8. Sūrat al-Anfāl

٨۔ سُورَةُ الأنفَال

Qurʾān > Chapter 8 > Section 6
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8.6 Rules about the distribution of the spoils of war.

٨۔٦ مقطع في سُورَةُ الأنفَال

quran:8:41 –

And know that anything you obtain of war booty - then indeed, for Allah is one fifth of it and for the Messenger and for ˹his˺ near relatives and the orphans, the needy, and the ˹stranded˺ traveler, if you have believed in Allah and in that which We sent down to Our Servant on the day of criterion - the day when the two armies met. And Allah, over all things, is competent.  

And know that whatever spoils you have taken, ˹you have˺ seized from the disbelievers by force, the fifth of it is for God, to have it dispensed as He will, and for the Messenger and for the kinsmen, the kinsmen of the Prophet (s) from among the Banū Hāshim and the Banū ˹‘Abd˺ al-Muttalib, and the orphans, children of Muslims, those whose fathers have passed away and are in poverty, and the needy, those Muslims in ˹dire˺ need, and the traveller, those Muslims cut off during travel — in other words it ˹the fifth˺ is due to the Prophet (s) and ˹those of˺ these four categories in the way that he used to apportion it: a fifth of the fifth for each one and the remaining four fifths for those who had captured the spoils, if you believe in God, then be aware of that, and that which (wa-mā is a supplement to bi’Llāhi, ‘in God’) We sent down upon Our servant, Muhammad (s), in the way of angels and signs, on the Day of Discrimination, that is, the day of ˹the battle of˺ Badr, which discriminated between truth and falsehood, the day the two armies, the Muslims and the believers, met. And God has power over all things, including giving you victory despite your being few and their being greater in number.
القرآن:٨:٤١ –

وَاعْلَمُوا أَنَّمَا غَنِمْتُمْ مِنْ شَيْءٍ فَأَنَّ لِلَّهِ خُمُسَهُ وَلِلرَّسُولِ وَلِذِي الْقُرْبَىٰ وَالْيَتَامَىٰ وَالْمَسَاكِينِ وَابْنِ السَّبِيلِ إِنْ كُنْتُمْ آمَنْتُمْ بِاللَّهِ وَمَا أَنْزَلْنَا عَلَىٰ عَبْدِنَا يَوْمَ الْفُرْقَانِ يَوْمَ الْتَقَى الْجَمْعَانِ ۗ وَاللَّهُ عَلَىٰ كُلِّ شَيْءٍ قَدِيرٌ  

{واعلموا أنما غنمتم} أخذتم من الكفار قهرا {من شيء فأن لله خمسه} يأمر فيه بما يشاء {وللرسول ولذي القربى} قرابة النبي ﷺ من بني هاشم وبني المطلب {واليتامى} أطفال المسلمين الذين هلك آباؤهم وهم فقراء {والمساكين} ذوي الحاجة من المسلمين {وابن السبيل} المنقطع في سفره من المسلمين، أي يستحقه النبي ﷺ والأصناف الأربعة على ما كان يقسمه من أن لكلٍ خُمسَ الخمس، والأخماس الأربعة الباقية للغانمين {إن كنتم آمنتم بالله} فاعملوا ذلك {وما} عطف على بالله {أنزلنا على عبدنا} محمد ﷺ من الملائكة والآيات {يوم الفرقان} أي يوم بدر الفارق بين الحق والباطل {يوم التقى الجمعان} المسلمون والكفار {والله على كل شيء قدير} ومنه نصركم مع قلتكم وكثرتهم.
quran:8:42 –

˹Remember˺ when you were on the near side of the valley, and they were on the farther side, and the caravan was lower ˹in position˺ than you. If you had made an appointment ˹to meet˺, you would have missed the appointment. But ˹it was˺ so that Allah might accomplish a matter already destined - that those who perished ˹through disbelief˺ would perish upon evidence and those who lived ˹in faith˺ would live upon evidence; and indeed, Allah is Hearing and Knowing.  

When (idh substitutes for yawma, ‘the day’) you were on the nearer bank, the one nearer to Medina (read ‘udwa or ‘idwa, meaning ‘the side of a valley’), and they were on the yonder bank, the one further from it, and the cavalcade, the caravan, was, in a place, below you, the coastal side; and had you, and the ˹enemy˺ band, agreed to meet, for battle, you would have surely failed to keep meeting; but, He brought you together at a different time, that God might conclude a matter that was to be done, through His knowledge — namely, the victory of Islam and the obliteration of unbelief — He did this so, that he who perished might perish, might be a disbeliever ˹even˺, after a clear proof, that is, after a manifest proof has been established against him, namely, the triumph of the believers, despite their small number, over the larger ˹enemy˺ army; and that he who survived might live, might believe, after a clear proof; surely God is Hearing, Knowing.
القرآن:٨:٤٢ –

إِذْ أَنْتُمْ بِالْعُدْوَةِ الدُّنْيَا وَهُمْ بِالْعُدْوَةِ الْقُصْوَىٰ وَالرَّكْبُ أَسْفَلَ مِنْكُمْ ۚ وَلَوْ تَوَاعَدْتُمْ لَاخْتَلَفْتُمْ فِي الْمِيعَادِ ۙ وَلَٰكِنْ لِيَقْضِيَ اللَّهُ أَمْرًا كَانَ مَفْعُولًا لِيَهْلِكَ مَنْ هَلَكَ عَنْ بَيِّنَةٍ وَيَحْيَىٰ مَنْ حَيَّ عَنْ بَيِّنَةٍ ۗ وَإِنَّ اللَّهَ لَسَمِيعٌ عَلِيمٌ  

{إذ} بدل من يوم {أنتم} كائنون {بالعُدوة الدنيا} القربى من المدينة وهى بضم العين وكسرها جانب الوادي {وهم بالعدوة القصوى} البعدى منها {والركب} العير كائنون بمكان {أسفل منكم} مما يلي البحر {ولو تواعدتم} أنتم والنفير للقتال {لاختلفتم في الميعاد ولكن} جمعكم بغير ميعاد {ليقضى الله أمرا كان مفعولا} في علمه وهو نصر الإسلام وَمَحْقُ الكفر فعل ذلك {ليهلك} يكفر {من هلك عن بينةٍ} أي بعد حجة ظاهرة قامت عليه وهي نصر المؤمنين مع قلتهم على الجيش الكثير {ويحيى} يؤمن {من حيَّ عن بينة وإن الله لسميع عليم}.
quran:8:43 –

˹Remember, O Muhammad˺, when Allah showed them to you in your dream as few; and if He had shown them to you as many, you ˹believers˺ would have lost courage and would have disputed in the matter ˹of whether to fight˺, but Allah saved ˹you from that˺. Indeed, He is Knowing of that within the breasts.  

Remember, when God showed them to you in your dream, in your sleep, as few, and so you informed your companions of this, and they were delighted, and had He shown them to you as many, you would have faltered, shrunk in cowardice, and quarrelled, fallen into disagreement, over the matter, the matter of fighting; but God saved, you, from faltering and quarrelling. He knows that which is in the breasts, that which is in the hearts.
القرآن:٨:٤٣ –

إِذْ يُرِيكَهُمُ اللَّهُ فِي مَنَامِكَ قَلِيلًا ۖ وَلَوْ أَرَاكَهُمْ كَثِيرًا لَفَشِلْتُمْ وَلَتَنَازَعْتُمْ فِي الْأَمْرِ وَلَٰكِنَّ اللَّهَ سَلَّمَ ۗ إِنَّهُ عَلِيمٌ بِذَاتِ الصُّدُورِ  

اذكر {إذ يريكهُم الله في منامك} أي نومك {قليلا} فأخبرت به أصحابك فسروا {ولو أراكهم كثيرا لفشلتم} جبنتم {ولتنازعتم} اختلفتم {في الأمر} أمر القتال {ولكن الله سلَّمـ} ـكم من الفشل والتنازع {إنه عليم بذات الصدور} بما في القلوب.
quran:8:44 –

And ˹remember˺ when He showed them to you, when you met, as few in your eyes, and He made you ˹appear˺ as few in their eyes so that Allah might accomplish a matter already destined. And to Allah are ˹all˺ matters returned.  

And when God made you see them, O believers, when you met — in your eyes as few, as 70 or 100, when they were ˹in fact˺ 1000, so that you would advance against them; and He made you seem as few in their eyes, so that they would advance and not turn back from fighting you — this was before close combat had begun, but when it began, He made them ˹the disbelievers˺ see these ˹believers˺ as twice their number, as stated in sūrat Āl ‘Imrān ˹Q. 3:13˺ — so that God might conclude a matter that was to be done; and to God all things are returned, reverting.
القرآن:٨:٤٤ –

وَإِذْ يُرِيكُمُوهُمْ إِذِ الْتَقَيْتُمْ فِي أَعْيُنِكُمْ قَلِيلًا وَيُقَلِّلُكُمْ فِي أَعْيُنِهِمْ لِيَقْضِيَ اللَّهُ أَمْرًا كَانَ مَفْعُولًا ۗ وَإِلَى اللَّهِ تُرْجَعُ الْأُمُورُ  

{وإذ يريكموهم} أيها المؤمنون {إذ التقيتم في أعينكم قليلا} نحو سبعين أو مائة وهم ألف لتقدموا عليهم {ويقللكم في أعينهم} ليقدموا ولا يرجعوا عن قتالكم وهذا قبل التحام الحرب، فلما التحم أراهم إياهم مثليهم كما في آل عمران {ليقضيَ الله أمرا كان مفعولا وإلى الله ترجع} تصير {الأمور}.