from that, and the Lord of the land commanded to cultivate it himself or to have it cultivated, and He disliked its leasing, and nothing else besides that.  

كُنَّا نُحَاقِلُ بِالْأَرْضِ فَنُكْرِيهَا عَلَى الثُّلُثِ وَالرُّبُعِ وَالطَّعَامِ الْمُسَمَّى وَلَمْ يَكُنْ يَوْمَئِذٍ ذَهَبٌ وَلَا فِضَّةٌ نُكْرِيهَا بِالْأَرْضِ فَمَا شَعَرْتُ يَوْمًا إِذْ لَقِيَنِي بَعْضُ عُمُومَتِي فَقَالَ نَهَانَا رَسُولُ اللهِ ﷺ عَنْ أَمْرٍ كَانَ لَنَا نَافِعًا وَطَوَاعِيَةُ رَسُولِ اللهِ ﷺ أَنْفَعُ لَنَا وَأَنْفَعُ كُنَّا نُحَاقِلُ بِالْأَرْضِ فَنُكْرِيهَا عَلَى الثُّلُثِ وَالرُّبُعِ وَالطَّعَامِ الْمُسَمَّى فَنَهَانَا عَنْ ذَلِكَ وَأَمَرَ رَبَّ الْأَرْضِ أَنْ يَزْرَعَهَا أَوْ يُزْرِعَهَا وَكَرِهَ كِرَاءَهَا وَمَا سِوَى ذَلِكَ  

[Machine] He said, "Verily, the Messenger of Allah ﷺ forbade us from a matter that used to be beneficial for us." Rafi' said, "So I asked him, what did the Messenger of Allah ﷺ say? For it is the truth." He said, "Do you see your gardens? What do you do with them?" We said, "We rent them out for a quarter (of the produce) and for the poorest of dates and barley." He said, "Do not do that. Cultivate them or withhold them."  

لَهُ إِنَّ رَسُولَ اللهِ ﷺ نَهَانَا عَنْ أَمْرٍ كَانَ لَنَا نَافِعًا قَالَ رَافِعٌ فَقُلْتُ لَهُ مَا قَالَ رَسُولُ اللهِ ﷺ فَهُوَ الْحَقُّ قَالَ أَرَأَيْتَ مَحَاقِلَكُمْ مَاذَا تَصْنَعُونَ بِهَا؟ قُلْنَا نُؤَاجِرُهَا عَلَى الرُّبُعِ وَعَلَى الْأَوْسُقِ مِنَ التَّمْرِ وَالشَّعِيرِ قَالَ فَلَا تَفْعَلُوا ازْرَعُوهَا أَوْ أَمْسِكُوهَا  

[Machine] The Messenger of Allah ﷺ prohibited renting land. I said, "What about gold and silver?" He replied, "As for gold and silver, there is no problem with them."  

نَهَى رَسُولُ اللهِ ﷺ عَنْ كِرَاءِ الْأَرْضِ قَالَ قُلْتُ أَبِالذَّهَبِ وَالْوَرِقِ؟ فَقَالَ أَمَّا بِالذَّهَبِ وَالْوَرِقِ فَلَا بَأْسَ بِهِ  

[Machine] There is no harm in it, so I said to him, "Have you heard about the hadith that is narrated by Rafi' ibn Khadeej?" He said, "Rafi' is the most narrating, and if I had a land, I would have rented it out based on the narration of Ibn Bukayr." Al-Shafi'i said, "It could be that Salim heard the news from Rafi' as a whole, and he considered it to be a rental agreement with gold and paper, but he did not see any problem with renting it out with gold and paper, because he knows that land can be rented out with gold and paper, as was clarified by other than Malik ibn Anas from Rafi' that he prohibited renting out the land with some of its produce."  

لَا بَأْسَ بِهِ فَقُلْتُ لَهُ أَرَأَيْتَ الْحَدِيثَ الَّذِي يُذْكَرُ عَنْ رَافِعِ بْنِ خَدِيجٍ؟ فَقَالَ أَكْثَرَ رَافِعٌ وَلَوْ كَانَتْ لِي أَرْضٌ أَكْرَيْتُهَا لَفْظُ حَدِيثِ ابْنِ بُكَيْرٍ قَالَ الشَّافِعِيُّ قَدْ يَكُونُ سَالِمٌ سَمِعَ عَنْ رَافِعٍ الْخَبَرَ جُمْلَةً فَرَأَى أَنَّهُ حَدَّثَ بِهِ عَلَى الْكِرَاءِ بِالذَّهَبِ وَالْوَرِقِ فَلَمْ يَرَ بِالْكِرَاءِ بِالذَّهَبِ وَالْوَرِقِ بَأْسًا؛ لِأَنَّهُ يَعْلَمُ أَنَّ الْأَرْضَ تُكْرَى بِالذَّهَبِ وَالْوَرِقِ وَقَدْ بَيَّنَهُ غَيْرُ مَالِكِ بْنِ أَنَسٍ عَنْ رَافِعٍ أَنَّهُ نَهَى عَنْ كِرَاءِ الْأَرْضِ بِبَعْضِ مَا يَخْرُجُ مِنْهَا  

[Machine] The Messenger of Allah ﷺ forbade renting land with some of its produce. He said, "I asked him about renting it with gold and silver, and he said, 'There is no problem with renting it with gold and silver.'"  

نَهَى رَسُولُ اللهِ ﷺ عَنْ كِرَاءِ الْأَرْضِ بِبَعْضِ مَا يَخْرُجُ مِنْهَا قَالَ فَسَأَلْتُهُ عَنْ كِرَائِهَا بِالذَّهَبِ وَالْوَرِقِ فَقَالَ لَا بَأْسَ بِكِرَائِهَا بِالذَّهَبِ وَالْوَرِقِ  

"My paternal uncle told me that they used to lease land at the time of the Messenger of Allah in return for what grew on the banks of the streams, and a share of the crop stipulated by the owner of the land. But the Messenger of Allah forbade us that." I (Hanzalah) said to Rafi': "How about leasing it in return for Dinars and Dirhams?" Rafi' said: "There is nothing wrong with (leasing it) for Dinars and Dirhams." (Using translation from Nasāʾī 3898)   

حَدَّثَنِي عَمَّايَ أَنَّهُمْ كَانُوا يُكْرُونَ الْأَرْضَ عَلَى عَهْدِ رَسُولِ اللهِ ﷺ مِمَّا يُنْبِتُ عَلَى الْأَرْبِعَاءِ أَوْ شَيْءٍ يَسْتَثْنِيهِ صَاحِبُ الْأَرْضِ فَنَهَانَا رَسُولُ اللهِ ﷺ عَنْ ذَلِكَ فَقُلْتُ لِرَافِعٍ كَيْفَ هِيَ بِالدَّنَانِيرِ وَالدَّرَاهِمِ؟ فَقَالَ رَافِعٌ لَا بَأْسَ بِهَا بِالدَّنَانِيرِ وَالدَّرَاهِمِ  

I asked Rafi' b. Khadij about the lease of land for gold and silver (i.e. for dinars and dirhams). There is no harm in it, for the people used to let out land in the time of the Messenger of Allah ﷺ for what grew by the current of water and at the banks of streamlets and at the places of cultivation. So sometimes this (portion) perished and that (portion) was saved, and sometimes this remained intact and that perished. There was no (form of) lease among the people except this. Therefore, he forbade it. But if there is something which is secure and known, then there is no harm in it. The tradition of Ibrahim is more perfect. Qutaibah said: "from Hanzalah on the authority of Rafi' ". Abu Dawud said: A similar tradition has been transmitted by Yahya b. Sa'id from Hanzalah. (Using translation from Abū Dāʾūd 3392)   

لَا بَأْسَ بِهِ إِنَّمَا كَانَ النَّاسُ يُؤَاجِرُونَ عَلَى عَهْدِ رَسُولِ اللهِ ﷺ عَلَى الْمَاذِيَانَاتِ وَإِقْبَالِ الْجَدَاوِلِ وَأَشْيَاءَ مِنَ الزَّرْعِ فَيَهْلِكُ هَذَا وَيَسْلَمُ هَذَا وَيَسْلَمُ هَذَا وَيَهْلِكُ هَذَا وَلَمْ يَكُنْ لِلنَّاسِ كِرَاءٌ إِلَّا هَكَذَا؛ فَلِذَلِكَ زَجَرَ عَنْهُ فَأَمَّا شَيْءٌ مَعْلُومٌ مَضْمُونٌ فَلَا بَأْسَ بِهِ  

We were the major agriculturists of the Ansar and so we let out land (saying): The produce of this (part of land) would be ours and (the produce) of that would be theirs. But it so happened that at times this (land) gave harvest, but the other one produced nothing. So he (the Holy Prophet) forbade this. But so far as the payment in silver (dirham, a coin) is concerned, he did not forbid. (Using translation from Muslim 1547m)   

أَنَّ لَنَا هَذِهِ وَلَهُمْ هَذِهِ فَرُبَّمَا أَخْرَجَتْ هَذِهِ وَلَمْ تُخْرِجْ هَذِهِ فَنَهَانَا عَنْ ذَلِكَ وَأَمَّا الْوَرِقُ فَلَمْ يَنْهَنَا  

[Machine] As for gold and paper, they were not present at that time.  

عَنْ ذَلِكَ فَأَمَّا الذَّهَبُ وَالْوَرِقُ فَلَمْ يَكُنْ فِي ذَلِكَ الزَّمَانِ  

[Machine] He gave her a third, a quarter, and half of his land. He required three conditions and also required the watering of the spring. The living conditions were difficult at that time. He said, "We used to work in it with iron and with what Allah willed, and we would benefit from it." Then, Rafee' bin Khadeej came to us and said, "Verily, the Messenger of Allah ﷺ forbids you from a matter that was beneficial to you, and obedience to the Messenger of Allah ﷺ is more beneficial to you. For he forbids you from plowing the field and says, 'Whoever can do without his land should grant it to his brother or abandon it.'" And he forbids you from al-Muzabanah, which is when a man has a great amount of wealth from date palms and someone comes to him and says, 'I took this much and watered it with dates.'  

عَنْ أَرْضِهِ أَعْطَاهَا بِالثُّلُثِ وَالرُّبُعِ وَالنِّصْفِ وَيَشْتَرِطُ ثَلَاثَ جَدَاوِلَ وَيَشْتَرِطُ الْقُصَارَةَ وَمَا سَقَى الرَّبِيعُ وَكَانَ الْعَيْشُ إِذْ ذَاكَ شَدِيدًا قَالَ وَكُنَّا نَعْمَلُ فِيهَا بِالْحَدِيدِ وَبِمَا شَاءَ اللهُ وَنُصِيبُ مِنْ ذَلِكَ مَنْفَعَةً فَأَتَانَا رَافِعُ بْنُ خَدِيجٍ فَقَالَ إِنَّ رَسُولَ اللهِ ﷺ يَنْهَاكُمْ عَنْ أَمْرٍ كَانَ لَكُمْ نَافِعًا وَطَاعَةُ رَسُولِ اللهِ ﷺ أَنْفَعُ لَكُمْ؛ فَإِنَّهُ يَنْهَاكُمْ عَنِ الْحَقْلِ وَيَقُولُ مَنِ اسْتَغْنَى عَنْ أَرْضِهِ فَلْيَمْنَحْهَا أَخَاهُ أَوْ لَيَدَعْ وَيَنْهَاكُمْ عَنِ الْمُزَابَنَةِ وَالْمُزَابَنَةُ أَنْ يَكُونَ لِلرَّجُلِ الْمَالُ الْعَظِيمُ مِنَ النَّخْلِ فَيَأْتِيهِ الرَّجُلُ فَيَقُولُ قَدْ أَخَذْتُهُ بِكَذَا وَكَذَا وَسْقِ تَمْرٍ  

The Messenger of Allah ﷺ forbade muhaqalah and muzabanah. Those who cultivate land are three: a man who has (his own) land and he tills it: a man who has been lent land and he tills the one lent to him; a man who employs another man to till land against gold (dinars) or silver (dirhams). (Using translation from Abū Dāʾūd 3400)   

نَهَى رَسُولُ اللهِ ﷺ عَنِ الْمُحَاقَلَةِ وَالْمُزَابَنَةِ وَقَالَ إِنَّمَا يَزْرَعُ ثَلَاثَةٌ رَجُلٌ لَهُ أَرْضٌ فَيَزْرَعُهَا وَرَجُلٌ مُنِحَ أَرْضًا فَهُوَ يَزْرَعُ مَا مُنِحَ وَرَجُلٌ اكْتَرَى أَرْضًا بِذَهَبٍ أَوْ فِضَّةٍ  

Rafi' had cultivated a land. The Prophet ﷺ passed him when he was watering it. So he asked him: To whom does the crop belong, and to whom does the land belong? He replied: The crop is mine for my seed and labour. The half (of the crop) is mine and the half for so-and-so. He said: You conducted usurious transaction. Return the land to its owner and take your wages and cost. (Using translation from Abū Dāʾūd 3402)   

أَنَّهُ زَرَعَ أَرْضًا فَمَرَّ بِهِ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ وَهُوَ يَسْقِيهَا فَسَأَلَهُ لِمَنِ الزَّرْعُ؟ وَلِمَنِ الْأَرْضُ؟ فَقَالَ زَرْعِي بِبَذْرِي وَعَمَلِي لِي الشَّطْرُ وَلِبَنِي فُلَانٍ الشَّطْرُ فَقَالَ أَرْبَيْتُمَا فَرُدَّ الْأَرْضَ عَلَى أَهْلِهَا وَخُذْ نَفَقَتَكَ  

[Machine] He said, "People used to irrigate the farms with what is on the ankle and with what rises from the water around the plants, which was from the crops. The Messenger of Allah ﷺ forbade them from doing so and commanded them to irrigate with gold and leaves."  

أَنَّهُ قَالَ كَانَ النَّاسُ يُكْرُونَ الْمَزَارِعَ بِمَا يَكُونُ عَلَى السَّاقِي وَبِمَا صَعِدَ بِالْمَاءِ مِمَّا حَوْلَ النَّبْتِ كَانَ مِنَ الزَّرْعِ فَنَهَاهُمْ رَسُولُ اللهِ ﷺ وَأَمَرَهُمْ أَنْ يُكْرُوا بِالذَّهَبِ وَالْوَرِقِ  

The Messenger of Allah ﷺ forbade mukhabarah. I asked: What is mukhabarah ? He replied: That you have the land (for cultivation) for half, a third, or a quarter (of the produce). (Using translation from Abū Dāʾūd 3407)   

نَهَى رَسُولُ اللهِ ﷺ عَنِ الْمُخَابَرَةِ قُلْتُ وَمَا الْمُخَابَرَةُ؟ قَالَ أَنْ يَأْخُذَ الْأَرْضَ بِنِصْفٍ أَوْ ثُلُثٍ أَوْ رُبُعٍ  

[Machine] The Messenger of Allah ﷺ prohibited farming and instructed us to seek rental agreements, and he said there is no harm in it.  

أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللهِ ﷺ نَهَى عَنِ الْمُزَارَعَةِ أَمَرَنَا بِالْمُؤَاجَرَةِ وَقَالَ لَا بَأْسَ بِهَا  

[Machine] My land and my camel are equal.  

أَرْضِي وَبَعِيرِي سَوَاءٌ  

[Machine] About Salim, like him.  

عَنْ سَالِمٍ مِثْلَهُ  

Come along with me to Ibn Rafi b. Khadij in order to listen from him the hadith transmitted on the authority of his father (pertaining to the renting of land) from Allah's Apostle ﷺ. He (Tawus) scolded him and said: By Allah, it I were to know that Messenger of Allah ﷺ had forbidden it, I would have never done it. But it has been narrated to me by one who has better knowledge of it amongst them (and he meant Ibn 'Abbas) that Messenger of Allah ﷺ said: It is better if a person lends, his land to his brother (for cultivation) than that he gets recognised rent on it. (Using translation from Muslim 1550a)   

عَنِ النَّبِيِّ ﷺ قَالَ فَانْتَهَرَهُ وَقَالَ إِنِّي وَاللهِ لَوْ أَعْلَمُ أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللهِ ﷺ نَهَى عَنْهُ مَا فَعَلْتُهُ وَلَكِنْ حَدَّثَنِي مَنْ هُوَ أَعْلَمُ بِهِ مِنْهُمْ يَعْنِي ابْنَ عَبَّاسٍ أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللهِ ﷺ قَالَ لَأَنْ يَمْنَحَ الرَّجُلُ أَخَاهُ أَرْضَهُ خَيْرٌ لَهُ مِنْ أَنْ يَأْخُذَ عَلَيْهَا خَرْجًا مَعْلُومًا  

[Machine] I heard Rafa' bin Khadeej say that the Messenger of Allah ﷺ forbade planting multiple crops together (Mixed farming), and Amr bin Dinar reported from Taous, who reported from Ibn Abbas, that the Prophet ﷺ did not forbid mixed farming and said, "It is better for one of you to give his brother his land as a gift, rather than taking a known portion from it."  

سَمِعْتُ رَافِعَ بْنَ خَدِيجٍ يَقُولُ نَهَى رَسُولُ اللهِ ﷺ عَنِ الْمُزَارَعَةِ وَعَنْ عَمْرِو بْنِ دِينَارٍ عَنْ طَاوُسٍ عَنِ ابْنِ عَبَّاسٍ أَنَّ النَّبِيَّ ﷺ لَمْ يَنْهَ عَنِ الْمُزَارَعَةِ وَقَالَ لَأَنْ يَمْنَحَ أَحَدُكُمْ أَخَاهُ أَرْضَهُ خَيْرٌ لَهُ مِنْ أَنْ يَأْخُذَ شَيْئًا مَعْلُومًا  

I said to Tawus, "I wish you would give up Mukhabara (Sharecropping), for the people say that the Prophet forbade it." On that Tawus replied, "O ʿAmr! I give the land to sharecroppers and help them. No doubt; the most learned man, namely Ibn ʿAbbas told me that the Prophet ﷺ had not forbidden it but said, 'It is more beneficial for one to give his land free to one's brother than to charge him a fixed rental." (Using translation from Bukhārī 2330)   

أَنَّ النَّبِيَّ ﷺ نَهَى عَنْهُ قَالَ أَيْ عَمْرُو إِنِّي أُعْطِيهِمْ وَأُعِينُهُمْ وَإِنَّ أَعْلَمَهُمْ أَخْبَرَنِي يَعْنِي ابْنَ عَبَّاسٍ أَنَّ النَّبِيَّ ﷺ لَمْ يَنْهَ عَنْهُ وَلَكِنْ قَالَ أَنْ يَمْنَحَ أَحَدُكُمْ أَخَاهُ خَيْرٌ لَهُ مِنْ أَنْ يَأْخُذَ عَلَيْهَا خَرْجًا مَعْلُومًا  

[Machine] The Messenger of Allah ﷺ said, "Surely, whoever gives it to his brother and does not claim its return."  

قَالَ رَسُولُ اللهِ ﷺ أَلَا مَنَحَهَا أَخَاهُ وَلَمْ يَنْهَ عَنْ كِرَائِهَا  

[Machine] "That the Messenger of Allah ﷺ did not forbid farming, but he commanded the people to help each other."  

أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللهِ ﷺ لَمْ يُحَرِّمِ الْمُزَارَعَةَ وَلَكِنْ أَمَرَ أَنْ يَرْفُقَ النَّاسُ بَعْضُهُمْ مِنْ بَعْضِهِمْ  

[Machine] Allah said to Raafidh ibn Khadeej, "I swear by Allah, I know more about this matter than he does. Only two men from the Ansar came to the Messenger of Allah ﷺ. They had been in a fight, so the Messenger of Allah said, 'If this is your case, do not cultivate the crops.' When he heard him say, 'Do not cultivate the crops,' Shaykh Zayd ibn Thabit and Ibn Abbas considered it as if they denied the prohibition. They knew better, for the prohibition was concerning renting the irrigated fields for gold and silver, and for a price that was not misleading. Some narrators have restricted Rafi' ibn Khadeej's narrations to the matters from which the prohibition was issued and clarified, and it is what is feared to harm the crops. That was misleading in terms of compensation, which would lead to the invalidation of the contract. However, if Ibn Abbas intended by what he did not prohibit in cultivation, we have narrated from those who heard his prohibition, so the ruling is his, not theirs. We have also narrated from Zayd ibn Thabit what aligns with the narration of Rafi' ibn Khadeej and others, which indicates that their denial was not of what they confirmed. Allah knows best. Among the scholars are those who reported the prohibition of what would occur with invalid conditions, such as the condition of the Jadaawil and al-Madhiyaanat, which are waterways. This is what used to be conditioned upon the farmer, that he cultivate them using these waterways, specifically for the owner of the wealth, or the condition of Qasara, which is what remains of the grain in the stack after it has been threshed. It is called Qasara and similar conditions. Ahmad ibn Hanbal, Abu Ubayd, Muhammad ibn Ishaq ibn Khuzaymah, and others from the people of hadith held the view that if the conditions were invalid, then cultivation was permissible. Abu Yusuf and Muhammad ibn al-Hasan from the people of opinion also held this view. The hadiths that have passed regarding the dealings of the Prophet ﷺ with the people of Khaybar indicate their permissibility, given the condition of what would come out of it in terms of fruits or crops. Ahmad ibn Hanbal weakened the hadith of Rafi' ibn Khadeej and said, 'It has many variations, and what we have mentioned about the differences in its chain and text.'"  

اللهُ لِرَافِعِ بْنِ خَدِيجٍ أَنَا وَاللهِ كُنْتُ أَعْلَمُ بِالْحَدِيثِ مِنْهُ إِنَّمَا أَتَى رَجُلَانِ مِنَ الْأَنْصَارِ إِلَى رَسُولِ اللهِ ﷺ قَدِ اقْتَتَلَا فَقَالَ إِنْ كَانَ هَذَا شَأْنَكُمْ فَلَا تُكْرُوا الْمَزَارِعَ فَسَمِعَ قَوْلَهُ لَا تُكْرُوا الْمَزَارِعَ قَالَ الشَّيْخُ زَيْدُ بْنُ ثَابِتٍ وَابْنُ عَبَّاسٍ ؓ كَأَنَّهُمَا أَنْكَرَا وَاللهُ أَعْلَمُ إِطْلَاقَ النَّهْيِ عَنْ كِرَاءِ الْمَزَارِعِ وَعَنَى ابْنُ عَبَّاسٍ بِمَا لَمْ يَنْهَ عَنْهُ مِنْ ذَلِكَ كِرَاءَهَا بِالذَّهَبِ وَالْفِضَّةِ وَبِمَا لَا غَرَرَ فِيهِ وَقَدْ قَيَّدَ بَعْضُ الرُّوَاةِ عَنْ رَافِعٍ الْأَنْوَاعَ الَّتِي وَقَعَ النَّهْيُ عَنْهَا وَبَيَّنَ عِلَّةَ النَّهْيِ وَهِيَ مَا يُخْشَى عَلَى الزَّرْعِ مِنَ الْهَلَاكِ وَذَلِكَ غَرَرٌ فِي الْعِوَضِ يُوجِبُ فَسَادَ الْعَقْدِ وَإِنْ كَانَ ابْنُ عَبَّاسٍ عَنَى بِمَا لَمْ يَنْهَ عَنْهُ كِرَاءَهَا بِبَعْضِ مَا يَخْرُجُ مِنْهَا فَقَدْ رُوِّينَا عَمَّنْ سَمِعَ نَهْيَهُ عَنْهُ فَالْحُكْمُ لَهُ دُونَهُ وَقَدْ رُوِّينَا عَنْ زَيْدِ بْنِ ثَابِتٍ مَا يُوَافِقُ رِوَايَةَ رَافِعِ بْنِ خَدِيجٍ وَغَيْرِهِ فَدَلَّ أَنَّ مَا أَنْكَرَهُ غَيْرُ مَا أَثْبَتَهُ وَاللهُ أَعْلَمُ وَمِنَ الْعُلَمَاءِ مَنْ حَمَلَ أَخْبَارَ النَّهْيِ عَلَى مَا لَوْ وَقَعَتْ بِشُرُوطٍ فَاسِدَةٍ نَحْوَ شَرْطِ الْجَدَاوِلِ وَالْمَاذِيَانَاتِ وَهِيَ الْأَنْهَارُ وَهِيَ مَا كَانَ يُشْتَرَطُ عَلَى الزَّارِعِ أَنْ يَزْرَعَهُ عَلَى هَذِهِ الْأَنْهَارِ خَاصَّةً لِرَبِّ الْمَالِ وَنَحْوُ شَرْطِ الْقُصَارَةِ وَهِيَ مَا بَقِيَ مِنَ الْحَبِّ فِي السُّنْبُلِ بَعْدَمَا يُدَاسُ وَيُقَالُ الْقُصَرَّى وَنَحْوُ شَرْطِ مَا يَسْقِي الرَّبِيعُ وَهُوَ النَّهَرُ الصَّغِيرُ مِثْلُ الْجَدْوَلِ وَالسَّرِيِّ وَنَحْوِهِ وَجَمْعُهُ أَرْبِعَاءُ كَمَا قَالُوا فَكَانَتْ هَذِهِ وَمَا أَشْبَهَهَا شُرُوطًا شَرَطَهَا رَبُّ الْمَالِ لِنَفْسِهِ خَاصَّةً سِوَى الشَّرْطِ عَلَى النِّصْفِ وَالرُّبُعِ وَالثُّلُثِ فَيَرَى أَنَّ نَهْيَ النَّبِيِّ ﷺ عَنِ الْمُزَارَعَةِ إِنَّمَا كَانَ لِهَذِهِ الشُّرُوطِ؛ لِأَنَّهَا مَجْهُولَةٌ فَإِذَا كَانَتِ الْحِصَصُ مَعْلُومَةً نَحْوَ النِّصْفِ وَالثُّلُثِ وَالرُّبُعِ وَكَانَتِ الشُّرُوطُ الْفَاسِدَةُ مَعْدُومَةً كَانَتِ الْمُزَارَعَةُ جَائِزَةً وَإِلَى هَذِهِ ذَهَبَ أَحْمَدُ بْنُ حَنْبَلٍ رَحِمَهُ اللهُ وَأَبُو عُبَيْدٍ وَمُحَمَّدُ بْنُ إِسْحَاقَ بْنِ خُزَيْمَةَ وَغَيْرُهُمْ مِنْ أَهْلِ الْحَدِيثِ وَإِلَيْهِ ذَهَبَ أَبُو يُوسُفَ وَمُحَمَّدُ بْنُ الْحَسَنِ مِنْ أَصْحَابِ الرَّأْيِ وَالْأَحَادِيثُ الَّتِي مَضَتْ فِي مُعَامَلَةِ النَّبِيِّ ﷺ أَهْلَ خَيْبَرَ بِشَرْطِ مَا يَخْرُجُ مِنْهَا مِنْ ثَمَرٍ أَوْ زَرْعٍ دَلِيلٌ لَهُمْ فِي هَذِهِ الْمَسْأَلَةِ وَضَعَّفَ أَحْمَدُ بْنُ حَنْبَلٍ حَدِيثَ رَافِعِ بْنِ خَدِيجٍ وَقَالَ هُوَ كَثِيرُ الْأَلْوَانِ يُرِيدُ مَا أَشَرْنَا إِلَيْهِ مِنَ الِاخْتِلَافِ عَلَيْهِ فِي إِسْنَادِهِ وَمَتْنِهِ  

[Machine] "That the people of the earth used to give their land as a promise to the Prophet ﷺ, and the owner of the land would stipulate for me the water sources and what the spring would irrigate, and he would stipulate a known portion from the greenery," Ibn Umar said, "and he thought that the prohibition was because of what they used to stipulate."  

أَنَّ أَهْلَ الْأَرْضِ قَدْ كَانُوا يُعْطُونَ أَرَضِيهِمْ عَلَى عَهْدِ النَّبِيِّ ﷺ وَيَشْتَرِطُ صَاحِبُ الْأَرْضِ لِيَ الْمَاذِيَانَاتِ وَمَا يَسْقِي الرَّبِيعُ وَيَشْتَرِطُ مِنَ الْجَرِينِ نَصِيبًا مَعْلُومًا قَالَ وَكَانَ ابْنُ عُمَرَ يَظُنُّ أَنَّ النَّهْيَ لِمَا كَانُوا يَشْتَرِطُونَ  

[Machine] About the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ in relation to farming, it was reported that one of them used to insist on three measures of water, "al-Qusarah" (a water irrigation method), and what the spring water irrigated. The Prophet Muhammad ﷺ forbade that. The scholar said, "Whoever claims that the reports in which the prohibition is mentioned regarding renting for half, a third, or a quarter, is only for the conditions that were attached to it that are incorrect. Some narrators have omitted mentioning them, but others have mentioned them. The prohibition is specifically related to those conditions, and Allah knows best."  

عَنِ النَّبِيِّ ﷺ فِي الْمُزَارَعَةِ أَنَّ أَحَدَهُمْ كَانَ يَشْتَرِطُ ثَلَاثَةَ جَدَاوِلَ وَالْقُصَارَةَ وَمَا سَقَى الرَّبِيعُ فَنَهَى النَّبِيُّ ﷺ عَنْ ذَلِكَ قَالَ الشَّيْخُ وَمَنْ ذَهَبَ إِلَى هَذَا زَعَمَ أَنَّ الْأَخْبَارَ الَّتِي وَرَدَ النَّهْيُ فِيهَا عَنْ كِرَائِهَا بِالنِّصْفِ أَوِ الثُّلُثِ أَوِ الرُّبُعِ إِنَّمَا هُوَ لِمَا كَانُوا يُلْحِقُونَ بِهِ مِنَ الشُّرُوطِ الْفَاسِدَةِ فَقَصَرَ بَعْضُ الرُّوَاةِ بِذِكْرِهَا وَقَدْ ذَكَرَهَا بَعْضُهُمْ وَالنَّهْيُ يَتَعَلَّقُ بِهَا دُونَ غَيْرِهَا وَاللهُ أَعْلَمُ  

[Machine] The Messenger of Allah ﷺ said during his illness in which he passed away, "May Allah curse the Jews and Christians for taking the graves of their Prophets as places of worship. There will not be any religion left in the land of Arabia. When Umar ibn al-Khattab (may Allah be pleased with him) assumed the caliphate, he expelled the people of Najran to al-Bahrain, and he bought their land and possessions. He also expelled the people of Fadak, Tayma, and Khaybar, and he appointed Yalaa ibn Munyah as their administrator. He gave a share to the people of Banu Bayada, while wheat, cows, and iron were given by Umar himself. Umar took two-thirds and they took one-third. If any of them owned anything, they would take half and Umar would take the other half. Umar distributed the date palms and grapes in a way that he took two-thirds and they took one-third. Al-Bukhari mentioned this in the chapter of distribution, and it is a mutawatir narration. Al-Bukhari said in the chapter, "Qays ibn Muslim reported from Abu Ja'far that the people of Medina who were from the family of Hijra would only farm on one-third and one-fourth of the land." Al-Bukhari said, "Ali, Saad ibn Malik, Ibn Mas'ud, Umar ibn Abdul Aziz, Al-Qasim ibn Muhammad, Urwa, the family of Abu Bakr, the family of Umar, the family of Ali, Ibn Sireen, and Abdul Rahman ibn Aswad. I used to share with Abdul Rahman ibn Yazid in farming."  

أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللهِ ﷺ قَالَ فِي مَرَضِهِ الَّذِي مَاتَ فِيهِ قَاتَلَ اللهُ الْيَهُودَ وَالنَّصَارَى؛ اتَّخَذُوا قُبُورَ أَنْبِيَائِهِمْ مَسَاجِدَ لَا يَبْقَيَنَّ دِينَانِ بِأَرْضِ الْعَرَبِ فَلَمَّا اسْتُخْلِفَ عُمَرُ بْنُ الْخَطَّابِ ؓ أَجْلَى أَهْلَ نَجْرَانَ إِلَى الْبَحْرَانِيَّةِ وَاشْتَرَى عُقُرَهُمْ وَأَمْوَالَهُمْ وَأَجْلَى أَهْلَ فَدَكٍ وَتَيْمَاءَ وَأَهْلَ خَيْبَرَ وَاسْتَعْمَلَ يَعْلَى بْنَ مُنْيَةَ فَأَعْطَى الْبَيَاضَ عَلَى أَنْ كَانَ الْبَذْرُ وَالْبَقَرُ وَالْحَدِيدُ مِنْ عُمَرَ فَلِعُمَرَ الثُّلُثَانِ وَلَهُمُ الثُّلُثُ وَإِنْ كَانَ مِنْهُمْ فَلَهُمُ الشَّطْرُ وَأَعْطَى النَّخْلَ وَالْعِنَبَ عَلَى أَنَّ لِعُمَرَ الثُّلُثَيْنِ وَلَهُمُ الثُّلُثَ وَأَشَارَ الْبُخَارِيُّ إِلَيْهِ فِي تَرْجَمَةِ الْبَابِ وَهُوَ مُرْسَلٌ قَالَ الْبُخَارِيُّ فِي تَرْجَمَةِ الْبَابِ وَقَالَ قَيْسُ بْنُ مُسْلِمٍ عَنْ أَبِي جَعْفَرٍ مَا بِالْمَدِينَةِ أَهْلُ بَيْتِ هِجْرَةٍ إِلَّا يَزْرَعُونَ عَلَى الثُّلُثِ وَالرُّبُعِ قَالَ الْبُخَارِيُّ وَزَارَعَ عَلِيٌّ وَسَعْدُ بْنُ مَالِكٍ وَابْنُ مَسْعُودٍ وَعُمَرُ بْنُ عَبْدِ الْعَزِيزِ وَالْقَاسِمُ وَعُرْوَةُ وَآلُ أَبِي بَكْرٍ وَآلُ عُمَرَ وَآلُ عَلِيٍّ وَابْنُ سِيرِينَ وَقَالَ عَبْدُ الرَّحْمَنِ بْنُ الْأَسْوَدِ كُنْتُ أُشَارِكُ عَبْدَ الرَّحْمَنِ بْنَ يَزِيدَ فِي الزَّرْعِ  

[Machine] That the Messenger of Allah ﷺ forbade the leasing of land. Therefore, this is from the hadith of Rafa'ah ibn Khadij. Abdullah ibn Umar used to leave the leasing of his land and did not lease it for gold or silver or anything. He took that from the fatwa of Rafa'ah. Some people followed it while others abandoned it. As for the transaction on a divided or two-thirds basis or whatever is agreed upon, we have received that the Messenger of Allah ﷺ treated the Jews of Khaybar in that manner when Allah granted victory to the Muslims over them. That was the best type of land and the most permissible. The sheikh said, "Whoever says that the first explanation is sufficient, has answered this and claims that what is confirmed from the Prophet ﷺ is not a proof compared to anyone else's statement. The hadith of Rafa'ah is an established hadith and it contains evidence of his prohibition of transacting on the condition that it includes some of what emerges from it except that it applies to some of its generality at one time and then abrogated it at another time and then scrutinized it in one narration and shortened it in another and followed it in his narration Jabir ibn Abdullah and others as we mentioned it earlier. And the hadith of the transaction on a divided basis of what emerges from Khaybar from its fruits or crops is also a reliable narration when the cultivation is done between the trunks of palm trees. And in that is the combination of the reports that mention it. And with Allah is success, and Allah knows best.  

أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللهِ ﷺ نَهَى عَنْ كِرَاءِ الْأَرْضِ فَلِذَلِكَ مِنْ حَدِيثِ رَافِعِ بْنِ خَدِيجٍ كَانَ عَبْدُ اللهِ بْنُ عُمَرَ يَتْرُكُ كِرَاءَ أَرْضِهِ فَلَمْ يَكُنْ يُكْرِيهَا لَا بِذَهَبٍ وَلَا بِوَرِقٍ وَلَا بِشَيْءٍ فَأَخَذَ بِذَلِكَ مِنْ فُتْيَا رَافِعٍ أُنَاسٌ وَتَرَكَهُ آخَرُونَ فَأَمَّا الْمُعَامَلَةُ عَلَى الشَّطْرِ أَوِ الثُّلُثَيْنِ أَوْ مَا اصْطَلَحُوا عَلَيْهِ مِنْ ذَلِكَ فَقَدْ بَلَغَنَا أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللهِ ﷺ قَدْ كَانَ عَامَلَ يَهُودَ خَيْبَرَ حِينَ أَفَاءَ اللهُ عَلَى الْمُسْلِمِينَ عَلَى الشَّطْرِ وَذَلِكَ أَطْيَبُ أَمْرِ الْأَرْضِ وَأَحَلُّهُ قَالَ الشَّيْخُ وَمَنْ قَالَ بِالْأَوَّلِ أَجَابَ عَنْ هَذَا وَزَعَمَ أَنَّ مَا ثَبَتَ عَنِ النَّبِيِّ ﷺ فَلَا حُجَّةَ فِي قَوْلِ أَحَدٍ دُونَهُ وَحَدِيثُ رَافِعٍ حَدِيثٌ ثَابِتٌ وَفِيهِ دَلِيلٌ عَلَى نَهْيِهِ عَنِ الْمُعَامَلَةِ عَلَيْهَا بِبَعْضِ مَا يَخْرُجُ مِنْهَا إِلَّا أَنَّهُ أَسْنَدَهُ عَنْ بَعْضِ عُمُومَتِهِ مَرَّةً وَأَرْسَلَهُ أُخْرَى وَاسْتَقْصَى فِي رِوَايَتِهِ مَرَّةً وَاخْتَصَرَهَا أُخْرَى وَتَابَعَهُ عَلَى رِوَايَتِهِ جَابِرُ بْنُ عَبْدِ اللهِ وَغَيْرُهُ كَمَا قَدَّمْنَا ذِكْرَهُ وَحَدِيثُ الْمُعَامَلَةِ بِشَطْرِ مَا يَخْرُجُ مِنْ خَيْبَرَ مِنْ ثَمَرٍ أَوْ زَرْعٍ مَقُولٌ بِهِ إِذَا كَانَ الزَّرْعُ بَيْنَ ظَهْرَانَيِ النَّخْلِ وَفِي ذَلِكَ جَمْعٌ بَيْنَ الْأَخْبَارِ الْوَارِدَةِ فِيهِ وَبِاللهِ التَّوْفِيقُ وَاللهُ أَعْلَمُ  

[Machine] The Messenger of Allah ﷺ said, "Whoever plants in the land of a people without their permission, then he has no right to the crops and his expenses will be reimbursed to him." This wording is from the hadith of Abu Al-Walid, and in another narration from Yahya ibn Adam, he said, "It is lifted for him and he has the right to his expenses, but he has no right to the crops." And Abu Abdullah Al-Hafiz, Abu Saeed ibn Abi Amr, and Abu Sadiq Al-Atar informed us, they said: Abu Al-Abbas informed us, who was informed by Al-Hasan, who was informed by Yahya ibn Adam, who was informed by Qais ibn Al-Rabi from Abu Ishaq from Ata from Rifa'a ibn Khadeej who said, The Messenger of Allah ﷺ said something similar.  

قَالَ رَسُولُ اللهِ ﷺ مَنْ زَرَعَ فِي أَرْضِ قَوْمٍ بِغَيْرِ إِذْنِهِمْ فَلَيْسَ لَهُ فِي الزَّرْعِ شَيْءٌ وَتُرَدُّ عَلَيْهِ نَفَقَتُهُ هَذَا لَفْظُ حَدِيثِ أَبِي الْوَلِيدِ وَفِي رِوَايَةِ يَحْيَى بْنِ آدَمَ قَالَ يَرْفَعُهُ وَقَالَ فَلَهُ نَفَقَتُهُ وَلَيْسَ لَهُ مِنَ الزَّرْعِ شَيْءٌ 11743 وَأَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو عَبْدِ اللهِ الْحَافِظُ وَأَبُو سَعِيدِ بْنُ أَبِي عَمْرٍو وَأَبُو صَادِقٍ الْعَطَّارُ قَالُوا ثنا أَبُو الْعَبَّاسِ ثنا الْحَسَنُ ثنا يَحْيَى بْنُ آدَمَ ثنا قَيْسٌ يَعْنِي ابْنَ الرَّبِيعِ عَنْ أَبِي إِسْحَاقَ عَنْ عَطَاءٍ عَنْ رَافِعِ بْنِ خَدِيجٍ قَالَ قَالَ رَسُولُ اللهِ ﷺ مِثْلَهُ  

[Machine] He informed him that he had planted a field that he had taken from the tribe of Fulan. The Messenger of Allah ﷺ passed by him while he was watering his crops and asked him, "Whose land is this?" He replied, "The land is mine, it belongs to the tribe of Fulan, I took half of it and they have the other half." The Messenger of Allah ﷺ said, "Remove your hand from its dust and return the land to its rightful owners, and take your livelihood." He said, "So I left and informed them of what the Messenger of Allah ﷺ said." He took his livelihood and returned their land to them.  

أَخْبَرَهُ أَنَّهُ زَرَعَ أَرْضًا أَخَذَهَا مِنْ بَنِي فُلَانٍ فَمَرَّ بِهِ رَسُولُ اللهِ ﷺ وَهُوَ يَسْقِي زَرْعَهُ فَسَأَلَهُ لِمَنْ هَذَا؟ فَقَالَ الزَّرْعُ لِي وَهِيَ أَرْضُ بَنِي فُلَانٍ أَخَذْتُهَا لِيَ الشَّطْرُ وَلَهُمُ الشَّطْرُ قَالَ فَقَالَ انْفُضْ يَدَكَ مِنْ غُبَارِهَا وَرُدَّ الْأَرْضَ إِلَى أَهْلِهَا وَخُذْ نَفَقَتَكَ قَالَ فَانْطَلَقْتُ فَأَخْبَرْتُهُمْ بِمَا قَالَ رَسُولُ اللهِ ﷺ قَالَ فَأَخَذَ نَفَقَتَهُ وَرَدَّ إِلَيْهِمْ أَرْضَهُمْ  

[Machine] The Messenger of Allah ﷺ came to the tribe of Harithah and saw a crop in the land of Dhu Hayr. He said, "What a beautiful crop in Dhu Hayr!" They replied, "It does not belong to Dhu Hayr." He asked, "Is it not the land of Dhu Hayr?" They said, "Yes, but it belongs to so-and-so." He said, "Take your crop and give him back his expenses." Rafi' said, "So we took our crop and returned his expenses to him." Sa'id said, "Make your brother poor or pay him an exorbitant amount of money clearly seen in these reports." These hadiths indicate that the crop follows the land, and the scholars of jurisprudence agree that the crop follows the planting. If these hadiths were valid, no one would have any argument against them except that the first hadith is only narrated by Shurayk bin Abdullah and Qays bin Ar-Rabi', and Qays bin Ar-Rabi' is weak according to the scholars of hadith. And Shurayk bin Abdullah has differences in narration. Yahya bin Sa'id Al-Qattan does not narrate from him and weakens his hadiths greatly, and he is also mursal. Ash-Shafi'i said in his book Al-Buwatyya that the hadith is disconnected because Rafa'a did not receive the report directly from Ata.  

أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللهِ ﷺ أَتَى بَنِي حَارِثَةَ فَرَأَى زَرْعًا فِي أَرْضِ ظُهَيْرٍ فَقَالَ مَا أَحْسَنَ زَرْعَ ظُهَيْرٍ فَقَالُوا لَيْسَ لِظُهَيْرٍ قَالَ أَلَيْسَ أَرْضَ ظُهَيْرٍ؟ قَالُوا بَلَى وَلَكِنَّهُ زَرْعُ فُلَانٍ قَالَ فَخُذُوا زَرْعَكُمْ وَرُدُّوا عَلَيْهِ النَّفَقَةَ قَالَ رَافِعٌ فَأَخَذْنَا زَرْعَنَا وَرَدَدْنَا إِلَيْهِ النَّفَقَةَ قَالَ سَعِيدٌ أَفْقِرْ أَخَاكَ أَوْ أَكِرْهُ بِالدَّرَاهِمِ ظَاهِرُ هَذِهِ الْأَحَادِيثِ يَدُلُّ عَلَى أَنَّ الزَّرْعَ يَتْبَعُ الْأَرْضَ وَفُقَهَاءُ الْأَمْصَارِ عَلَى أَنَّ الزَّرْعَ يَتْبَعُ الْبَذْرَ وَلَوْ ثَبَتَ هَذِهِ الْأَحَادِيثُ لَمْ يَكُنْ لِأَحَدٍ فِي خِلَافِهَا حُجَّةٌ إِلَّا أَنَّ الْحَدِيثَ الْأَوَّلَ يَنْفَرِدُ بِهِ شَرِيكُ بْنُ عَبْدِ اللهِ وَقَيْسُ بْنُ الرَّبِيعِ وَقَيْسُ بْنُ الرَّبِيعِ ضَعِيفٌ عِنْدَ أَهْلِ الْعِلْمِ بِالْحَدِيثِ وَشَرِيكُ بْنُ عَبْدِ اللهِ مُخْتَلَفٌ فِيهِ كَانَ يَحْيَى بْنُ سَعِيدٍ الْقَطَّانُ لَا يَرْوِي عَنْهُ وَيُضَعِّفُ حَدِيثَهُ جِدًّا ثُمَّ هُوَ مُرْسَلٌ قَالَ الشَّافِعِيُّ فِي كِتَابِ الْبُوَيْطِيِّ الْحَدِيثُ مُنْقَطِعٌ؛ لِأَنَّهُ لَمْ يَلْقَ عَطَاءً رَافِعًا  

[Machine] The Messenger of Allah ﷺ said, "Whoever sows in the land of a people without their permission, he will have no share of the crops, and the value of his expenditure will be returned to him." Yusuf said, "This is not the opinion of Abdul Aziz, he narrates from Abu Ishaq, who narrates from Ata, who said that the sheikh Abu Ishaq used to distort the Hadith, and the scholars of Hadith say that Ata narrates from Rifa'a, who is unreliable." Abu Sulaiman al-Khattabi said, "This Hadith is not accepted by those who are well-versed in Hadith." Abu Sulaiman said, "And Hasan ibn Yahya narrated to me from Musa ibn Harun al-Hammal that he used to reject and weaken this Hadith, saying he did not hear it from Abu Ishaq except from a partner, and not from a reliable source."  

قَالَ رَسُولُ اللهِ ﷺ مَنْ زَرَعَ فِي أَرْضِ قَوْمٍ بِغَيْرِ إِذْنِهِمْ فَلَيْسَ لَهُ مِنَ الزَّرْعِ شَيْءٌ وَتُرَدُّ عَلَيْهِ قِيمَةُ نَفَقَتِهِ قَالَ يُوسُفُ غَيْرُ حَجَّاجٍ لَا يَقُولُ عَبْدَ الْعَزِيزِ يَقُولُ عَنْ أَبِي إِسْحَاقَ عَنْ عَطَاءٍ قَالَ الشَّيْخُ أَبُو إِسْحَاقَ كَانَ يُدَلِّسُ وَأَهْلُ الْعِلْمِ بِالْحَدِيثِ يَقُولُونَ عَطَاءٌ عَنْ رَافِعٍ مُنْقَطِعٌ وَقَالَ أَبُو سُلَيْمَانَ الْخَطَّابِيُّ هَذَا الْحَدِيثُ لَا يَثْبُتُ عِنْدَ أَهْلِ الْمَعْرِفَةِ بِالْحَدِيثِ قَالَ أَبُو سُلَيْمَانَ وَحَدَّثَنِي الْحَسَنُ بْنُ يَحْيَى عَنْ مُوسَى بْنِ هَارُونَ الْحَمَّالِ أَنَّهُ كَانَ يُنْكِرُ هَذَا الْحَدِيثَ وَيُضَعِّفُهُ وَيَقُولُ لَمْ يَرْوِهِ عَنْ أَبِي إِسْحَاقَ غَيْرُ شَرِيكٍ وَلَا  

[Machine] The Messenger of Allah ﷺ said, "There is no Muslim who plants a tree or sows a seed and then a bird, human, or animal eats from it, except that it is counted as a charity for him."  

قَالَ رَسُولُ اللهِ ﷺ مَا مِنْ مُسْلِمٍ يَغْرِسُ غَرْسًا أَوْ يَزْرَعُ زَرْعًا فَيَأْكُلُ مِنْهُ طَيْرٌ أَوْ إِنْسَانٌ أَوْ بَهِيمَةٌ إِلَّا كَانَتْ لَهُ صَدَقَةٌ