Yahya related to me from Malik that the best of what he had heard about horses, mules, and donkeys was that they were not eaten because Allah, the Blessed, the Exalted,said, "And horses, and mules and asses, for you to ride, and as an adornment. " (Sura 16 ayat 8) . He said, may He be Blessed and Exalted, "In cattle, some of them you ride, and some of them you eat." (Sura 6 ayat 79). He said, the Blessed, the Exalted, "Mention Allah's name over what He has provided you of cattle, and eat of them and feed the beggar (al-qani) and the suppliant (al-mutarr). (Sura 22 ayat 34). Malik said "Allah mentioned horses, mules, and donkeys for riding and adornment, and He mentioned cattle for riding and eating." Malik said, "Al-qani also means the poor."

مَالِكٌ؛ أَنَّ أَحْسَنَ مَا سُمِعَ فِي الْخَيْلِ، وَالْبِغَالِ، وَالْحَمِيرِ، أَنَّهَا لَا تُؤْكَلُ؛ لِأَنَّ اللهَ ﵎، قَالَ: ﴿وَالخَيْلَ وَالبِغَالَ والحَمِيرَ لِتَرْكَبُوهَا وَزِينَةً﴾ [النحل ١٦: ٨]. وَقَالَ، فِي الْأَنْعَامِ: ﴿لِتَرْكَبُوا مِنْهَا وَمِنْهَا تَأْكُلُونَ﴾ [غافر ٤٠: ٧٩]. وَقَالَ: ﴿لِيَذْكُرُوا اِسْمَ اللهِ عَلَى مَا رَزَقَهُم مِن بَهِيمَةِ الأَنْعَامِ فَإِلَهُكُمْ إِلَهٌ وَاحِدٌ فَلَهُ أَسْلِموا وَبَشِّرِ المُخْبِتِينَ﴾ [الحج ٢٢: ٣٤] ﴿فَكُلُوا مِنْهَا وَأَطْعِمُوا القَانِعَ وَالمُعْتَرَّ ...﴾ [الحج ٢٢: ٣٦]. قَالَ يَحْيَى، قَالَ مَالِكٌ: وَسَمِعْتُ أَنَّ الْبَائِسَ هُوَ الْفَقِيرُ. وَأَنَّ الْمُعْتَرَّ هُوَ الزَّائِرُ. قَالَ يَحْيَى، قَالَ مَالِكٌ: فَذَكَرَ اللهُ الْخَيْلَ، وَالْبِغَالَ، وَالْحَمِيرَ؛ لِلرُّكُوبِ، وَالزِّينَةِ. وَذَكَرَ الْأَنْعَامَ؛ لِلرُّكُوبِ، وَالْأَكْلِ. قَالَ يَحْيَى، قَالَ مَالِكٌ: وَالْقَانِعُ هُوَ الْفَقِيرُ أَيْضًا۔

Yahya related to me from Malik that the best of what he had heard about a man who is forced by necessity to eat carrion is that he ate it until he was full and then he took provision from it. If he found something which would enable him to dispense with it, he threw it away. Malik when asked whether or not a man who had been forced by necessity to eat carrion, should eat it when he also found the fruit, crops or sheep of a people in that place, answered, "If he thinks that the owners of the fruit, crops, or sheep will believe his necessity so that he will not be deemed a thief and have his hand cut off, then I think that he should eat from whatever he finds that which will remove his hunger but he should not carry any of it away. I prefer that he does that than that he eat carrion. If he fears that he will not be believed, and will be deemed a thief for what he has taken, then I think that it is better for him to eat the carrion, and he has leeway to eat carrion in this respect. Even so, I fear that someone who is not forced by necessity to eat carrion might exceed the limits out of a desire to consume other peoples' property, crops or fruit." Malik said, "That is the best of what I have heard."

مَالِكٌ؛ أَنَّ أَحْسَنَ مَا سُمِعَ فِي الرَّجُلِ، يُضْطَرُّ إِلَى الْمَيْتَةِ، أَنَّهُ يَأْكُلُ مِنْهَا، حَتَّى يَشْبَعَ، وَيَتَزَوَّدُ مِنْهَا. فَإِنْ وَجَدَ عَنْهَا غِنًى طَرَحَهَا. قَالَ يَحْيَى، وَسُئِلَ مَالِكٌ عَنِ الرَّجُلِ يُضْطَرُّ إِلَى الْمَيْتَةِ. أَيَأْكُلُ مِنْهَا، وَهُوَ يَجِدُ ثَمَرًا لِقَوْمٍ، أَوْ زَرْعًا، أَوْ غَنَمًا بِمَكَانِهِ ذلِكَ؟ قَالَ مَالِكٌ: إِنْ ظَنَّ أَنَّ أَهْلَ ذلِكَ الثَّمَرِ، أَوِ الزَّرْعِ، أَوِ الْغَنَمِ، يُصَدِّقُونَهُ بِضَرُورَتِهِ، حَتَّى لَا يُعَدُّ سَارِقًا؛ فَتُقْطَعَ يَدُهُ. رَأَيْتُ أَنْ يَأْكُلَ مِنْ أَيِّ ذلِكَ وَجَدَ، مَا يَرُدُّ جُوعَهُ، وَلَا يَحْمِلُ مِنْهُ شَيْئًا. وَذلِكَ أَحَبُّ إِلَيَّ مِنْ أَنْ يَأْكُلَ الْمَيْتَةَ. وَإِنْ هُوَ خَشِيَ أَنْ لَا يُصَدِّقُوهُ، وَأَنْ يَعُدُّوهُ سَارِقًا؛ بِمَا أَصَابَ مِنْ ذلِكَ، فَإِنَّ أَكْلَ الْمَيْتَةِ خَيْرٌ لَهُ عِنْدِي، وَلَهُ فِي أَكْلِ الْمَيْتَةِ عَلَى هذَا الْوَجْهِ سَعَةٌ. مَعَ أَنِّي أَخَافُ أَنْ يَعْدُوَ عَادٍ مِمَّنْ لَمْ يُضْطَرَّ إِلَى الْمَيْتَةِ؛ يُرِيدُ اسْتِجَازَةَ أَخْذِ أَمْوَالِ النَّاسِ، وَزُرُوعِهِمْ، وَثِمَارِهِمْ بِذلِكَ، قَالَ يَحْيَى، قَالَ مَالِكٌ: وَهذَا أَحْسَنُ مَا سَمِعْتُ.

Yahya related to me from Malik, "The generally agreed upon way of doing things among us and what I have seen the people of knowledge doing in our city about the fixed shares of inheritance of children from the mother or father when one or other of them dies is that if they leave male and female children, the male takes the portion of two females. If there are only females, and there are more than two, they get two thirds of what is left between them. If there is only one, she gets a half. If someone shares with the children, who has a fixed share and there are males among them, the reckoner begins with the ones with fixed shares. What remains after that is divided among the children according to their inheritance. "When there are no children, grandchildren through sons have the same position as children, so that grandsons are like sons and grand-daughters are like daughters. They inherit as they inherit and they overshadow as they overshadow. If there are both children and grandchildren through sons, and there is a male among the children, then the grandchildren through sons do not share in the inheritance with him. "If there is no surviving male among the children, and there are two or more daughters, the granddaughters through a son do not share in the inheritance with them unless there is a male who is in the same position as them in relation to the deceased, or further than them. His presence gives access to whatever is left over, if any, to whoever is in his position and whoever is above him of the granddaughters through sons. If something is left over, they divide it among them, and the male takes the portion of two females. If nothing is left over, they have nothing. "If the only descendant is a daughter, she takes half, and if there are one or more grand-daughters through a son who are in the same position to the deceased, they share a sixth. If there is a male in the same position as the granddaughters through a son in relation to the deceased, they have no share and no sixth . "If there is a surplus after the allotting of shares to the people with fixed shares, the surplus goes to the male and whoever is in his position and whoever is above him of the female descendants through sons. The male has the share of two females. The one who is more distant in relationship than grandchildren through sons has nothing. If there is no surplus, they have nothing. That is because Allah, the Blessed, the Exalted, said in His Book, 'Allah charges you about your children that the male has the like of the portion of two females. If there are more than two women they have two thirds of what is left. If there is one, she has a half.' (Sura 4 ayat 10)

مَالِكٌ: أَنَّ الْأَمْرَ الْمُجْتَمَعَ عَلَيْهِ عِنْدَنَا، وَالَّذِي أَدْرَكْتُ عَلَيْهِ أَهْلَ الْعِلْمِ، بِبَلَدِنَا، فِي فَرَائِضِ الْمَوَارِيثِ: أَنَّ مِيرَاثَ الْوَلَدِ مِنْ وَالِدِهِمْ، أَوْ وَالِدَتِهِمْ. أَنَّهُ إِذَا تُوُفِّيَ الْأَبُ، أَوِ الْأُمُّ، وَتَرَكَ وَلَدًا. رِجَالًا، وَنِسَاءً. فَلِلذَّكَرِ مِثْلُ حَظِّ الْأُنْثَيَيْنِ. فَإِنْ كُنَّ نِسَاءً فَوْقَ اثْنَتَيْنِ، فَلَهُنَّ ثُلُثَا مَا تَرَكَ. وَإِنْ كَانَتْ وَاحِدَةً، فَلَهَا النِّصْفُ، فَإِنْ شَرِكَهُمْ أَحَدٌ بِفَرِيضَةٍ مُسَمَّاةٍ، وَكَانَ فِيهِمْ ذَكَرٌ، بُدِئَ بِفَرِيضَةِ مَنْ شَرِكَهُمْ، وَكَانَ مَا بَقِيَ بَعْدَ ذلِكَ بَيْنَهُمْ، عَلَى قَدْرِ مَوَارِيثِهِمْ. وَمَنْزِلَةُ وَلَدِ الْأَبْنَاءِ الذُّكُورِ، إِذَا لَمْ يَكُنْ دُونَهُمْ وَلَدٌ، كَمَنْزِلَةِ الْوَلَدِ. سَوَاءٌ. ذَكَرُهُمْ كَذَكَرِهِمْ. وَأُنْثَاهُمْ كَأُنْثَاهُمْ. يَرِثُونَ، كَمَا يَرِثُونَ. وَيَحْجُبُونَ، كَمَا يَحْجُبُونَ. فَإِنِ اجْتَمَعَ الْوَلَدُ لِلصُّلْبِ، وَوَلَدُ الِابْنِ، فَكَانَ فِي الْوَلَدِ لِلصُّلْبِ ذَكَرٌ، فَإِنَّهُ لَا مِيرَاثَ مَعَهُ لِأَحَدٍ مِنْ وَلَدِ الِابْنِ. وَإِنْ لَمْ يَكُنْ فِي الْوَلَدِ لِلصُّلْبِ ذَكَرٌ، وَكَانَتَا ابْنَتَيْنِ، فَأَكْثَرَ مِنْ ذلِكَ مِنَ الْبَنَاتِ لِلصُّلْبِ. فَإِنَّهُ لَا مِيرَاثَ لِبَنَاتِ الِابْنِ مَعَهُنَّ. إِلَاّ أَنْ يَكُونَ مَعَ بَنَاتِ الِابْنِ ذَكَرٌ، هُوَ مِنَ الْمُتَوَفَّى بِمَنْزِلَتِهِنَّ، أَوْ هُوَ أَطْرَفُ مِنْهُنَّ. فَإِنَّهُ يُرَدُّ، عَلَى مَنْ هُوَ بِمَنْزِلَتِهِ، وَمَنْ هُوَ فَوْقَهُ مِنْ بَنَاتِ الْأَبْنَاءِ، فَضْلًا إِنْ فَضِلَ، فَيَقْتَسِمُونَهُ بَيْنَهُمْ. لِلذَّكَرِ مِثْلُ حَظِّ الْأُنْثَيَيْنِ. فَإِنْ لَمْ يَفْضُلْ شَيْءٌ، فَلَا شَيْءَ لَهُمْ. وَإِنْ لَمْ يَكُنِ الْوَلَدُ لِلصُّلْبِ إِلَاّ ابْنَةً وَاحِدَةً، فَلَهَا النِّصْفُ. وَلِابْنَةِ ابْنِهِ. وَاحِدَةً إِنْ كَانَتْ، أَوْ أَكْثَرَ مِنْ ذلِكَ مِنْ بَنَاتِ الْأَبْنَاءِ، مِمَّنْ هُوَ مِنَ الْمُتَوَفَّى بِمَنْزِلَةٍ وَاحِدَةٍ، السُّدُسُ. فَإِنْ كَانَ مَعَ بَنَاتِ الِابْنِ ذَكَرٌ، هُوَ مِنَ الْمُتَوَفَّى بِمَنْزِلَتِهِنَّ. فَلَا فَرِيضَةَ، وَلَا سُدُسَ لَهُنَّ. وَلَكِنْ إِنْ فَضَلَ بَعْدَ فَرَائِضِ أَهْلِ الْفَرَائِضِ، كَانَ ذلِكَ الْفَضْلُ لِذلِكَ الذَّكَرِ، وَلِمَنْ هُوَ بِمَنْزِلَتِهِ، وَمَنْ فَوْقَهُ مِنْ بَنَاتِ الْأَبْنَاءِ، لِلذَّكَرِ مِثْلُ حَظِّ الْأُنْثَيَيْنِ، وَلَيْسَ لِمَنْ هُوَ أَطْرَفُ مِنْهُمْ شَيْءٌ. فَإِنْ لَمْ يَفْضُلْ شَيْءٌ، فَلَا شَيْءَ لَهُمْ. وَذلِكَ أَنَّ اللهَ، قَالَ فِي كِتَابِهِ: ﴿يُوصِيكُمُ اللهُ فِي أَولادِكُمْ لِلذَكَرِ مِثْلُ حَظِّ الأُنْثَيَيْنِ فَإِنْ كُنَّ نِسَاءً فَوْقَ اثْنَتَيْنِ فَلَهُنَّ ثُلُثَا مَا تَرَكَ وَإِن كَانَتْ وَاحِدَةً فَلَهَا النِّصْفُ﴾ [النساء ٤: ١١] [قَالَ مَالِكٌ]: وَالْأَطْرَفُ هُوَ الْأَبْعَدُ.

Malik said, "The inheritance of a husband from a wife when she leaves no children or grandchildren through sons is a half. If she leaves children or grandchildren through sons, male or female, by her present or previous husbands, the husband has a quarter after bequests or debts. The inheritance of a wife from a husband who does not leave children or grandchildren through sons is a quarter. If he leaves children or grandchildren through sons, male or female, the wife has an eighth after bequests and debts. That is because Allah, the Blessed, the Exalted! said in His Book, 'You have a half of what your wives leave if they have no children. If they have children, you have a fourth of what they leave after bequests and debts. They have a fourth of what you leave if you have no children. If you have children, they have an eighth after bequests or debts.' " (Sura4ayat 11).

قَالَ مَالِكٌ: وَمِيرَاثُ الرَّجُلِ مِنِ امْرَأَتِهِ. إِذَا لَمْ تَتْرُكْ وَلَدًا، وَلَا وَلَدَ ابْنٍ النِّصْفُ. فَإِنْ تَرَكَتْ وَلَدًا، أَوْ وَلَدَ ابْنٍ، ذَكَرًا كَانَ، أَوْ أُنْثَى، فَلِزَوْجِهَا الرُّبُعُ. مِنْ بَعْدِ وَصِيَّةٍ تُوصِي بِهَا، أَوْ دَيْنٍ. وَمِيرَاثُ الْمَرْأَةِ مِنْ زَوْجِهَا. إِذَا لَمْ يَتْرُكْ وَلَدًا، وَلَا وَلَدَ ابْنٍ. الرُّبُعُ. فَإِنْ تَرَكَ وَلَدًا، أَوْ وَلَدَ ابْنٍ، ذَكَرًا كَانَ، أَوْ أُنْثَى، فَلامرَأَتِهِ الثُّمُنُ. مِنْ بَعْدِ وَصِيَّةٍ يُوصِي بِهَا، أَوْ دَيْنٍ. وَذلِكَ أَنَّ اللهَ، يَقُولُ فِي كِتَابِهِ: ﴿وَلَكُمْ نِصْفُ مَا تَرَكَ أَزْواجِكُمْ إِن لَمُ يَكُنْ لَهُنَّ وَلَدٌ فَإِن كَانَ لَهُنَّ وَلَدٌ فَلَكُمُ الرُّبْعُ مِمَّا تَرَكْنَ مِن بَعدِ وَصِيَّةٍ يُوصِينَ بِهَا أَو دَينٍ وَلَهُنَّ الرُّبُعُ مِمَّا تَرَكْتُمْ إِن لَمْ يَكُن لَكُمْ وَلَدٌ فَإِن كَانَ لَكُمْ وَلَدٌ فَلَهُنَّ الثُّمُنُ مِمَّا تَرَكْتُم مِن بَعْدِ وَصِيَّةٍ تُوصُونَ بِهَا﴾ [النساء ٤: ١٢].

Malik said, "The generally agreed on way of doing things among us about which there is no dispute and what I have seen the people of knowledge in our city doing is that when a father inherits from a son or a daughter and the deceased leaves children, or grandchildren through a son, the father has a fixed share of one sixth. If the deceased does leave any children or male grandchildren through a son, the apportioning begins with those with whom the father shares in the fixed shares. They are given their fixed shares. If a sixth or more is left over, the sixth and what is above it is given to the father, and if there is less than a sixth left, the father is given his sixth as a fixed share, (i.e. the other shares are adjusted.) "The inheritance of a mother from her child, if her son or daughter dies and leaves children or male or female grandchildren through a son, or leaves two or more full or half siblings is a sixth. If the deceased does not leave any children or grandchildren through a son, or two or more siblings, the mother has a whole third except in two cases. One of them is if a man dies and leaves a wife and both parents. The wife has a fourth, the mother a third of what remains, (which is a fourth of the capital). The other is if a wife dies and leaves a husband and both parents. The husband gets half, and the mother a third of what remains, (which is a sixth of the capital). That is because Allah, the Blessed, the Exalted, says in His Book, 'His two parents each have a sixth of what he leaves if he has children. If he does not have children, and his parents inherit from him, his mother has a third. If he has siblings, the mother has a sixth.' (Sura 4 ayat 11). The sunna is that the siblings be two or more."

قَالَ يَحْيَى، قَالَ مَالِكٌ : الْأَمْرُ الْمُجْتَمَعُ عَلَيْهِ، الَّذِي لَا اخْتِلَافَ فِيهِ، وَالَّذِي أَدْرَكْتُ عَلَيْهِ أَهْلَ الْعِلْمِ، بِبَلَدِنَا: أَنَّ مِيرَاثَ الْأَبِ مِنِ ابْنِهِ، أَوِ ابْنَتِهِ، أَنَّهُ إِنْ تَرَكَ الْمُتَوَفَى وَلَدًا، أَوْ وَلَدَ ابْنٍ، فَإِنَّهُ يُفْرَضُ لِلْأَبِ السُّدُسُ، فَرِيضَةً. فَإِنْ لَمْ يَتْرُكِ الْمُتَوَفَّى وَلَدًا، وَلَا وَلَدَ ابْنٍ ذَكَرًا، فَإِنَّهُ يُبْدَأُ بِمَنْ شَرَّكَ الْأَبَ مِنْ أَهْلِ الْفَرَائِضِ. فَيُعْطَوْنَ فَرَائِضَهُمْ، فَإِنْ فَضَلَ مِنَ الْمَالِ السُّدُسُ، فَمَا فَوْقَهُ، كَانَ لِلْأَبِ. وَإِنْ لَمْ يَفْضُلْ عَنْهُمُ السُّدُسُ، فَمَا فَوْقَهُ، فُرِضَ لِلْأَبِ السُّدُسُ، فَرِيضَةً۔ وَمِيرَاثُ الْأُمِّ مِنْ وَلَدِهَا. إِذَا تُوُفِّيَ ابْنُهَا، أَوِ ابْنَتُهَا. فَتَرَكَ الْمُتَوَفَّى وَلَدًا، أَوْ وَلَدَ ابْنٍ، ذَكَرًا كَانَ، أَوْ أُنْثَى. أَوْ تَرَكَ مِنَ الْإِخْوَةِ اثْنَيْنِ، فَصَاعِدًا، ذُكُورًا كَانُوا، أَوْ إِنَاثًا، مِنْ أَبٍ، وَأُمٍّ. أَوْ مِنْ أَبٍ، أَوْ مِنْ أُمٍّ، فَالسُّدُسُ لَهَا. وَإِنْ لَمْ يَتْرُكِ الْمُتَوَفَّى وَلَدًا، وَلَا وَلَدَ ابْنٍ، وَلَا اثْنَيْنِ مِنَ الْإِخْوَةِ، فَصَاعِدًا. فَإِنَّ لِلْأُمِّ الثُّلُثَ كَامِلًا، إِلَاّ فِي فَرِيضَتَيْنِ فَقَطْ. وَإِحْدَى الْفَرِيضَتَيْنِ، أَنْ يُتَوَفَّى رَجُلٌ، وَيَتْرُكَ امْرَأَتَهُ، وَأَبَوَيْهِ. فَلِامْرَأَتِهِ الرُّبُعُ، وَلِأُمِّهِ الثُّلُثُ مِمَّا بَقِيَ، وَهُوَ الرُّبُعُ مِنْ رَأْسِ الْمَالِ. وَالْأُخْرَى، أَنْ تُتَوَفَّى امْرَأَةٌ، وَتَتْرُكَ زَوْجَهَا، وَأَبَوَيْهَا فَيَكُونُ لِزَوْجِهَا النِّصْفُ، وَلِأُمِّهَا الثُّلُثُ مِمَّا بَقِيَ، وَهُوَ السُّدُسُ مِنْ رَأْسِ الْمَالِ. وَذلِكَ أَنَّ اللهَ، يَقُولُ فِي كِتَابِهِ: ﴿وَلأَبَوَيْهِ لِكُلِّ وَاحِدٍ مِنْهُمَا السُّدُسُ مِمَّا تَرَكَ إِن كَانَ لَهُ وَلَدٌ فَإِن لَمْ يَكُنْ لَهُ وَلَدٌ وَوَرِثَهُ أَبَوَاهُ فَلأُمِّهِ الثُّلُثُ فَإِن كَانَ لَهُ إِخْوَةٌ فَلأُمِّهِ السُّدُسُ﴾ [النساء ٤: ١١]. فَمَضَتِ السُّنَّةُ أَنَّ الْإِخْوَةَ، اثْنَانِ، فَصَاعِدًا.

Malik said, "The generally agreed upon way of doing things among us is that maternal half-siblings do not inherit anything when there are children or grandchildren through sons, male or female. They do not inherit anything when there is a father or the father's father. They inherit in what is outside of that. If there is only one male or female, they are given a sixth. If there are two, each of them has a sixth. If there are more than that, they share in a third which is divided among them. The male does not have portion of two females. That is because Allah, the Blessed, the Exalted, says in His Book, 'If a man or woman has no direct heir, and he has a brother or sister, by the mother, each of them has a sixth. If there are more than two, they share equally in a third.' " (Sura 4 ayat 12).

قَالَ يَحْيَى، قَالَ مَالِكٌ: الْأَمْرُ عِنْدَنَا؛ أَنَّ الْإِخْوَةَ لِلْأُمِّ لَا يَرِثُونَ مَعَ الْوَلَدِ. وَلَا مَعَ وَلَدِ الْأَبْنَاءِ. ذُكْرَانًا كَانُوا، أَوْ إِنَاثًا، شَيْئًا. وَلَا يَرِثُونَ مَعَ الْأَبِ، وَلَا مَعَ الْجَدِّ أَبِ الْأَبِ شَيْئًا. وَأَنَّهُمْ يَرِثُونَ فِيمَا سِوَى ذلِكَ. يُفْرَضُ لِلْوَاحِدِ مِنْهُمُ السُّدُسُ. ذَكَرًا كَانَ، أَوْ أُنْثَى. فَإِنْ كَانَا اثْنَيْنِ، فَلِكُلِّ وَاحِدٍ مِنْهُمَا السُّدُسُ. فَإِنْ كَانُوا أَكْثَرَ مِنْ ذلِكَ، فَهُمْ شُرَكَاءُ فِي الثُّلُثِ. يَقْتَسِمُونَهُ بَيْنَهُمْ بِالسَّوَاءِ، لِلذَّكَرِ مِثْلُ حَظِّ الْأُنْثَى وَذلِكَ أَنَّ اللهَ، يَقُولُ فِي كِتَابِهِ: ﴿وَإِن كَانَ رَجُلٌ يُورَثُ كَلالَةً أَوِ اِمْرَأَةٌ وَلَهُ أَخٌ أَو أُخْتٌ فَلِكُلِّ وَاحِدٍ مِنْهُمَا السُّدُسُ فَإِن كَانُوا أَكْثَرَ مِن ذَلِكَ فَهُمْ شُرَكَاءُ فِي الثُّلُثِ﴾ [النساء ٤: ١٢]. فَكَانَ الذَّكَرُ، وَالْأُنْثَى، فِي هذَا، بِمَنْزِلَةٍ وَاحِدَةٍ.

Malik said, "The generally agreed on way of doing things among us is that full siblings do not inherit anything with sons nor anything with grandsons through a son, nor anything with the father. They do inherit with the daughters and the granddaughters through a son when the deceased does not leave a paternal grandfather. Any property that is left over, they are in it as paternal relations. One begins with the people who are allotted fixed shares. They are given their shares. If there is anything left over after that, it belongs to the full siblings. They divide it between themselves according to the Book of Allah, whether they are male or female. The male has a portion of two females. If there is nothing left over, they have nothing. "If the deceased does not leave a father or a paternal grandfather or children or male or female grandchildren through a son, a single full sister gets a half. If there are two or more full sisters, they get two thirds. If there is a brother with them, sisters, whether one or more, do not have a fixed share. One begins with whoever shares in the fixed shares. They are given their shares. Whatever remains after that goes to the full siblings. The male has the portion of two females except in one case, in which the full siblings have nothing. They share in this case the third of the half-siblings by the mother. That case is when a woman dies and leaves a husband, a mother, half- siblings by her mother, and full siblings. The husband has a half. The mother has one sixth. The half-siblings by the mother have a third. Nothing is left after that, so the full siblings share in this case with the half-siblings by the mother in their third. The male has the portion of two females in as much as all of them are siblings of the deceased by the mother. They inherit by the mother. That is because Allah, the Blessed, the Exalted, said in His Book, 'If a man or a woman has no direct heir and he has a brother or a sister, each one of the two gets a sixth. If there are more than that, they share equally in the third. ' (Sura 4 ayat 12) . They therefore share in this case because all of them are siblings of the deceased by the mother."

قَالَ يَحْيَى، قَالَ مَالِكٌ: الْأَمْرُ عِنْدَنَا؛ أَنَّ الْإِخْوَةَ لِلْأَبِ، وَالْأُمِّ لَا يَرِثُونَ مَعَ الْوَلَدِ الذُّكُورِ شَيْئًا، وَلَا مَعَ وَلَدِ الِابْنِ الذَّكَرِ، وَلَا مَعَ الْأَبِ دِنْيًا شَيْئًا. وَهُمْ يَرِثُونَ مَعَ الْبَنَاتِ، وَبَنَاتِ الْأَبْنَاءِ، مَا لَمْ يَتْرُكِ الْمُتَوَفَّى جَدًّا، أَبَا أَبٍ، مَا فَضَلَ مِنَ الْمَالِ، يَكُونُونَ عَصَبَةً، يُبْدَأُ بِمَنْ كَانَ لَهُ أَصْلُ فَرِيضَةٍ مُسَمَّاةٍ، فَيُعْطَوْنَ فَرَائِضَهُمْ، فَإِنْ فَضَلَ بَعْدَ ذلِكَ فَضْلٌ، كَانَ لِلْإِخْوَةِ لِلْأَبِ، وَالْأُمِّ، يَقْتَسِمُونَهُ بَيْنَهُمْ، عَلَى كِتَابِ اللهِ. ذُكْرَانًا كَانُوا، أَوْ إِنَاثًا، لِلذَّكَرِ مِثْلُ حَظِّ الْأُنْثَيَيْنِ، فَإِنْ لَمْ يَفْضُلْ شَيْءٌ، فَلَا شَيْءَ لَهُمْ. [قَالَ]: وَإِنْ لَمْ يَتْرُكِ الْمُتَوَفَّى أَبًا، وَلَا جَدًّا أَبَا أَبٍ، وَلَا وَلَدًا، وَلَا وَلَدَ ابْنٍ، ذَكَرًا كَانَ أَوْ أُنْثَى. فَإِنَّهُ يُفْرَضُ لِلْأُخْتِ الْوَاحِدَةِ لِلْأَبِ وَالْأُمِّ، النِّصْفُ، فَإِنْ كَانَتَا اثْنَتَيْنِ، فَمَا فَوْقَ ذلِكَ مِنَ الْأَخَوَاتِ لِلْأَبِ، وَالْأُمِّ؛ فُرِضَ لَهُنَّ الثُّلُثَانِ، فَإِنْ كَانَ مَعَهُنَّ أَخٌ ذَكَرٌ، فَلَا فَرِيضَةَ لِأَحَدٍ مِنَ الْأَخَوَاتِ. وَاحِدَةً كَانَتْ أَوْ أَكْثَرَ مِنْ ذلِكَ، وَيُبْدَأُ بِمَنْ شَرِكَهُمْ بِفَرِيضَةٍ مُسَمَّاةٍ. فَيُعْطَوْنَ فَرَائِضَهُمْ، فَمَا فَضَلَ بَعْدَ ذلِكَ مِنْ شَيْءٍ، كَانَ بَيْنَ الْإِخْوَةِ لِلْأَبِ وَالْأُمِّ، لِلذَّكَرِ مِثْلُ حَظِّ الْأُنْثَيَيْنِ، إِلَاّ فِي فَرِيضَةٍ وَاحِدَةٍ فَقَطْ. لَمْ يَكُنْ لَهُمْ فِيهَا شَيْءٌ، فَأُشْرِكُوا مَعَ بَنِي الْأُمِّ. وَتِلْكَ الْفَرِيضَةُ: امْرَأَةً تُوُفِّيَتْ، وَتَرَكَتْ زَوْجَهَا، وَأُمَّهَا، وَأَخَوَاتَهَا لِأُمِّهَا، وَإِخْوَتَهَا لِأَبِيهَا وَأُمِّهَا. فَكَانَ لِزَوْجِهَا النِّصْفُ. وَلِأُمِّهَا السُّدُسُ، وَلِإِخْوَتِهَا لِأُمِّهَا الثُّلُثُ. فَلَمْ يَفْضُلْ شَيْءٌ بَعْدَ ذلِكَ، فَيَشْتَرِكُ بَنُو الْأَبِ وَالْأُمِّ فِي هذِهِ الْفَرِيضَةِ، مَعَ بَنِي الْأُمِّ فِي ثُلُثِهِمْ. فَيَكُونُ لِلذَّكَرِ مِثْلُ حَظِّ الْأُنْثَى، مِنْ أَجْلِ أَنَّهُمْ كُلَّهُمْ إِخْوَةُ الْمُتَوَفَّى لِأُمِّهِ. وَإِنَّمَا وَرِثُوا بِالْأُمِّ. وَذلِكَ أَنَّ اللهَ قَالَ: ﴿وَإِن كَانَ رَجُلٌ يُورَثُ كَلالَةً أَوِ اِمْرَأَةٌ وَلَهُ أَخٌ أَو أُخْتٌ فَلِكُلِّ وَاحِدٍ مِنْهُمَا السُّدُسُ فَإِن كَانُوا أَكْثَرَ مِن ذَلِكَ فَهُمْ شُرَكَاءُ فِي الثُّلُثِ﴾ [النساء ٤: ١٢]. فَلِذلِكَ شُرِّكُوا فِي هذِهِ الْفَرِيضَةِ، لِأَنَّهُمْ كُلَّهُمْ إِخْوَةُ الْمُتَوَفَّى لِأُمِّهِ.

Malik said, "The generally agreed on way of doing things among us, in which there is no dispute, and which I saw the people of knowledge in our city doing, about paternal relations is that full brothers are more entitled to inherit than half-brothers by the father and half-brothers by the father are more entitled to inherit than the children of the full brothers. The sons of the full brothers are more entitled to inherit than the sons of the half-brothers by the father. The sons of the half-brothers by the father are more entitled to inherit than the sons of the sons of the full brothers. The sons of the sons of the half-brothers by the father's side are more entitled to inherit than the paternal uncle, the full brother of the father. The paternal uncle, the full brother of the father, is more entitled to inherit than the paternal uncle, the half-brotherof the father on the father's side. The paternal uncle, the half-brother of the father on the father's side is more entitled to inherit than the sons of the paternal uncle, the full brother of the father. The son of the paternal uncle on the father's side is more entitled to inherit than the paternal great uncle, the full brother of the paternal grandfather." Malik said, "Everything about which you are questioned concerning the inheritance of the paternal relations is like this. Trace the genealogy of the deceased and whoever among the paternal relations contends for inheritance. If you find that one of them reaches the deceased by a father and none of them except him reaches him by a father, then make his inheritance to the one who reaches him by the nearest father, rather than the one who reaches him by what is above that. If you find that they all reach him by the same father who joins them, then see who is the nearest of kin. If there is only one half-brother by the father, give him the inheritance rather than more distant paternal relations. If there is a full brother and you find them equally related from a number of fathers or to one particular father so that they all reach the genealogy of the deceased and they are all half-brothers by the father or full brothers, then divide the inheritance equally among them. If the parent of one of them is an uncle (the full-brother of the father of the deceased) and whoever is with him is an uncle (the paternal half brother of the father of the deceased), the inheritance goes to the sons of the full brother of the father rather than the sons of the paternal half- brother of the father. That is because Allah, the Blessed, the Exalted, said, 'Those related by blood are nearer to one another in the Book of Allah, surely Allah has knowledge of everything.' " Malik said, "The paternal grandfather, is more entitled to inherit than sons of the full-brother, and more entitled than the uncle, the full brother of the father. The son of the father's brother is more entitled to inherit from mawali retainers (freed slaves) than the grandfathers."

قَالَ يَحْيَى، قَالَ مَالِكٌ: الْأَمْرُ الْمُجْتَمَعُ عَلَيْهِ، الَّذِي لَا اخْتِلَافَ فِيهِ، وَالَّذِي أَدْرَكْتُ عَلَيْهِ أَهْلَ الْعِلْمِ، بِبَلَدِنَا: أَنَّ ابْنَ الْأَخِ لِلْأُمِّ، وَالْجَدَّ أَبَا الْأُمِّ، وَالْعَمَّ أَخَا الْأَبِ لِلْأُمِّ، وَالْخَالَ، وَالْجَدَّةَ أُمَّ أَبِي الْأُمِّ، وَابْنَةَ الْأَخِ لِلْأَبِ وَالْأُمِّ، وَالْعَمَّةَ، وَالْخَالَةَ؛ لَا يَرِثُونَ بِأَرْحَامِهِمْ شَيْئًا. قَالَ: وَإِنَّهُ لَا تَرِثُ امْرَأَةٌ، هِيَ أَبْعَدُ نَسَبًا مِنَ الْمُتَوَفَّى، مِمَّنْ سُمِّيَ فِي هذَا الْكِتَابِ بِرَحِمِهَا شَيْئًا. وَإِنَّهُ لَا يَرِثُ أَحَدٌ مِنَ النِّسَاءِ، شَيْئًا، إِلَاّ حَيْثُ سُمِّينَ. وَذَكَرَ اللهُ فِي كِتَابِهِ مِيرَاثَ الْأُمِّ مِنْ وَلَدِهَا، وَمِيرَاثَ الْبَنَاتِ مِنْ أَبِيهِنَّ، وَمِيرَاثَ الزَّوْجَةِ مِنْ زَوْجِهَا، وَمِيرَاثَ الْأَخَوَاتِ لِلْأَبِ، وَمِيرَاثَ الْأَخَوَاتِ لِلْأُمِّ. وَوَرِثَتِ الْجَدَّةُ بِالَّذِي جَاءَ عَنِ النَّبِيِّ. وَالْمَرْأَةُ تَرِثُ مَنْ أَعْتَقَتْ، هِيَ نَفْسُهَا؛ لِأَنَّ اللهَ، قَالَ فِي كِتَابِهِ: ﴿فَإِخْوانِكُمْ فِي الدِّينِ وَمَوَالِيكُمْ﴾ [الأحزاب ٣٣: ٥].

Malik said, "The generally agreed on way of doing things among us in which there is no dispute and which I saw the people of knowledge in our citydoing, is that the child of the half-sibling by the mother, the paternal grandfather, the paternal uncle who is the maternal half- brother of the father, the maternal uncle, the great-grandmother who is the mother of the mother's father, the daughter of the full- brother, the paternal aunt, and the maternal aunt do not inherit anything by their kinship." Malik said, "The woman who is the furthest relation of the deceased of those who were named in this book, does not inherit anything by her kinship, and women do not inherit anything apart from those that are named in the Qur'an. Allah, the Blessed, the Exalted, mentioned in His Book the inheritance ofthe mother from her children, the inheritance of the daughters from their father, the inheritance of the wife from her husband, the inheritance of the full sisters, the inheritance of the half-sisters by the father and the inheritance of the half-sisters by the mother. The grandmother is made an heir by the example of the Prophet ﷺ made about her. A woman inherits from a slave she frees herself because Allah, the Blessed, the Exalted, said in His Book, 'They are your brothers in the deen and your mawali.' "

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Malik said that a man who had committed fornication with a woman and the hadd-punishment had been applied to him for it, could marry that woman's daughter and his son could marry the woman herself if he wished. That was because he had haram relations with her, and the relations Allah had made haram were from the relations made in a halal manner or in a manner resembling marriage. Allah, the Blessed, the Exalted, said, "Do not marry the women your fathers have married. " (Sura 4 ayat 21) Malik said, "If a man were to marry a woman in her idda-period in a halal marriage and have relations with her, it would be haram for his son to marry the woman. That is because the father married her in a halal manner, and the hadd-punishment would not have been applied to him. Any child who was born to him would be attached to him as the father. Just as it would be haram for the son to marry a woman whom his father had married in her idda-period and had relations with, so the woman's daughter would be haram for the father if he had had sexual relations with her."

قَالَ مَالِكٌ؛ فِي الرَّجُلِ يَزْنِي بِالْمَرْأَةِ، فَيُقَامُ عَلَيْهِ الْحَدُّ فِيهَا: إِنَّهُ يَنْكِحُ ابْنَتَهَا، وَيَنْكِحُهَا ابْنُهُ، إِنْ شَاءَ. وَذلِكَ أَنَّهُ أَصَابَهَا حَرَامًا. وَإِنَّمَا الَّذِي حَرَّمَ اللهُ مَا أُصِيبَ بِالْحَلَالِ، عَلَى وَجْهِ الشُّبْهَةِ بِالنِّكَاحِ. قَالَ مَالِكٌ: قَالَ اللهُ :﴿وَلا تَنكِحُوا مَا نَكَحَ آبَاؤُكُم، مِنَ النِّسِاءِ﴾ [النساء ٤: ٢٢] قَالَ مَالِكٌ: فَلَوْ أَنَّ رَجُلًا نَكَحَ امْرَأَةً فِي عِدَّتِهَا نِكَاحًا حَلَالًا، فَأَصَابَهَا؛ حَرُمَتْ عَلَى ابْنِهِ أَنْ يَتَزَوَّجَهَا. وَذلِكَ أَنَّ أَبَاهُ نَكَحَهَا عَلَى وَجْهِ الْحَلَالِ. لَا يُقَامُ عَلَيْهِ فِيهِ الْحَدُّ، وَيُلْحَقُ بِهِ الْوَلَدُ، الَّذِي يُولَدُ فِيهِ، بِأَبِيهِ. وَكَمَا حَرُمَتْ عَلَى ابْنِهِ أَنْ يَتَزَوَّجَهَا، وَذلِكَ أَنَّ أَبَاهُ أَنْكَحَهَا عَلَى وَجْهِ الْحَلَالِ، لَا يُقَامُ عَلَيْهِ فِيهِ الْحَدُّ، وَيُلْحَقُ بِهِ الْوَلَدُ الَّذِي يُولَدُ فِيهِ بِأَبِيهِ، وَكَمَا حَرُمَتْ عَلَى ابْنِهِ أَنْ يَتَزَوَّجَهَا حِينَ تَزَوَّجَهَا أَبُوهُ فِي عِدَّتِهَا، وَأَصَابَهَا. فَكَذلِكَ تَحْرُمُ عَلَى الْأَبِ ابْنَتُهَا، إِذَا هُوَ أَصَابَ أُمَّهَا.

Malik said, "In my opinion, and Allah knows best, nothing is taken from what comes out of mines until what comes out of them reaches a value of twenty gold dinars or two hundred silver dirhams. When it reaches that amount there is zakat to pay on it where it is on the spot. Zakat is levied on anything over that, according to how much of it there is as long as there continues to be a supply from the mine. If the vein runs out, and then after a while more becomes obtainable, the new supply is dealt with in the same way as the first, and payment of zakat on it is begun on it as it was begun on the first.

Malik said, "Mines are dealt with like crops, and the same procedure is applied to both. Zakat is deducted from what comes out of a mine on the day it comes out, without waiting for a year, just as a tenth is taken from a crop at the time it is harvested, without waiting for a year to elapse over it."

قالَ مالِكٌ: أُرى، - واللهُ أعْلَمُ - أنْ لاَ يُؤْخَذُ مِنَ المَعادِنِ مِمّا يَخْرُجُ مِنها شَيْءٌ، حَتّى يَبْلُغَ ما يَخْرُجُ مِنها قَدْرَ عِشْرِينَ دِينارًا عَيْنًا، أوْ مِائَتَيْ دِرْهَمٍ. فَإذا بَلَغَ ذلِكَ، فَفِيهِ الزَّكاةُ مَكانَهُ. وما زادَ عَلى ذلِكَ، أُخِذَ مِنهُ بِحِسابِ ذلِكَ، ما دامَ فِي المَعْدِنِ نَيْلٌ. فَإنِ انْقَطَعَ عِرْقُهُ، ثُمَّ جاءَ بَعْدَ ذلِكَ نَيْلٌ، فَهُوَ مِثْلُ الأوَّلِ تَبْتَدِأُ فِيهِ الزَّكاةُ. كَما ابْتُدِئَتْ فِي الأوَّلِ.

قالَ، قالَ مالِكٌ: والمَعْدِنُ بِمَنزِلَةِ الزَّرْعِ. يُؤْخَذُ مِنهُ مِثْلُ ما يُؤْحَذُ مِنَ الزَّرْعِ يُؤْخَذُ مِنهُ إذا خَرَجَ مِنَ المَعْدِنِ مِن يَوْمِهِ ذلِكَ. ولاَ يُنْتَظَرُ بِهِ الحَوْلُ. كَما يُؤْخَذُ مِنَ الزَّرْعِ، إذا حُصِدَ، العُشْرُ. ولاَ يُنْتَظَرُ أنْ يَحُولَ عَلَيْهِ الحَوْلُ.

Malik said, "The position which we are agreed upon, and which I have heard the people of knowledge mentioning, is that rikaz refers to treasure which has been found which was buried during the jahiliyya, as long as neither capital is required, nor expense, great labour or inconvenience incurred in recovering it. If capital is required or great labour is incurred, or on one occasion the mark is hit and on another it is missed, then it is not rikaz."

قالَ، قالَ مالِكٌ: الأمْرُ الَّذِي لاَ اخْتِلاَفَ فِيهِ عِنْدَنا. والَّذِي سَمِعْتُ مِن أهْلِ العِلْمِ يَقُولُونَ: إنَّ الرِّكازَ إنَّما هُوَ دَفْنٌ يُوجَدُ مِن دَفْنِ الجاهِلِيَّةِ. ما لَمْ يُطْلَبْ بِمالٍ، ولَمْ تُتَكَلَّفْ فِيهِ نَفَقَةٌ، ولاَ كَبِيرُ عَمَلٍ، ولاَ مَؤُونَةٌ. فَأمّا ما طُلِبَ بِمالٍ، وتُكُلِّفَ فِيهِ كَبِيرُ عَمَلٍ، فَأُصِيبَ مَرَّةً، وأُخْطِىءَ مَرَّةً، فَلَيْسَ بِرِكازٍ.

Yahya related to me that Malik said, "I consider that if a man dies and he has not paid zakat on his property, then zakat is taken from the third of his property (from which he can make bequests), and the third is not exceeded and the zakat is given priority over bequests. In my opinion it is the same as if he had a debt, which is why I think it should be given priority over bequests." Malik continued, "This applies if the deceased has asked for the zakat to be deducted. If the deceased has not asked for it to be deducted but his family do so then that is good, but it is not binding upon them if they do not do it."

Malik continued, "The sunna which we are all agreed upon is that zakat is not due from someone who inherits a debt (i.e. wealth that was owed to the deceased), or goods, or a house, or a male or female slave, until a year has elapsed over the price realised from whatever he sells (i.e. slaves or a house, which are not zakatable) or over the wealth he inherits, from the day he sold the things, or took possession of them." Malik said, "The sunna with us is that zakat does not have to be paid on wealth that is inherited until a year has elapsed over it."

مالِكٌ؛ أنَّهُ قالَ: إنَّ الرَّجُلَ إذا هَلَكَ، ولَمْ يُؤْدِّ زَكاةَ مالِهِ، إنِّي أرى أنْ يُؤْخَذَ ذلِكَ مِن ثُلُثِ مالِهِ. ولاَ يُجاوَزُ بِها الثُّلُثُ. وتُبَدَّأ عَلى الوَصايا. وأراها بِمَنزِلَةِ الدَّيْنِ عَلَيْهِ. فَلِذلِكَ رَأيْتُ أنْ تُبَدَّأ عَلى الوَصايا قالَ: وذلِكَ إذا أوْصى بِها المَيِّتُ. قالَ: فَإنْ لَمْ يُوصِ بِذلِكَ المَيِّتُ فَفَعَلَ ذلِكَ أهْلُهُ. فَذلِكَ حَسَنٌ. وإنْ لَمْ يَفْعَلْ ذلِكَ أهْلُهُ. لَمْ يَلْزَمْهُمْ ذلِكَ.

قالَ، قالَ مالِكٌ: السَّنْةُ عِنْدَنا الَّتِي لاَ اخْتِلاَفَ فِيها، أنَّهُ لاَ تَجِبُ عَلى وارِثٍ زَكاةٌ، فِي مالٍ ورِثَهُ فِي دَيْنٍ، ولاَ عَرْضٍ، ولاَ دارٍ، ولاَ عَبْدٍ، ولاَ ولِيدَةٍ، حَتّى يَحُولَ عَلى ثَمَنِ ما باعَ مِن ذلِكَ، أوِ اقْتَضى، الحَوْلُ، مِن يَوْمَ ما باعَهُ وقَبَضَهُ. قالَ، قالَ مالِكٌ: السُّنْةُ عِنْدَنا أنَّهُ لاَ تَجِبُ عَلى وارِثٍ، فِي مالٍ ورِثَهُ، الزَّكاةُ. حَتّى يَحُولَ عَلَيْهِ الحَوْلُ.

Yahya said that Malik said, concerning two associates, "If they share one herdsman, one male animal, one pasture and one watering place then the two men are associates, as long as each one of them knows his own property from that of his companion If someone cannot tell his property apart from that of his fellow, he is not an associate, but rather, a co-owner " Malik said, "It is not obligatory for both associates to pay zakat unless both of them have a zakatable amount (of livestock). If, for instance, one of the associates has forty or more sheep and goats and the other has less than forty sheep and goats, then the one who has forty has to pay zakat and the one who has less does not. If both of them have a zakatable amount (of livestock) then both of them are assessed together (i.e the flock is assessed as one) and both of them have to pay zakat. If one of them has a thousand sheep, or less, that he has to pay zakat on, and the other has forty, or more, then they are associates, and each one pays his contribution according to the number of animals he has - so much from the one with a thousand, and so much from the one with forty. Malik said, "Two associates in camels are the same as two associates in sheep and goats, and, for the purposes of zakat, are assessed together if each one of them has a zakatable amount (of camels). That is because the Messenger of Allah ﷺ said, 'There is no zakat on less than five head of camels,' and Umar ibn al-Khattab said, 'On grazing sheep and goats, if they come to forty or more - one ewe.' " Yahya said that Malik said, "This is what I like most out of what I have heard about the matter." Malik said that when Umar ibn al-Khattab said, "Those separated should not be gathered together nor should those gathered together be separated in order to avoid paying zakat," what he meant was the owners of livestock. Malik said, "What he meant when he said, 'Those separated should not be gathered together' is, for instance, that there is a group of three men, each of whom has forty sheep and goats, and each of whom thus has to pay zakat. Then, when the zakat collector is on his way ,they gather their flocks together so that they only owe one ewe between them. This they are forbidden to do. What he meant when he said, 'nor should those gathered together be separated,' is, for instance, that there are two associates, each one of whom has a hundred and one sheep and goats, and each of whom must therefore pay three ewes. Then, when the zakat collector is on his way, they split up their flocks so that they only have to pay one ewe each. This they are forbidden to do. And so it is said, 'Those separated should not be gathered together nor should those gathered together be separated in order to avoid paying zakat.' " Malik said, "This is what I have heard about the matter."

قالَ يَحْيى: قالَ مالِكٌ: فِي الخَلِيطَيْنِ إذا كانَ الرّاعِي واحِدًا، والفَحْلُ واحِدًا، والمُراحُ واحِدًا، والدَّلْوُ واحِدًا: فالرَّجُلاَنِ خَلِيطانِ. وإنْ عَرَفَ كُلُّ واحِدٍ مِنهُما مالَهُ مِن مالِ صاحِبِهِ قالَ: والَّذِي لاَ يَعْرِفُ مالَهُ مِن مالِ صاحِبِهِ لَيْسَ بِخَلِيطٍ. إنَّما هُوَ شَرِيكٌ. قالَ مالِكٌ: ولاَ تَجِبُ الصَّدَقَةُ عَلى الخَلِيطَيْنِ حَتّى يَكُونَ لِكُلِّ واحِدٍ مِنهُما ما تَجِبُ فِيهِ الصَّدَقَةُ. قالَ مالِكٌ: وتَفْسِيرُ ذلِكَ؛ إذا كانَ لِأحَدِ الخَلِيطَيْنِ أرْبَعُونَ شاةً فَصاعِدًا، ولِلْآخَرِ أقَلُّ مِن أرْبَعِينَ شاةً، كانَتِ الصَّدَقَةُ عَلى الَّذِي لَهُ أرْبَعُونَ شاةً. ولَمْ تَكُنْ عَلى الَّذِي لَهُ أقَلُّ مِن ذلِكَ، صَدَقَةٌ. قالَ يَحْيى، قالَ مالِكٌ: فَإنْ كانَ لِكُلِّ واحِدٍ مِنهُما ما تَجِبُ فِيهِ الصَّدَقَةُ جُمِعا فِي الصَّدَقَةِ. ووَجَبَتِ الصَّدَقَةُ عَلَيْهِما جَمِيعًا. فَإنْ كانَتْ لِأحَدِهِما ألْفُ شاةٍ، أوْ أقَلُّ مِن ذلِكَ، مِمّا تَجِبُ فِيهِ الصَّدَقَةُ. ولِلْآخَرِ أرْبَعُونَ شاةً أوْ أكْثَرُ، فَهُما خَلِيطانِ. يَتَرادّانِ الفَضْلَ بَيْنَهُما بِالسَّوِيَّةِ. عَلى قَدْرِ عَدَدِ أمْوالِهِما، عَلى الألْفِ بِحِصَّتِها. وعَلى الأرْبَعِينَ بِحِصَّتِها. قالَ، وقالَ مالِكٌ: الخَلِيطانِ فِي الإبِلِ بِمَنزِلَةِ الخَلِيطَيْنِ فِي الغَنَمِ. يُجْمَعانِ فِي الصَّدَقَةِ جَمِيعًا، إذا كانَ لِكُلِّ واحِدٍ مِنهُما ما تَجِبُ فِيهِ الصَّدَقَةُ. وذلِكَ أنَّ رَسُولَ اللهِ ﷺ قالَ: «لَيْسَ فِيما دُونَ خَمْسِ ذَوْدٍ مِنَ الإبِلِ صَدَقَةٌ». وقالَ عُمَرُ بْنُ الخَطّابِ: وفِي سائِمَةِ الغَنَمِ إذا بَلَغَتْ أرْبَعِينَ شاةٌ.قالَ يَحْيى: قالَ مالِكٌ: وهذا أحَبُّ ما سَمِعْتُ إلَيَّ فِي هذا. وقالَ عُمَرُ بْنُ الخَطّابِ: لاَ يُجْمَعُ بَيْنَ مُتَفَرِّقٍ، ولاَ يُفَرَّقُ بَيْنَ مُجْتَمِعٍ خَشْيَةَ الصَّدَقَةِ. أنَّهُ إنَّما يَعْنِي بِذلِكَ أصْحابَ المَواشِي. قالَ، قالَ مالِكٌ: وتَفْسِيرُ لاَ يُجْمَعُ بَيْنَ مُتَفَرِّقٍ أنَّهُ يَكُونَ النَّفَرُ الثَّلاَثَةُ الَّذِينَ يَكُونُ لِكُلِّ واحِدٍ مِنهُمْ أرْبَعُونَ شاةً، وقَدْ وجَبَتْ عَلى كُلِّ واحِدٍ مِنهُمْ فِي غَنَمِهِ الصَّدَقَةُ. فَإذا أظَلَّهُمُ المُصَدِّقُ جَمَعُوها، لِئَلاَّ يَكُونَ عَلَيْهِمْ فِيها إلاَّ شاةٌ واحِدَةٌ. فَنُهُوا عَنْ ذلِكَ. وتَفْسِيرُ قَوْلِهِ: «ولاَ يُفَرَّقُ بَيْنَ مُجْتَمِعٍ» أنَّ الخَلِيطَيْنِ يَكُونُ لِكُلِّ واحِدٍ مِنهُما مائَةُ شاةٍ وشاةٌ، فَيَكُونُ عَلَيْهِما فِيها ثَلاَثُ شِياهٍ. فَإذا أظَلَّهُما المُصَدِّقُ، فَرَّقا غَنَمَهُما. فَلَمْ يَكُنْ عَلى كُلِّ واحِدٍ مِنهُما إلاَّ شاةٌ واحِدَةٌ. فَنُهِيَ عَنْ ذلِكَ. فَقِيلَ: لاَ يُجْمَعُ بَيْنَ مُتَفَرِّقٍ، ولاَ يُفَرَّقُ بَيْنَ مُجْتَمِعٍ. خَشْيَةَ الصَّدَقَةِ. قالَ: فَهذا الَّذِي سَمِعْتُ فِي ذلِكَ.

Yahya said that Malik said, "The position with us concerning a man who has zakat to pay on one hundred camels but then the zakat collector does not come to him until zakat is due for a second timeand by that time all his camels have died except five, is that the zakat collector assesses from the five camels the two amounts of zakat that are due from the owner of the animals, which in this case is only two sheep, one for each year. This is because the only zakat which an owner of livestock has to pay is what is due from him on the day that the zakat is (actually) assessed. His livestock may have died or it may have increased, and the zakat collector only assesses the zakat on what he (actually) finds on the day he makes the assessment. If more than one payment of zakat is due from the owner of the livestock, he still only has to pay zakat according to what the zakat collector (actually) finds in his possession, and if his livestock has died, or several payments of zakat are due from him and nothing is taken until all his livestock has died, or has been reduced to an amount below that on which he has to pay zakat, then he does not have to pay any zakat, and there is no liability (on him) for what has died or for the years that have passed.

قالَ يَحْيى، قالَ مالِكٌ: الأمْرُ عِنْدَنا فِي الرَّجُلِ تَجِبُ عَلَيْهِ الصَّدَقَةُ. وإبِلُهُ مِائَةُ بَعِيرٍ. فَلاَ يَأْتِيهِ السّاعِي حَتّى تَجِبَ عَلَيْهِ صَدَقَةٌ أُخْرى. فَيَأْتِيهِ المُصَدِّقُ وقَدْ هَلَكَتْ إبِلُهُ إلاَّ خَمْسَ ذَوْدٍ قالَ مالِكٌ: يَأْخُذُ المُصَدِّقُ مِنَ الخَمْسِ ذَوْدٍ، الصَّدَقَتَيْنِ اللَّتَيْنِ وجَبَتا عَلى رَبِّ المالِ. شاتَيْنِ: فِي كُلِّ عامٍ شاةٌ. لِأنَّ الصَّدَقَةَ إنَّما تَجِبُ عَلى رَبِّ المالِ يَوْمَ يُصَدِّقُ مالَهُ. فَإنْ هَلَكَتْ ماشِيَتُهُ أوْ نَمَتْ، فَإنَّما يُصَدِّقُ المُصَدِّقُ ما يَجِدُ يَوْمَ يُصَدِّقُ. وإنْ تَظاهَرَتْ عَلى رَبِّ المالِ صَدَقاتٌ غَيْرُ واحِدَةٍ، فَلَيْسَ عَلَيْهِ أنْ يُصَدِّقَ إلاَّ ما وجَدَ المُصَدِّقُ عِنْدَهُ. فَإنْ هَلَكَتْ ماشِيَتُهُ أوْ وجَبَتْ عَلَيْهِ فِيها صَدَقاتٌ، فَلَمْ يُؤْخَذْ مِنهُ شَيْءٌ مِنها حَتّى هَلَكَتْ ماشِيَتُهُ كُلُّها، أوْ صارَتْ إلى ما لاَ تَجِبُ فِيهِ الصَّدَقَةُ، فَإنَّهُ لاَ صَدَقَةَ عَلَيْهِ ولاَ ضَمانَ فِيما هَلَكَ. أوْ مَضى مِنَ مالِهِ.

Malik said, "If a man has four awsuq of dates he has harvested, four awsuq of grapes he has picked, or four awsuq of wheat he has reaped or four awsuq of pulses he has harvested, the different categories are not added together, and he does not have to pay zakat on any of the categ ries - the dates, the grapes, the wheat or the pulses - until any one of them comes to five awsuq using the sa of the Prophet ﷺ as the Messenger of Allah ﷺ said, 'There is no zakat (to pay) on anything less than five awsuq of dates. 'lf any of the categories comes to five awsuq, then zakat must be paid. If none of the categories comes to five awsuq, then there is no zakat to pay. The explanation of this is that when a man harvests five awsuq of dates (from his palms), he adds them all together and deducts the zakat from them even if they are all of different kinds and varieties. It is the same with different kinds of cereal, such as brown wheat, white wheat, barley and sult, which are all considered as one category. If a man reaps five awsuq of any of these, he adds it all together and pays zakat on it. If it does not come to that amount he does not have to pay any zakat. It is the same (also) with grapes, whether they be black or red. If a man picks five awsuq of them he has to pay zakat on them, but if they do not come to that amount he does not have to pay any zakat. Pulses also are considered as one category, like cereals, dates and grapes, even if they are of different varieties and are called by different names. Pulses include chick- peas, lentils, beans, peas, and anything which is agreed by everybody to be a pulse. If a man harvests five awsuq of pulses, measuring by the aforementioned sa, the sa of the Prophet ﷺ he collects them all together and must pay zakat on them, even if they are of every kind of pulse and not just one kind." Malik said, ''Umar ibn al-Khattab drew a distinction between pulses and wheat when he took zakat from the Nabatean christians. He considered all pulses to be one category and took a tenth from them, and from cereals and raisins he took a twentieth." Malik said, "If some one asks, 'How can pulses be added up all together when assessing the zakat so that there is just one payment, when a man can barter two of one kind for one of another, while cereals can not be bartered at a rate of two to one?', then tell him, 'Gold and silver are collected together when assessing the zakat, even though an amount of gold dinars can be exchanged for many times tha tamount of silver dirhams.' " Malik said, regarding date palms which are shared equally between two men, and from which eight awsuq of dates are harvested, "They do not have to pay any zakat on them. If one man owns five awsuq of what is harvested from one piece of land, and the other owns four awsuq or less, the one who owns the five awsuq has to pay zakat, and the other one, who harvested four awsuq or less, does not have to pay zakat. This is how things are done whenever there are associates in any crop, whether the crop is grain or seeds that are reaped, or dates that are harvested, or grapes that are picked . Any one of them that harvests five awsuq of dates, or picks five awsuq of grapes, or reaps five awsuq of wheat, has to pay zakat, and whoever's portion is less than five awsuq does not have to pay zakat. Zakat only has to be paid by someone whose harvesting or picking or reaping comes to five awsuq." Malik said, "The sunna with us regarding anything from any of these categories, i.e. wheat, dates, grapes and any kind of grain o rseed, which has had the zakat deducted from it and is then stored by its owner for a number of years after he has paid the zakat on it until he sell sit, is that he does not have to pay any zakat on the price he sells it for until a year has elapsed over it from the day he made the sale, as long as he got it through (chance) acquisition or some other means and it was not intended for trading. Cereals, seeds and trade-goods are the same, in that if a man acquires some and keeps them for a number of years and then sells them for gold or silver, he does not have to pay zakat on their price until a year has elapsed over it from the day of sale. If, however, the goods were intended for trade then the owner must pay zakat on them when he sells them, as long as he has had them for a year from the day when he paid zakat on the property with which he bought them."

مالِكٌ: إنَّ الرَّجُلَ إذا كانَ لَهُ ما يَجُدُّ مِنهُ أرْبَعَةَ أوْسُقٍ مِنَ التَّمْرِ، أوْ ما يَقْطُفُ مِنهُ أرْبَعَةَ أوْسُقٍ مِنَ الزَّبِيبِ، وما يَحْصُدُ مِنهُ أرْبَعَةَ أوْسُقٍ مِنَ الحِنْطَةِ، وما يَحْصُدُ مِنهُ أرْبَعَةَ أوْسُقٍ مِنَ القِطْنِيَّةِ؛ إنَّهُ لاَ يُجْمَعُ عَلَيْهِ بَعْضُ ذلِكَ إلى بَعْضٍ. وإنَّهُ لَيْسَ عَلَيْهِ فِي شَيْءٍ مِن ذلِكَ زَكاةٌ. حَتّى يَكُونَ فِي الصِّنْفِ الواحِدِ مِنَ التَّمْرِ، أوْ فِي الزَّبِيبِ، أوْفِي الحِنْطَةِ، أوْ فِي القِطْنِيَّةِ، ما يَبْلُغُ الصِّنْفُ الواحِدُ مِنهُ خَمْسَةَ أوْسُقٍ، بِصاعِ النَّبِيِّ ﷺ. كَما قالَ رَسُولُ اللهِ ﷺ: «لَيْسَ فِيما دُونَ خَمْسَةِ أوْسُقٍ مِنَ التَّمْرِ صَدَقَةٌ». وقالَ: وإنْ كانَ فِي الصِّنْفِ الواحِدِ مِن تِلْكَ الأصْنافِ ما يَبْلُغُ خَمْسَةَ أوْسُقٍ، فَفِيهِ الزَّكاةُ. فَإنْ لَمْ يَبْلُغْ خَمْسَةَ أوْسُقٍ فَلاَ زَكاةَ فِيهِ. قالَ مالِكٌ: وتَفْسِيرُ ذلِكَ أنْ يَجُدَّ الرَّجُلُ مِنَ التَّمْرِ خَمْسَةَ أوْسُقٍ. وإنِ اخْتَلَفَتْ أسْماؤُهُ وألْوانُهُ، فَإنَّهُ يُجْمَعُ بَعْضُهُ إلى بَعْضٍ، ثُمَّ يُؤْخَذُ مِن ذلِكَ الزَّكاةُ. وإنْ لَمْ يَبْلُغْها، فَلاَ زَكاةَ فِيهِ.قال، قالَ مالِكٌ: وكَذلِكَ الحِنْطَةُ كُلُّها. السَّمْراءُ والبَيْضاءُ والشَّعِيرُ والسُّلْتُ، ذلِكَ كُلُّهُ صِنْفٌ واحِدٌ. فَإذا حَصَدَ الرَّجُلُ مِن ذلِكَ كُلِّهِ خَمْسَةَ أوْسُقٍ، جُمِعَ عَلَيْهِ بَعْضُ ذلِكَ إلى بَعْضٍ، ووَجَبَتْ فِيهِ الزَّكاةُ. فَإنْ لَمْ تَبْلُغْ ذلِكَ، فَلاَ زَكاةَ فِيهِ. قالَ مالِكٌ: وكَذلِكَ الزَّبِيبُ كُلُّهُ. أسْوَدُهُ وأحْمَرُهُ. فَإذا قَطَفَ الرَّجُلُ مِنهُ خَمْسَةَ أوْسُقٍ، وجَبَتْ فِيهِ الزَّكاةُ. وإنْ لَمْ يَبْلُغْ ذلِكَ، فَلاَ زَكاةَ فِيهِ. قالَ مالِكٌ: وكَذلِكَ القِطْنِيَّةُ هِيَ صِنْفٌ واحِدٌ. مِثْلُ الحِنْطَةِ والتَّمْرِ والزَّبِيبِ، وإنِ اخْتَلَفَتْ أسْماؤُها وألْوانُها والقِطْنِيَّةُ: الحِمَّصُ، والعَدَسُ، واللُّوبِيا والجُلْبانُ. وكُلُّ ما ثَبَتَتْ مَعْرِفَتُهُ عِنْدَ النّاسِ أنَّهُ قِطْنِيَّةٌ. فَإذا حَصَدَ الرَّجُلُ مِن ذلِكَ خَمْسَةَ أوْسُقٍ بِالصّاعِ الأوَّلِ، صاعِ النَّبِيِّ ﷺ. وإنْ كانَ مِن أصْنافِ القِطْنِيَّةِ كُلِّها، لَيْسَ مِن صِنْفٍ واحِدٍ مِنَ القِطْنِيَّةِ. فَإنَّهُ يُجْمَعُ ذلِكَ بَعْضُهُ إلى بَعْضٍ، وعَلَيْهِ فِيهِ الزَّكاةُ. قالَ، قالَ مالِكٌ: وقَدْ فَرَّقَ عُمَرُ بْنُ الخَطّابِ بَيْنَ القِطْنِيَّةِ والحِنْطَةِ، فِيما أُخِذَ مِنَ النَّبَطِ. ورَأى أنَّ القِطْنِيَّةَ صِنْفٌ واحِدٌ. فَأخَذَ مِنها العُشْرَ، وأخَذَ مِنَ الحِنْطَةِ والزَّيْتِ نِصْفَ العُشْرِ. قالَ، قالَ مالِكٌ: فَإنْ قالَ قائِلٌ: كَيْفَ تُجْمَعُ القِطْنِيَّةُ بَعْضُها إلى بَعْضٍ فِي الزَّكاةِ حَتّى تَكُونَ صَدَقَتُها واحِدَةً، والرَّجُلُ يَأْخُذُ مِنها اثْنَيْنِ بِواحِدٍ يَدًا بِيَدٍ، ولاَ يُؤْخَذُ مِنَ الحِنْطَةِ اثْنانِ بِواحِدٍ يَدًا بِيَدٍ؟ قِيلَ لَهُ: فَإنَّ الذَّهَبَ والوَرِقَ يُجْمَعانِ فِي الصَّدَقَةِ. وقَدْ يُؤْخَذُ بِالدِّينارِ أضْعافُهُ فِي العَدَدِ مِنَ الوَرِقِ يَدًا بِيَدٍ. قالَ، قالَ مالِكٌ: فِي النَّخْلِ يَكُونُ بَيْنَ الرَّجُلَيْنِ، فَيَجُدّانِ مِنها ثَمانِيةَ أوْسُقٍ مِنَ التَّمْرِ: إنَّهُ لاَ صَدَقَةَ عَلَيْهِما فِيها. وإنَّهُ إنْ كانَ لِأحَدِهِما مِنها ما يَجُدُّ مِنهُ خَمْسَةَ أوْسُقٍ، ولِلْآخَرِ ما يَجُدُّ أرْبَعَةَ أوْسُقٍ، أوْ أقَلَّ مِن ذلِكَ، فِي أرْضٍ واحِدَةٍ، كانَتِ الصَّدَقَةُ عَلى صاحِبِ الخَمْسَةِ، ولَيْسَ عَلى الَّذِي جَدَّ أرْبَعَةَ أوْسُقٍ أوْ أقَلَّ مِنها، صَدَقَةٌ.قالَ، قالَ مالِكٌ: وكَذلِكَ العَمَلُ فِي الشُّرَكاءِ كُلِّهِمْ. فِي كُلِّ زَرْعٍ مِنَ الحُبُوبِ كُلِّها تُحْصَدُ، أوْ نَخْلٍ يُجَدُّ، أوْ كَرْمٍ يُقْطَفُ، فَإنَّهُ إذا كانَ كُلُّ رَجُلٍ مِنهُمْ يَجُدُّ مِنَ التَّمْرِ، أوْ يَقْطِفُ مِنَ الزَّبِيبِ، خَمْسَةَ أوْسُقٍ. أوْ يَحْصُدُ مِنَ الحِنْطَةِ خَمْسَةَ أوْسُقٍ، فَعَلَيْهِ فِيهِ الزَّكاةُ، ومَن كانَ حَقُّهُ أقَلَّ مِن خَمْسَةِ أوْسُقٍ، فَلاَ صَدَقَةَ عَلَيْهِ. وإنَّما تَجِبُ الصَّدَقَةُ عَلى مَن بَلَغَ جِدادُهُ أوْ قِطافُهُ أوْ حِصادُهُ خَمْسَةَ أوْسُقٍ. قالَ، قالَ مالِكٌ: والسُّنَّةُ عِنْدَنا، أنَّ كُلَّ ما أُخْرِجَتْ زَكاتُهُ مِن هذِهِ الأصْنافِ كُلِّها، التَّمْرِ والحِنْطَةِ والزَّبِيبِ والحُبُوبِ كُلِّها. ثُمَّ أمْسَكَهُ صاحِبُهُ بَعْدَ أنْ أدّى صَدَقَتَهُ سِنِينَ. ثُمَّ باعَهُ، أنَّهُ لَيْسَ عَلَيْهِ فِي ثَمَنِهِ زَكاةٌ، حَتّى يَحُولَ عَلى ثَمَنِهِ الحَوْلُ مِن يَوْمَ باعَهُ. إذا كانَ أصْلُ تِلْكَ الأصْنافِ مِن فائِدَةٍ أوْ غَيْرِها. ولَمْ يَكُنْ لِلتِّجارَةِ. وإنَّما ذلِكَ بِمَنزِلَةِ الطَّعامِ والحُبُوبِ والعُرُوضِ. يُفِيدُها الرَّجُلُ ثُمَّ يُمْسِكُها سِنِينَ. ثُمَّ يَبِيعُها بِذَهَبٍ أوْ ورِقٍ، فَلاَ يَكُونُ عَلَيْهِ فِي ثَمَنِها زَكاةٌ حَتّى يَحُولَ عَلَيْها الحَوْلُ مِن يَوْمَ باعَها. فَإنْ كانَ أصْلُ تِلْكَ العُرُوضِ لِلتِّجارَةِ فَعَلى صاحِبِها فِيها الزَّكاةُ حِينَ يَبِيعُها، إذا كانَ قَدْ حَبَسَها سَنَةً، مِن يَوْمَ زَكّى المالَ الَّذِي ابْتاعَها بِهِ.

Malik said, "The sunna that we are all agreed upon here (in Madina) and which I have heard from the people of knowledge, is that there is no zakat on any kind of fresh (soft) fruit, whether it be pomegranates, peaches, figs or anything that is like them or not like them as long as it is fruit." He continued, "No zakat has to be paid on animal fodder or herbs and vegetables of any kind, and there is no zakat to pay on the price realised on their sale until a year has elapsed over it from the day of sale which counts as the time the owner receives the sum."

مالِكٌ: أنَّهُ قالَ السُّنَّةُ الَّتِي لاَ اخْتِلاَفَ فِيها عِنْدَنا، والَّذِي سَمِعْتُ مِن أهْلِ العِلْمِ، أنَّهُ لَيْسَ فِي شَيْءٍ مِنَ الفَواكِهِ كُلِّها صَدَقَةٌ. الرُّمّانِ، والفِرْسِكِ، والتِّينِ، وما أشْبَهَ ذلِكَ، وما لَمْ يُشْبِهْهُ. إذا كانَ مِنَ الفَواكِهِ. قالَ: ولاَ فِي القَضْبِ ولاَ البُقُولِ كُلِّها صَدَقَةٌ. ولاَ فِي أثْمانِها إذا بِيعَتْ، صَدَقَةٌ، حَتّى يَحُولَ عَلى أثْمانِها الحَوْلُ مِن يَوْمَ يَبِيعُها، ويَقْبِضُ صاحِبُها ثَمَنَها.

Malik said, concerning a woman who had never been on hajj, "If she doesn't have a mahram, or if she has, but he cannot come with her, she does not abandon Allah's making of the hajj obligatory for her. Let her go in a group of women."

قَالَ يَحْيَى، قَالَ مَالِكٌ، فِي الصَّرُورَةِ مِنَ النِّسَاءِ الَّتِي لَمْ تَحْجُجْ قَطُّ: إِنَّهَا، إِنْ لَمْ يَكُنْ لَهَا ذُو مَحْرَمٍ يَخْرُجُ مَعَهَا، أَوْ كَانَ لَهَا، فَلَمْ يَسْتَطِعْ أَنْ يَخْرُجَ مَعَهَا: أَنَّهَا لَا تَتْرُكُ فَرِيضَةَ اللهِ عَلَيْهَا فِي الْحَجِّ. وَلْتَخْرُجْ فِي جَمَاعَةِ مِنَ النِّسَاءِ

Malik said about enemy soldiers who were found on the seashore of a Muslim land, and they claimed that they were merchants and that the sea had driven them ashore, while the Muslims were not able to verify any of that except that their ships were damaged, or they were thirsty and had disembarked without the permission of the Muslims, "I think that it is up to the imam to give his opinion about them, and I do not think that the tax of one fifth is taken from them."

قَالَ يَحْيَى، سَمِعْتُ مَالِكًا يَقُولُ: فِي مَنْ وُجِدَ مِنَ الْعَدُوِّ عَلَى سَاحِلِ الْبَحْرِ بِأَرْضِ الْمُسْلِمِينَ، فَزَعَمُوا أَنَّهُمْ تُجَّارٌ، وَأَنَّ الْبَحْرَ لَفِظَهُمْ. وَلَا يَعْرِفُ الْمُسْلِمُونَ تَصْدِيقَ ذلِكَ. إِلَاّ أَنَّ مَرَاكِبَهُمْ تَكَسَّرَتْ، أَوْ عَطِشُوا، فَنَزَلُوا بِغَيْرِ إِذْنِ الْمُسْلِمِينَ: أَرَى ذلِكَ إِلَى الإِمَامِ. يَرَى فِيهِمْ رَأْيَهُ. وَلَا أَرَى لِمَنْ أَخَذَهُمْ فِيهِمْ خُمُسًا

Malik said, "I do not see that there is any harm in the Muslims eating whatever food they come across in enemy territory before the spoils are divided." Malik said, "I think that any camels, cattle and sheep (taken as booty) are considered as food which the Muslims can eat in enemy territory. If they could not be eaten until the people had gathered for the division and the spoils had been distributed among them, that would be harmful for the army. I do not see any objection to eating such things within acceptable limits. I do not think, however, that anyone should store up any of it to take back to his family." Malik was asked whether it was proper for a man who obtained food in enemy territory and ate some of it and made provision so that there was some of it left over to keep and eat with his family, or to sell before he had come to his country and make use of its price. He said, "If he sells it while he is on a military expedition, I think that he should put its price into the booty of the Muslims. If he takes it back to his country, I see no objection to his eating it and using it if it is a small insignificant thing."

قَالَ يَحْيَى سَمِعْتُ مَالِكًا يَقُولُ: لَا أَرَى بَأْسًا أَنْ يَأْكُلَ الْمُسْلِمُونَ إِذَا دَخَلُوا أَرْضَ الْعَدُوِّ مِنْ طَعَامِهِمْ، مَا وَجَدُوا مِنْ ذلِكَ كُلِّهِ قَبْلَ أَنْ تَقَعَ الْمَقَاسِمُ. قَالَ مَالِكٌ: وَأَنَا أَرَى الْإِبِلَ، وَالْبَقَرَ، وَالْغَنَمَ بِمَنْزِلَةِ الطَّعَامِ. يَأْكُلُ مِنْهُ الْمُسْلِمُونَ إِذَا دَخَلُوا أَرْضَ الْعَدُوِّ. كَمَا يَأْكُلُونَ مِنَ الطَّعَامِ. قَالَ مَالِكٌ: وَلَوْ أَنَّ ذلِكَ لَا يُؤْكَلُ، حَتَّى يَحْضُرَ النَّاسُ الْمَقَاسِمَ، وَتُقْسَمَ بَيْنَهُمْ، أَضَرَّ ذلِكَ بِالْجُيُوشِ، فَلَا أَرَى بَأْسًا بِمَا أُكِلَ مِنْ ذلِكَ كُلِّهِ، عَلَى وَجْهِ الْمَعْرُوفِ، وَالْحَاجَةِ إِلَيْهِ، وَلَا أَرَى أَنْ يَدَّخِرَ أَحَدٌ مِنْ ذلِكَ شَيْئًا، يَرْجِعُ بِهِ إِلَى أَهْلِهِ. قَالَ: وَسُئِلَ مَالِكٌ عَنِ الرَّجُلِ يُصِيبُ الطَّعَامَ فِي أَرْضِ الْعَدُوِّ. فَيَأْكُلُ مِنْهُ، وَيَتَزَوَّدُ، فَيَفْضُلُ مِنْهُ شَيْءٌ، أَيَصْلُحُ لَهُ أَنْ يَحْبِسَهُ، فَيَأْكُلَهُ فِي أَهْلِهِ، أَوْ يَبِيعَهُ قَبْلَ أَنْ يَقْدَمَ بِلَادَهُ، فَيَنْتَفِعَ بِثَمَنِهِ؟ قَالَ مَالِكٌ: إِنْ بَاعَهُ وَهُوَ فِي الْغَزْوِ، فَإِنِّي أَرَى أَنْ يَجْعَلَ ثَمَنَهُ فِي غَنَائِمِ الْمُسْلِمِينَ، وَإِنْ بَلَغَ بِهِ بَلَدَهُ فَلَا أَرَى بَأْسًا أَنْ يَأْكُلَهُ، وَيَنْتَفِعَ بِهِ إِذَا كَانَ يَسِيرًا تَافِهًا

Malik was asked whether, when an imam had accepted jizya from a people and they gave it, he thought that the land of one of them who surrendered belonged to him or whether his land and property belonged to the Muslims. Malik said, "That varies. As for the people of peace, if one of them surrenders, then he is entitled to his land and property. As for the people of force who use force, if one of them surrenders, his land and property belong to the Muslims because the people of force are overcome in their towns, and it becomes booty for the Muslims. As for the people of peace, their property and selves are protected so that they make peace for them. Only what they have made peace for is obliged of them."

قَالَ يَحْيَى، سُئِلَ مَالِكٌ: عَنْ إِمَامٍ قَبِلَ الْجِزْيَةَ مِنْ قَوْمٍ، فَكَانُوا يُعْطُونَهَا. أَرَأَيْتَ مَنْ أَسْلَمَ مِنْهُمْ؟ أَيَكُونُ لَهُ أَرْضُهُ، أَوْ تَكُونُ لِلْمُسْلِمِينَ، وَيَكُونُ لَهُمْ مَالُهُ؟ فَقَالَ مَالِكٌ: ذلِكَ يَخْتَلِفُ. أَمَّا أَهْلُ الصُّلْحِ، فَإِنَّ مَنْ أَسْلَمَ مِنْهُمْ، فَهُوَ أَحَقُّ بِأَرْضِهِ وَمَالِهِ. وَأَمَّا أَهْلُ الْعَنْوَةِ الَّذِينَ أُخِذُوا عَنْوَةً، فَمَنْ أَسْلَمَ مِنْهُمْ، فَإِنَّ أَرْضَهُ وَمَالَهُ لِلْمُسْلِمِينَ. لِأَنَّ أَهْلَ الْعَنْوَةِ قَدْ غُلِبُوا عَلَى بِلَادِهِمْ. وَصَارَتْ فَيْئًا لِلْمُسْلِمِينَ. وَأَمَّا أَهْلُ الصُّلْحِ، فَإِنَّهُمْ قَوْمٌ يَمْنَعُوا أَمْوَالَهُمْ وَأَنْفُسَهُمْ حَتَّى صَالَحُوا عَلَيْهَا. فَلَيْسَ عَلَيْهِمْ إِلَاّ مَا صَالَحُوا عَلَيْهِ.

Yahya related to me from Malik that what he preferred of what he had heard from the people of knowledge about a man or woman who vowed to walk to the House of Allah, was that they fulfilled the oath when performing umra, by walking until they had done say between Safa and Marwa. When they had done say it was finished. If they vowed to walk in the hajj, they walked until they came to Makka, then they walked until they had finished all the rites. Malik said, "Walking is only for hajj or umra."

مَالِكٌ؛ أَنَّ أَحْسَنَ مَا سَمِعْتُ مِنْ أَهْلِ الْعِلْمِ، فِي الرَّجُلِ يَحْلِفُ بِالْمَشْيِ إِلَى بَيْتِ اللهِ، أَوِ الْمَرْأَةِ. فَيَحْنَثُ، أَوْ تَحْنَثُ. أَنَّهُ إِنْ مَشَى الْحَانِثُ مِنْهُمَا فِي عُمْرَةٍ، فَإِنَّهُ يَمْشِي، حَتَّى يَسْعَى بَيْنَ الصَّفَا وَالْمَرْوَةِ. فَإِذَا سَعَى، فَقَدْ فَرَغَ. وَأَنَّهُ إِنْ جَعَلَ عَلَى نَفْسِهِ مَشْيًا فِي الْحَجِّ، فَإِنَّهُ يَمْشِي، حَتَّى يَأْتِيَ مَكَّةَ، ثُمَّ يَمْشِي، حَتَّى يَفْرُغَ مِنَ الْمَنَاسِكِ كُلِّهَا، وَلَا يَزَالُ مَاشِيًا حَتَّى يُفِيضَ. قَالَ يَحْيَى: قَالَ مَالِكٌ: وَلَا يَكُونُ مَشْيٌ إِلَاّ فِي حَجٍّ، أَوْ عُمْرَةٍ.

Yahya said that Malik was asked about whether a man who gave some sadaqa, and then found it being offered back to him for sale by some one other than the man to whom he had given it, could buy it or not, and he said, "I prefer that he leaves it."

قالَ يَحْيى: سُئِلَ مالِكٌ عَنْ رَجُلٍ تَصَدَّقَ بِصَدَقَةٍ، فَوَجَدَها مَعَ غَيْرِ الَّذِي تَصَدَّقَ بِها عَلَيْهِ، تُباعُ، أيَشْتَرِيها؟ فَقالَ: تَرْكُها أحَبُّ إلَيَّ.

Malik said, "Payment of all types of kaffara, of zakat al-fitr and of the zakat on grains for which a tenth or a twentieth is due, is made using the smaller mudd, which is the mudd of the Prophet ﷺ except in the case of dhihar divorce, when the kaffara is paid using the mudd of Hisham, which is the larger mudd."

قالَ مالِكٌ: والكَفّاراتُ كُلُّها، وزَكاةُ الفِطْرِ، وزَكاةُ العُشُورِ، كُلُّ ذلِكَ بِالمُدِّ الأصْغَرِ، مُدِّ النَّبِيِّ ﷺ. إلاَّ الظِّهارَ. فَإنَّ الكَفّارَةَ فِيهِ بِمُدِّ هِشامٍ، وهُوَ المُدُّ الأعْظَمُ.

Yahya related to me that Malik had seen that the people of knowledge used to like to pay the zakat al-fitr after dawn had broken on the day of the Fitr before they went to the place of prayer. Malik said, "There is leeway in this, if Allah wills, in that it can be paid either before setting out (for the prayer) on the day of Fitr or afterwards."

مالِكٌ؛ أنَّهُ رَأى أهْلَ العِلْمِ يَسْتَحِبُّونَ أنْ يُخْرِجُوا زَكاةَ -[٤٠٦]- الفِطْرِ، إذا طَلَعَ الفَجْرُ مِن يَوْمِ الفِطْرِ، قَبْلَ أنْ يَغْدُوا إلى المُصَلّى.قالَ، قالَ مالِكٌ: وذلِكَ واسِعٌ، إنْ شاءَ اللهُ، أنْ يُؤَدُّوا قَبْلَ الغُدُوِّ مِن يَوْمِ الفِطْرِ و بَعْدَهُ.

Yahya related to me that Malik said, "A man does not have to pay zakat for the slaves of his slaves, or for some one employed by him, or for his wife's slaves, except for anyone who serves him and whose services are indispensable to him, in which case he must pay zakat. He does not have to pay zakat for any of his slaves that are kafir and have not become muslim, whether they be for trade or otherwise."

قالَ، قالَ مالِكٌ: لَيْسَ عَلى الرَّجُلِ فِي عَبِيدِ عَبِيدِهِ، ولاَ فِي أجِيرِهِ، ولاَ فِي رَقِيقِ امْرَأتِهِ، إلاَّ ما كانَ مِنهُمْ يَخْدُمُهُ، ولاَ بُدَّ لَهُ مِنهُ. ولَيْسَ عَلَيْهِ زَكاةٌ فِي أحَدٍ مِن رَقِيقِهِ، ما لَمْ يُسْلِمْ. لِتِجارَةٍ كانُوا، أوْ لِغَيْرِ تِجارَةٍ.

Malik said, "I have heard people of knowledge saying that the kaffara specified by the Messenger of Allah ﷺ for a man who has intercourse with his wife during the day in Ramadan is not due from someone who, on a day when he is making up the fast of Ramadan, breaks his fast by having intercourse with his wife, or whatever. He only has to make up for that day." Malik said, "This is what I like most out of what I have heard about the matter."

قالَ مالِكٌ: سَمِعْتُ أهْلَ العِلْمِ يَقُولُونَ: لَيْسَ عَلى مَن أفْطَرَ يَوْمًا مِن قَضاءِ رَمَضانَ بِإصابَةِ أهْلِهِ نَهارًا أوْ غَيْرِ ذلِكَ، الكَفّارَةُ الَّتِي تُذْكَرُ عَنْ رَسُولِ اللهِ ﷺ فِي مَن أصابَ أهْلَهُ نَهارًا فِي رَمَضانَ. وإنَّما عَلَيْهِ قَضاءُ ذلِكَ اليَوْمِ. قالَ مالِكٌ: وهذا أحَبُّ ما سَمِعْتُ فِيهِ إلَيَّ.

Yahya related to me, and I (myself) heard Malik say, "The best that I have heard about some one who has to fast for two consecutive months because of having killed someone by mistake or having pronounced the dhihar form of divorce, becoming very ill and having to break his fast, is that if he recovers from his illness and is strong enough to fast, he must not delay doing so. He continues his fast from where he left off. Similarly, a woman who has to fast because of having killed some one by mistake should not delay resuming her fast when she has become pure after her period. She continues her fast from where she left off. No one who, by the Book of Allah, has to fast for two consecutive months may break his fast except for a reason - illness or menstruation. He must not travel and break his fast." Malik said, "This is the best that I have heard about the matter."

قالَ يَحْيى، سَمِعْتُ مالِكًا يَقُولُ: أحْسَنُ ما سَمِعْتُ فِي مَن وجَبَ عَلَيْهِ صِيامُ شَهْرَيْنِ مُتَتابِعَيْنِ، فِي قَتْلِ خَطَإٍ أوْ تَظاهُرٍ، فَعَرَضَ لَهُ مَرَضٌ يَغْلِبُهُ، ويَقْطَعُ عَلَيْهِ صِيامَهُ أنَّهُ إنْ صَحَّ مِن مَرَضِهِ وقَوِيَ عَلى الصِّيامِ، فَلَيْسَ لَهُ أنْ يُؤَخِّرَ ذلِكَ. وهُوَ يَبْنِي عَلى ما قَدْ مَضى مِن صِيامِهِ. وكَذلِكَ المَرْأةُ الَّتِي يَجِبُ عَلَيْها الصِّيامُ فِي قَتْلِ النَّفْسِ إذا حاضَتْ بَيْنَ ظَهْرَيْ صِيامِها، أنَّها إذا طَهُرَتْ، لاَ تُؤَخِّرُ الصِّيامَ. وهِيَ تَبْنِي عَلى ما قَدْ صامَتْ. ولَيْسَ لِأحَدٍ وجَبَ عَلَيْهِ صِيامُ شَهْرَيْنِ مُتَتابِعَيْنِ فِي كِتابِ اللهِ، أنْ يُفْطِرَ إلاَّ مِن عِلَّةٍ، مَرَضٍ، أوْ حَيْضَةٍ. ولَيْسَ لَهُ أنْ يُسافِرَ فَيُفْطِرَ. قالَ مالِكٌ: وهذا أحْسَنُ ما سَمِعْتُ فِي ذلِكَ.

Yahya said that he heard Malik say, "What I have heard from the people of knowledge is that if a man succumbs to an illness which makes fasting very difficult for him and exhausts him and wears him out, he can break his fast. This is the same as with a sick man in the prayer, who finds standing to be too difficult and exhausting, (and Allah knows better than the slave that it is an excuse for him and that it really cannot be described). If the man is in such a condition he prays sitting, and the deen of Allah is ease. Allah has permitted a traveler to break the fast when traveling, and he has more strength for fasting than a sick man. Allah, the Exalted, says in His book, 'Whoever among you is ill or on a journey (must fast) a number of other days,' and Allah has thus permitted a traveler to break his fast when on a journey, and he is more capable of fasting than a sick man. And this is what I like most of what I have heard and this matter has consensus upon it.

قالَ يَحْيى: سَمِعْتُ مالِكًا يَقُولُ: الأمْرُ الَّذِي سَمِعْتُ مِن أهْلِ العِلْمِ؛ أنَّ المَرِيضَ إذا أصابَهُ المَرَضُ الَّذِي يَشُقُّ عَلَيْهِ الصِّيامُ مَعَهُ، ويُتْعِبُهُ، ويَبْلُغُ مِنهُ ذلِكَ، فَإنَّ لَهُ أنْ يُفْطِرَ. وكَذلِكَ المَرِيضُ إذا اشْتَدَّ عَلَيْهِ القِيامُ فِي الصَّلاَةِ، وبَلَغَ مِنهُ بِعُذْرِ ذلِكَ مِنَ العَبْدِ، ومِن ذلِكَ ما لاَ تَبْلُغُ صِفَتُهُ. فَإذا بَلَغَ ذلِكَ مِنهُ، صَلّى وهُوَ جالِسٌ. ودِينُ اللهِ يُسْرٌ. وقَدْ أرْخَصَ لِلْمُسافِرِ، فِي الفِطْرِ فِي السَّفَرِ. وهُوَ أقْوى عَلى الصِّيامِ مِنَ المَرِيضِ. قالَ اللهُ فِي كِتابِهِ: ﴿فَمَن كانَ مِنكُم مَرِيضًا أو عَلى سَفَرٍ فَعِدَّةٌ مِن أيّامٍ أُخَرَ﴾ [البقرة ٢: ١٨٤ - ١٨٥] فَأرْخَصَ اللهُ لِلْمُسافِرِ، فِي الفِطْرِ فِي السَّفَرِ. وهُوَ أقْوى عَلى الصِّيامِ مِنَ المَرِيضِ. فَهذا أحَبُّ ما سَمِعْتُ إلَيَّ. وهُوَ الأمْرُ المُجْتَمَعُ عَلَيْهِ.

Yahya said that he heard Malik say, "Someone who eats or drinks out of neglect or forgetfulness during a voluntary fast does not have to repeat his fast, but he should continue fasting for the rest of the day in which he eats or drinks while voluntarily fasting, and not stop fasting. Someone to whom something unexpected happens which causes him to break his fast while he is fasting voluntarily does not have to repeat his fast if he has broken it for a reason, and not simply because he decided to break his fast. Just as I do not think that someone has to repeat a voluntary prayer if he has had to stop it because of some discharge which he could prevent and which meant that he had to repeat his wudu." Malik said, "Once a man has begun doing any of the right actions (al-amal as-saliha) such as the prayer, the fast and the hajj, or similar right actions of a voluntary nature, he should not stop until he has completed it according to what the sunna for that action is. If he says the takbir he should not stop until he has prayed two rakas. If he is fasting he should not break his fast until he has completed that day's fast. If he goes into ihram he should not return until he has completed his hajj, and if he begins doing tawaf he should not stop doing so until he has gone around the Kaba seven times. He should not stop doing any of these actions once he has started them until he has completed them, except if something happens such as illness or some other matter by which a man is excused. This is because Allah, the Blessed and Exalted, says in His Book, 'And eat and drink until the white thread becomes clear to you from the black thread of dawn, (and) then complete the fast until night-time,' (Sura 2 ayat 187), and so he must complete his fast as Allah has said. Allah, the Exalted, (also) says, 'And complete the hajj and the umra for Allah,' and so if a man were to go into ihram for a voluntary hajj having done his one obligatory hajj (on a previous occasion), he could not then stop doing his hajj having once begun it and leave ihram while in the middle of his hajj. Anyone that begins a voluntary act must complete it once he has begun doing it, just as an obligatory act must be completed . This is the best of what I have heard."

قالَ يَحْيى: وسَمِعْتُ مالِكًا يَقُولُ: مَن أكَلَ، أوْ شَرِبَ ناسِيًا، أوْ ساهِيًا، فِي صِيامِ تَطَوُّعٍ، فَلَيْسَ عَلَيْهِ قَضاءٌ. ولْيُتِمَّ يَوْمَهُ الَّذِي أكَلَ فِيهِ، أوْ شَرِبَ وهُوَ مُتَطَوِّعٌ. ولاَ يُفْطِرْهُ. ولَيْسَ عَلى مَن أصابَهُ أمْرٌ، يَقْطَعُ صِيامَهُ، وهُوَ مُتَطَوِّعٌ، قَضاءٌ. إذا كانَ، إنَّما أفْطَرَ مِن عُذْرٍ، غَيْرَ مُتَعَمِّدٍ لِلْفِطْرِ. ولاَ أرى عَلَيْهِ قَضاءَ صَلاَةِ نافِلَةٍ إذا هُوَ قَطَعَها مِن حَدَثٍ، لاَ يَسْتَطِيعُ حَبْسَهُ، مِمّا يَحْتاجُ فِيهِ إلى الوُضُوءِ. قالَ يَحْيى، قالَ مالِكٌ: ولاَ يَنْبَغِي أنْ يَدْخُلَ الرَّجُلُ فِي شَيْءٍ مِنَ الأعْمالِ الصّالِحَةِ: الصَّلاَةِ، والصِّيامِ، والحَجِّ، وما أشْبَهَ هذا مِنَ الأعْمالِ الصّالِحَةِ الَّتِي يَتَطَوَّعُ بِها النّاسُ. فَيَقْطَعَهُ حَتّى يُتِمَّهُ عَلى سُنَّتِهِ: إذا كَبَّرَ، لَمْ يَنْصَرِفْ حَتّى يُصَلِّيَ رَكْعَتَيْنِ. وإذا صامَ، لَمْ يُفْطِرْ حَتّى يُتِمَّ صَوْمَ يَوْمِهِ. وإذا أهَلَّ، لَمْ يَرْجِعْ حَتّى يُتِمَّ حَجَّهُ. وإذا دَخَلَ فِي الطَّوافِ، لَمْ يَقْطَعْهُ حَتّى يُتِمَّ سُبْعَهُ. لاَ يَنْبَغِي أنْ يَتْرُكَ شَيْئًا مِن هذا، إذا دَخَلَ فِيهِ حَتّى يَقْضِيَهُ إلاَّ مِن أمْرٍ يَعْرِضُ لَهُ مِمّا يَعْرِضُ لِلنّاسِ مِنَ الأسْقامِ الَّتِي يُعْذَرُونَ بِها، والأُمُورِالَّتِي يُعْذَرُونَ بِها. وذلِكَ أنَّ اللهَ تَبارَكَ وتَعالى يَقُولُ فِي كِتابِهِ: ﴿وكُلَوا واِشْرَبُوا حَتّى يَتَبَيْنَ لَكُمُ الخَيْطُ الأبْيَضُ مِنَ الخَيْطِ الأسْوَدِ مِنَ الفَجْرِ ثُمَّ أتِمُّوا الصِّيامَ إلى اللَّيْلِ﴾ [البقرة ٢: ١٨٧]. فَعَلَيْهِ إتْمامُ الصِّيامِ، كَما قالَ اللهُ.﴿وأتِمُّوا الحَجَّ والعُمْرَةَ للهِ﴾ [البقرة ٢: ١٩٦]، فَلَوْ أنَّ رَجُلًا أهَلَّ بِالحَجِّ تَطَوُّعًا، وقَدْ قَضى الفَرِيضَةَ، لَمْ يَكُنْ لَهُ أنْ يَتْرُكَ الحَجَّ بَعْدَ أنْ دَخَلَ فِيهِ، ويَرْجِعَ حَلاَلًا مِنَ الطَّرِيقِ. وكُلُّ أحَدٍ دَخَلَ فِي نافِلَةٍ، فَعَلَيْهِ إتْمامُها إذا دَخَلَ فِيها، كَما يُتِمُّ الفَرِيضَةَ. وهذا أحْسَنُ ما سَمِعْتُ.

Yahya related to me from Malik that he had heard the people of knowledge telling people not to fast on the day in Shaban when there was doubt (about whether it was Shaban or Ramadan), if they intended by it the fast of Ramadan . They considered that whoever fasted on that day without having seen (the new moon) had to make up that day if it later became clear that it was part of Ramadan. They did not see any harm in voluntary fasting on that day. Malik said, "This is what we do, and what I have seen the people of knowledge in our city doing."

مالِكٌ؛ أنَّهُ سَمِعَ أهْلَ العِلْمِ يَنْهَوْنَ عَنْ أنْ يُصامَ اليَوْمُ الَّذِي يُشَكُّ فِيهِ مِن شَعْبانَ. إذا نَوى بِهِ صِيامَ رَمَضانَ. ويَرَوْنَ أنَّ عَلى مَن صامَهُ، عَلى غَيْرِ رُؤْيَةٍ، ثُمَّ جاءَ الثَّبْتُ أنَّهُ مِن رَمَضانَ؛ أنَّ عَلَيْهِ قَضاءَهُ. ولاَ يَرَوْنَ، بِصِيامِهِ تَطَوُّعًا، بَأْسًا. قالَ يَحْيى، قالَ مالِكٌ: وهذا الأمْرُ عِنْدَنا. والَّذِي أدْرَكْتُ عَلَيْهِ أهْلَ العِلْمِ بِبَلَدِنا.

Malik said: He had heard that the people of knowledge do not dislike the use of the siwak (tooth-stick) for one who is fasting in Ramadan at any hour of the day, neither at its beginning nor at its end. He said: I have not heard anyone among the people of knowledge dislike that, nor forbid it.

Yahya said that I heard Mālik say, regarding fasting six days after breaking the fast at the end of Ramadan: He had not seen anyone among the people of knowledge and understanding fast them, nor had it reached him from any of the early generations. The people of knowledge, he said, dislike that and fear that it is a bidah (innovation), and that the ignorant and harsh people might attach to Ramadan what is not part of it, if they were to see in that a concession from the people of knowledge and see them doing it.

Yahya said that I heard Malik say: I have not heard anyone among the people of knowledge and understanding, and those whose example is followed, forbid fasting on Friday; fasting it is good. I have seen some of the people of knowledge fast it, and I think he used to seek it out.

مَالِكٌ: أَنَّهُ سَمِعَ أَهْلَ الْعِلْمِ لَا يَكْرَهُونَ السِّوَاكَ لِلصَّائِمِ فِي رَمَضَانَ، فِي سَاعَةٍ مِنْ سَاعَاتِ النَّهَارِ، لَا فِي أَوَّلِهِ وَلَا فِي آخِرِهِ، وَلَمْ أَسْمَعْ أَحَدًا مِنْ أَهْلِ الْعِلْمِ يَكْرَهُ ذَلِكَ، وَلَا يَنْهَى عَنْهُ.

وَقَالَ يَحْيَى: سَمِعْتُ مَالِكًا يَقُولُ، فِي صِيَامِ سِتَّةِ أَيَّامٍ بَعْدَ الْفِطْرِ مِنْ رَمَضَانَ: إِنَّهُ لَمْ يَرَ أَحَدًا مِنْ أَهْلِ الْعِلْمِ وَالْفِقْهِ يَصُومُهَا، وَلَمْ يَبْلُغْنِي ذَلِكَ عَنْ أَحَدٍ مِنَ السَّلَفِ، وَإِنَّ أَهْلَ الْعِلْمِ يَكْرَهُونَ ذَلِكَ، وَيَخَافُونَ بِدْعَتَهُ، وَأَنْ يُلْحِقَ بِرَمَضَانَ مَا لَيْسَ مِنْهُ أَهْلُ الْجَهَالَةِ وَالْجَفَاءِ، لَوْ رَأَوْا فِي ذَلِكَ رُخْصَةً عِنْدَ أَهْلِ الْعِلْمِ، وَرَأَوْهُمْ يَعْمَلُونَ ذَلِكَ.

وَقَالَ يَحْيَى: وَسَمِعْتُ مَالِكًا يَقُولُ: لَمْ أَسْمَعْ أَحَدًا مِنْ أَهْلِ الْعِلْمِ وَالْفِقْهِ، وَمَنْ يُقْتَدَى بِهِ، يَنْهَى عَنْ صِيَامِ يَوْمِ الْجُمُعَةِ، وَصِيَامُهُ حَسَنٌ، وَقَدْ رَأَيْتُ بَعْضَ أَهْلِ الْعِلْمِ يَصُومُهُ، وَأُرَاهُ كَانَ يَتَحَرَّاهُ.

Yahya related to me that Malik said, "The sunna concerning the time of prayer on the ids of Fitr and Adha - and there is no disagreement amongst us about it - is that the imam leaves his house and as soon as he has reached the place of prayer the prayer falls due."

Yahya said that Malik was asked whether a man who prayed with the imam could leave before the khutba, and he said, "He should not leave until the imam leaves."

قالَ يَحْيى، قالَ مالِكٌ: مَضَتِ السُّنَّةُ الَّتِي لاَ اخْتِلاَفَ فِيها عِنْدَنا، فِي وقْتِ الفِطْرِ والأضْحى، أنَّ الإمامَ يَخْرُجُ مِن مَنزِلِهِ قَدْرَ ما يَبْلُغُ مُصَلاَّهُ، وقَدْ حَلَّتِ الصَّلاَةُ.

قالَ يَحْيى: وسُئِلَ مالِكٌ عَنْ رَجُلٍ صَلّى مَعَ الإمامِ يَوْمَ الفِطْرِ، هَلْ لَهُ أنْ يَنْصَرِفَ قَبْلَ أنْ يَسْمَعَ الخُطْبَةَ؟ فَقالَ: لاَ يَنْصَرِفُ حَتّى يَنْصَرِفَ الإمامُ.

Malik said that Nafi said, "I do not believe that Abdullah ibn Umar related it from anyone other than the Messenger of Allah ﷺ."

قالَ يَحْيى، قالَ مالِكٌ: قالَ نافِعٌ: لاَ أُرى عَبْدَ اللهِ (٣) حَدَّثَهُ إلاَّ عَنْ رَسُولِ اللهِ ﷺ.

Malik said that he meant someone who, when he prostrated, kept his body close to the ground.

قالَ: يَعْنِي الَّذِي يَسْجُدُ ولاَ يَرْتَفِعُ عَنِ الأرْضِ يَسْجُدُ وهُوَ لاَصِقٌ بِالأرْضِ.

Yahya related to me from Malik that he had heard one of the people of knowledge say, "A man and wife should not share in one sacrificial animal. Each should sacrifice an animal separately." Malik was asked about whether someone who had been entrusted with an animal for him to sacrifice on hajj, who went into ihram for umra, should sacrifice it when he came out of ihram or postpone it so that he sacrificed it at the time of the hajj while in the meantime he came out of ihram from his umra. He said, "He should postpone it so that he may sacrifice it at the time of the hajj, and meanwhile come out of ihram from his umra." Malik said, "If it is judged that some- one must offer an animal for having killed game, or for any other reason, this animal can only be sacrificed at Makka, since Allah, the Blessed and Exalted, says, 'a sacrificial animal which will reach the Kaba.' The fasting or sadaqa that is considered equivalent to offering a sacrifice can be done outside Makka, and the person who is doing it can do it wherever he likes."

وَحَدَّثَنِي عَنْ مَالِكٍ أَنَّهُ سَمِعَ بَعْضَ أَهْلِ الْعِلْمِ يَقُولُ لاَ يَشْتَرِكُ الرَّجُلُ وَامْرَأَتُهُ فِي بَدَنَةٍ وَاحِدَةٍ لِيُهْدِ كُلُّ وَاحِدٍ بَدَنَةً بَدَنَةً وَسُئِلَ مَالِكٌ عَمَّنْ بُعِثَ مَعَهُ بِهَدْىٍ يَنْحَرُهُ فِي حَجٍّ وَهُوَ مُهِلٌّ بِعُمْرَةٍ هَلْ يَنْحَرُهُ إِذَا حَلَّ أَمْ يُؤَخِّرُهُ حَتَّى يَنْحَرَهُ فِي الْحَجِّ وَيُحِلُّ هُوَ مِنْ عُمْرَتِهِ فَقَالَ بَلْ يُؤَخِّرُهُ حَتَّى يَنْحَرَهُ فِي الْحَجِّ وَيُحِلُّ هُوَ مِنْ عُمْرَتِهِ قَالَ مَالِكٌ وَالَّذِي يُحْكَمُ عَلَيْهِ بِالْهَدْىِ فِي قَتْلِ الصَّيْدِ أَوْ يَجِبُ عَلَيْهِ هَدْىٌ فِي غَيْرِ ذَلِكَ فَإِنَّ هَدْيَهُ لاَ يَكُونُ إِلاَّ بِمَكَّةَ كَمَا قَالَ اللَّهُ تَبَارَكَ وَتَعَالَى هَدْيًا بَالِغَ الْكَعْبَة وَأَمَّا مَا عُدِلَ بِهِ الْهَدْىُ مِنَ الصِّيَامِ أَوِ الصَّدَقَةِ فَإِنَّ ذَلِكَ يَكُونُ بِغَيْرِ مَكَّةَ حَيْثُ أَحَبَّ صَاحِبُهُ أَنْ يَفْعَلَهُ فَعَلَهُ

Malik was asked about whether a man could stand at Arafa, or at Muzdalifa, or stone the Jamras, or do say between Safa and Marwa if he was not in wudu, and he said, "Every practice in the hajj that a menstruating woman can take part in can be taken part in by a man who is not in wudu and there is nothing due from him for that. However, it is better for him to be in wudu for all those things, and he should not make a general practice of it." Malik was asked whether a man who was riding should get down to do the standing at Arafa or if he could stand while mounted, and he said, "He can stand while mounted, unless he or his riding beast have an illness, in which case Allah is the one who most often accepts an excuse."

قَالَ يَحْيَى، وَسُئِلَ مَالِكٌ: هَلْ يَقِفُ أَحَدٌ بِعَرَفَةَ، أَوْ بِالْمُزْدَلِفَةِ (١)، أَوْ يَرْمِي الْجِمَارَ، أَوْ يَسْعَى بَيْنَ الصَّفَا وَالْمَرْوَةِ، وَهُوَ غَيْرُ طَاهِرٍ؟ فَقَالَ: كُلُّ أَمْرٍ تَصْنَعُهُ الْحَائِضُ مِنْ أَمْرِ الْحَجِّ، فَالرَّجُلُ يَصْنَعُهُ وَهُوَ غَيْرُ طَاهِرٍ. ثُمَّ لَا يَكُونُ عَلَيْهِ شَيْءٌ فِي ذلِكَ. وَالْفَضْلُ أَنْ يَكُونَ الرَّجُلُ فِي ذلِكَ كُلِّهِ طَاهِرًا. وَلَا يَنْبَغِي لَهُ أَنْ يَتَعَمَّدَ ذلِكَ. قَالَ: وَسُئِلَ مَالِكٌ: عَنِ الْوُقُوفِ بِعَرَفَةَ لِلرَّاكِبِ. أَيَنْزِلُ، أَمْ يَقِفُ رَاكِبًا؟ فَقَالَ: بَلْ يَقِفُ رَاكِبًا. إِلَاّ أَنْ يَكُونَ بِهِ، أَوْ بِدَابَّتِهِ، عِلَّةٌ. فَاللهُ أَعْذَرُ بِالْعُذْرِ

Yahya related to.me from Malik that he had heard one of the people of knowledge disapproving of stoning the jamra until after dawn on the day of sacrifice, as it was halal for whoever had thrown the stones to sacrifice.

وَحَدَّثَنِي عَنْ مَالِكٍ أَنَّهُ سَمِعَ بَعْضَ أَهْلِ الْعِلْمِ يَكْرَهُ رَمْىَ الْجَمْرَةِ حَتَّى يَطْلُعَ الْفَجْرُ مِنْ يَوْمِ النَّحْرِ وَمَنْ رَمَى فَقَدْ حَلَّ لَهُ النَّحْرُ

Malik said that the people of Makka who are doing hajj should shorten the prayer to two rakas when at Mina until they go back to Makka.

قَالَ يَحْيَى، قَالَ مَالِكٌ: فِي أَهْلِ مَكَّةَ. إِنَّهُمْ يُصَلُّونَ بِمِنًى، إِذَا حَجُّوا رَكْعَتَيْنِ، رَكْعَتَيْنِ. حَتَّى يَنْصَرِفُوا إِلَى مَكَّةَ.

Yahya related to me that Malik said, "Someone who comes to Makka at or before the new moon of Dhu'l-Hij ja and goes into ihram for the hajj should do the full prayer until he leaves Makka for Mina, and then he should shorten the prayer. This is because he has decided to stay there for more than four nights."

قَالَ يَحْيَى قَالَ مَالِكٌ: مَنْ قَدِمَ مَكَّةَ لِهِلَالِ ذِي الْحِجَّةِ. فَأَهَلَّ بِالْحَجِّ، فَإِنَّهُ يُتِمُّ الصَّلَاةَ. حَتَّى يَخْرُجَ مِنْ مَكَّةَ إِلَى مِنًى، فَيَقْصُرَ. وَذلِكَ أَنَّهُ قَدْ أَجْمَعَ عَلَى مُقَامٍ، أَكْثَرَ مِنْ أَرْبَعِ لَيَالٍ

Malik said, I still hear that when a person in ihram kills an ostrich, a camel is due." Malik said, "I think that for an ostrich egg, one tenth of the price of a camel is due in the same way that there is a newly-born male or female slave for the unborn child of a free woman. The value of the newly-born slave is fifty dinars, and that is one-tenth of what the blood-money for the mother would be. "Birds from the eagle family, eagles or falcons or vultures count as game for which a price is paid just as a price is paid for any game which a person in ihram kills. For everything for which a penalty is paid, the assessment is the same, whether the animal is old or young. The analogy of that is that the blood-money for the young and the old freeman, are considered to be the same."

قَالَ مَالِكٌ لَمْ أَزَلْ أَسْمَعُ أَنَّ فِي النَّعَامَةِ إِذَا قَتَلَهَا الْمُحْرِمُ بَدَنَةً قَالَ مَالِكٌ أَرَى أَنَّ فِي بَيْضَةِ النَّعَامَةِ عُشْرَ ثَمَنِ الْبَدَنَةِ كَمَا يَكُونُ فِي جَنِينِ الْحُرَّةِ غُرَّةٌ عَبْدٌ أَوْ وَلِيدَةٌ وَقِيمَةُ الْغُرَّةِ خَمْسُونَ دِينَارًا وَذَلِكَ عُشْرُ دِيَةِ أُمِّهِ وَكُلُّ شَىْءٍ مِنَ النُّسُورِ أَوِ الْعِقْبَانِ أَوِ الْبُزَاةِ أَوِ الرَّخَمِ فَإِنَّهُ صَيْدٌ يُودَى كَمَا يُودَى الصَّيْدُ إِذَا قَتَلَهُ الْمُحْرِمُ وَكُلُّ شَىْءٍ فُدِيَ فَفِي صِغَارِهِ مِثْلُ مَا يَكُونُ فِي كِبَارِهِ وَإِنَّمَا مَثَلُ ذَلِكَ مَثَلُ دِيَةِ الْحُرِّ الصَّغِيرِ وَالْكَبِيرِ فَهُمَا بِمَنْزِلَةٍ وَاحِدَةٍ سَوَاءٌ

Malik said, concerning someone who wishes to wear clothes that a person in ihram must not wear, or cut his hair, or touch perfume without necessity, because he finds it easy to pay the compensation, "No-one must do such things. They are only allowed in cases of necessity, and compensation is owed by whoever does them." Malik was asked whether the culprit could choose for himself the method of compensation he makes, and he was asked what kind of animal was to be sacrificed, and how much food was to be given, and how many days were to be fasted, and whether the person could delay any of these, or if they had to be done immediately. He answered, 'Whenever there are alternatives in the Book of Allah for the kaffara, the culprit can choose to do whichever of the alternatives he prefers. As for the sacrifice - a sheep, and as for the fasting - three days. As for the food - feeding six poor men, for every poor man two mudds, by the first mudd, the mudd of the Prophet ﷺ." Malik said, "I have heard one of the people of knowledge saying, 'When a person in ihram throws something and hits game unintentionally and kills it, he must pay compensation. In the same way, someone outside the Haram who throws anything into the Haram and hits game he did not intend to, killing it, has to pay compensation, because the intentional and the mistaken are in the same position in this matter.' " Malik said, concerning people who kill game together while they are muhrim or in the Haram, "I think that each one of them owes a full share. If a sacrificial animal is decided for them, each one of them owes one, and if fasting is decided for them, the full fasting is owed by each one of them. The analogy of that is a group of people who kill a man by mistake and the kaffara for that is that each person among them must free a slave or fast two consecutive months." Malik said, "Anyone who stones or hunts game after stoning the jamra and shaving his head but before he has performed the tawaf al-ifada, owes compensation for that game, because Allah the Blessed, the Exalted said, 'And when you leave ihram, then hunt,' and restrictions still remain for someone who has not done the tawaf al-ifada about touching perfume and women." Malik said, "The person in ihram does not owe anything for plants he cuts down in the Haram and it has not reached us that anyone has given a decision of anything for it, but O how wrong is what he has done! " Malik said, concerning some one who was ignorant of, or who forgot the fast of three days in the hajj, or who was ill during them and so did not fast them until he had returned to his community, "He must offer a sacrificial animal (hady) if he can find one and if not he must fast the three days among his people and the remaining seven after that."

قَالَ مَالِكٌ، فِي مَنْ أَرَادَ أَنْ يَلْبَسَ شَيْئًا مِنَ الثِّيَابِ الَّتِي لَا يَنْبَغِي لَهُ أَنْ يَلْبَسَهَا وَهُوَ مُحْرِمٌ، أَوْ يُقَصِّرَ شَعَرَهُ، أَوْ يَمَسَّ طِيبًا مِنْ غَيْرِ ضَرُورَةٍ، لِيَسَارَةِ مَئُونَةِ الْفِدْيَةِ عَلَيْهِ. قَالَ: لَا يَنْبَغِي لِأَحَدٍ أَنْ يَفْعَلَ ذلِكَ. وَإِنَّمَا أُرْخِصَ فِيهِ لِلضَّرُورَةِ. وَعَلَى مَنْ فَعَلَ ذلِكَ، الْفِدْيَةُ۔ قَالَ يَحْيَى، وَسُئِلَ مَالِكٌ: عَنِ الْفِدْيَةِ مِنَ الصِّيَامِ، أَوِ الصَّدَقَةِ، أَوِ النُّسُكِ، أَصَاحِبُهُ بِالْخِيَارِ فِي ذلِكَ؟ وَمَا النُّسُكُ؟ وَكَمِ الطَّعَامُ؟ وَبِأَيِّ مُدٍّ هُوَ؟ وَكَمِ الصِّيَامُ؟. وَهَلْ يُؤَخَّرُ شَيْءٌ مِنْ ذلِكَ، أَمْ يَفْعَلُهُ فِي فَوْرِهِ ذلِكَ؟ قَالَ مَالِكٌ: كُلُّ شَيْءٍ فِي كِتَابِ اللهِ فِي الْكَفَّارَاتِ. كَذَا، أَوْ كَذَا. فَصَاحِبُهُ مُخَيَّرٌ فِي ذلِكَ. أَيَّ ذلِكَ أَحَبَّ أَنْ يَفْعَلَ فَعَلَ۔ وَأَمَّا النُّسُكُ، فَشَاةٌ. وَأَمَّا الصِّيَامُ، فَثَلَاثَةُ أَيَّامٍ. وَأَمَّا الطَّعَامُ، فَيُطْعِمُ سِتَّةَ مَسَاكِينَ، لِكُلِّ مِسْكِينٍ مُدَّانِ. بِالْمُدِّ الْأَوَّلِ. مُدِّ النَّبِيِّ ﷺ۔ قَالَ مَالِكٌ: وَسَمِعْتُ بَعْضَ أَهْلِ الْعِلْمِ يَقُولُ: إِذَا رَمَى الْمُحْرِمُ شَيْئًا، فَأَصَابَ شَيْئًا مِنَ الصَّيْدِ لَمْ يُرِدْهُ، فَقَتَلَهُ: إِنَّ عَلَيْهِ أَنْ يَفْتَدِيَهُ. وَكَذلِكَ الْحَلَالُ يَرْمِي فِي الْحَرَمِ شَيْئًا، فَيُصِيبُ صَيْدًا لَمْ يُرِدْهُ، فَيَقْتُلُهُ: إِنَّ عَلَيْهِ أَنْ يَفْتَدِيَهُ. لِأَنَّ الْعَمْدَ، وَالْخَطَأَ فِي ذلِكَ بِمَنْزِلَةٍ، سَوَاءٌ. قَالَ مَالِكٌ، فِي الْقَوْمِ يُصِيبُونَ الصَّيْدَ جَمِيعًا، وَهُمْ مُحْرِمُونَ. أَوْ فِي الْحَرَمِ. قَالَ: أَرَى أَنَّ عَلَى كُلِّ إِنْسَانٍ مِنْهُمْ جَزَاءَهُ. إِنْ حُكِمَ عَلَيْهِمْ بِالْهَدْيِ، فَعَلَى كُلِّ إِنْسَانٍ مِنْهُمْ هَدْيٌ. وَإِنْ حُكِمَ عَلَيْهِمْ بِالصِّيَامِ، كَانَ عَلَى كُلِّ إِنْسَانٍ مِنْهُمُ الصِّيَامُ. وَمِثْلُ ذلِكَ، الْقَوْمُ يَقْتُلُونَ الرَّجُلَ خَطَأً. فَتَكُونُ كَفَّارَةُ ذلِكَ، عِتْقَ رَقَبَةٍ، عَلَى كُلِّ إِنْسَانٍ مِنْهُمْ. أَوْ صِيَامَ شَهْرَيْنِ مُتَتَابِعَيْنِ عَلَى كُلِّ إِنْسَانٍ مِنْهُمْ. قَالَ مَالِكٌ: مَنْ رَمَى صَيْدًا، أَوْ صَادَهُ بَعْدَ رَمْيِهِ الْجَمْرَةَ، وَحِلَاقِ رَأْسِهِ، غَيْرَ أَنَّهُ لَمْ يُفِضْ: إِنَّ عَلَيْهِ جَزَاءَ ذلِكَ الصَّيْدِ. لِأَنَّ اللهَ، قَالَ: ﴿وَإِذَا حَلَلْتُمْ فَاِصْطَادُوا﴾ [المائدة ٥: ٢]. وَمَنْ لَمْ يُفِضْ. فَقَدْ بَقِيَ عَلَيْهِ مَسُّ النِّسَاءِ وَالطِّيبِ، قَالَ مَالِكٌ: لَيْسَ عَلَى الْمُحْرِمِ فِيمَا قَطَعَ مِنَ الشَّجَرِ فِي الْحَرَمِ شَيْءٌ. وَلَمْ يَبْلُغْنَا أَنَّ أَحَدًا حُكِمَ عَلَيْهِ فِيهِ بِشَيْءٍ. وَبِئْسَ مَا صَنَعَ. قَالَ مَالِكٌ، فِي الَّذِي يَجْهَلُ، أَوْ يَنْسَى صِيَامَ ثَلَاثَةِ أَيَّامٍ فِي الْحَجِّ، أَوْ يَمْرَضُ فِيهَا، فَلَا يَصُومُهَا، حَتَّى يَقْدَمَ بَلَدَهُ. قَالَ: لِيُهْدِ إِنْ وَجَدَ هَدْيًا، وَإِلَاّ فَلْيَصُمْ ثَلَاثَةَ أَيَّامٍ فِي أَهْلِهِ، وَسَبْعَةً بَعْدَ ذلِكَ

Malik said, "It is not halal to eat any game that has been hunted in the Haram, or has had a dog set after it in the Haram and then been killed outside the Haram. Anyone that does that has to pay a forfeit for what has been hunted. However, some one that sets his dog after game outside the Haram and then follows it until it is hunted down in the Haram does not have to pay any forfeit, unless he set the dog after the game near to the Haram. The game should not be eaten, however. If he set the dog loose near the Haram then he has to pay a forfeit for the game."

قَالَ مَالِكٌ: كُلُّ شَيْءٍ صِيدَ فِي الْحَرَمِ، أَوْ أُرْسِلَ عَلَيْهِ كَلْبٌ فِي الْحَرَمِ، فَقُتِلَ ذلِكَ الصَّيْدُ فِي الْحِلِّ. فَإِنَّهُ لَا يَحِلُّ أَكْلُهُ. وَعَلَى مَنْ فَعَلَ ذلِكَ، جَزَاءُ ذلِكَ الصَّيْدِ۔ فَأَمَّا الَّذِي يُرْسِلُ كَلْبَهُ عَلَى الصَّيْدِ فِي الْحِلِّ. فَيَطْلُبُهُ حَتَّى يَصِيدَهُ فِي الْحَرَمِ. فَإِنَّهُ لَا يُؤْكَلُ، وَلَيْسَ عَلَيْهِ فِي ذلِكَ جَزَاءٌ. إِلَاّ أَنْ يَكُونَ أَرْسَلَهُ عَلَيْهِ، وَهُوَ قَرِيبٌ مِنَ الْحَرَمِ. فَإِنْ أَرْسَلَهُ قَرِيبًا مِنَ الْحَرَمِ، فَعَلَيْهِ جَزَاؤُهُ

Malik said, "Allah, the Blessed and Exalted, says, 'O you who trust, do not kill game while you are in ihram. Whoever of you kills game intentionally has to pay a forfeit commensurate with what he has killed in cattle which two men from among you shall judge, a sacrificial animal which reaches the Kaba, or else he makes a kaffara of either feeding poor people or the equivalent of that in fasting, so that he may taste the consequences of what he has done.' " (Sura 5 ayat 95). Malik said, "Someone who hunts game when he is not in ihram and then kills it while he is in ihram is in the same position as someone who buys game while he is in ihram and then kills it. Allah has forbidden killing it, and so a man who does so has to pay a forfeit for it. The position that we go by in this matter is that a forfeit is assessed for anyone who kills game while he is in ihram." Yahya said that Malik said, "The best that I have heard about someone who kills game and is assessed for it is that the game which he has killed is assessed and its value in food is estimated and with that food he feeds each poor man a mudd, or fasts a day in place of each mudd. The number of poor men is considered, and if it is ten then he fasts ten days, and if it is twenty he fasts twenty days, according to how many people there are to be fed, even if there are more than sixty." Malik said, "I have heard that a forfeit is assessed for someone who kills game in the Haram while he is not in ihram in the same way that it is assessed for some one who kills game in the Haram while he is in ihram ."

قَالَ يَحْيَى، قَالَ مَالِكٌ: قَالَ اللهُ،: ﴿يّا أّيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا لا تَقْتُلُوا الصَّيدَ وَأَنْتُمْ حُرُمٌ وَمَن قَتَلَهُ مِنْكُم مُتَعَمِّدًا فَجَزَاءٌ مِثْلُ مَا قَتَلَ مِنَ النَّعَمِ يَحْكُمُ بِهِ ذَوَا عَدْلٍ مِنْكُمْ هَديًا بَالِغَ الكَعْبَةِ أَو كَفَّارَةٌ طَعَامُ مَسَاكِينَ أَو عَدْلُ ذَلِكَ صِيَامًا لِيَذُوقَ وَبَالَ أَمْرِهِ﴾ [المائدة ٥: ٩٥]، قَالَ مَالِكٌ: فَالَّذِي يَصِيدُ الصَّيْدَ وَهُوَ حَلَالٌ، ثُمَّ يَقْتُلُهُ وَهُوَ مُحْرِمٌ. بِمَنْزِلَةِ الَّذِي يَبْتَاعُهُ وَهُوَ مُحْرِمٌ، ثُمَّ يَقْتُلُهُ. وَقَدْ نَهَى الله عَنْ قَتْلِهِ. فَعَلَيْهِ جَزَاؤُهُ. قَالَ مَالِكٌ: وَالْأَمْرُ عِنْدَنَا أَنَّهُ مَنْ أَصَابَ الصَّيْدَ وَهُوَ مُحْرِمٌ حُكِمَ عَلَيْهِ. قَالَ مَالِكٌ: أَحْسَنُ مَا سَمِعْتُ فِي الَّذِي يَقْتُلُ الصَّيْدَ، فَيُحْكَمُ عَلَيْهِ فِيهِ، أَنْ يُقَوَّمَ الصَّيْدُ الَّذِي أَصَابَ، فَيُنْظَرَ كَمْ ثَمَنُهُ مِنَ الطَّعَامِ، فَيُطْعِمَ كُلَّ مِسْكِينٍ مُدًّا. أَوْ يَصُومَ مَكَانَ كُلِّ مُدٍّ يَوْمًا. وَيُنْظَرَ كَمْ عِدَّةُ الْمَسَاكِينِ. فَإِنْ كَانُوا عَشَرَةً، صَامَ عَشَرَةَ أَيَّامٍ. وَإِنْ كَانُوا عِشْرِينَ مِسْكِينًا، صَامَ عِشْرِينَ يَوْمًا. عَدَدَهُمْ مَا كَانُوا، وَإِنْ كَانُوا أَكْثَرَ مِنْ سِتِّينَ مِسْكِينًا. قَالَ يَحْيَى، قَالَ مَالِكٌ: سَمِعْتُ أَنَّهُ يُحْكَمُ عَلَى مَنْ قَتَلَ الصَّيْدَ فِي الْحَرَمِ وَهُوَ حَلَالٌ، بِمِثْلِ مَا يُحْكَمُ بِهِ عَلَى الْمُحْرِمِ، الَّذِي يَقْتُلُ الصَّيْدَ فِي الْحَرَمِ وَهُوَ مُحْرِمٌ

Yahya related to me that Malik said, "Someone whose passage to the House is blocked by an enemy is freed from every restriction of ihram, and should sacrifice his animal and shave his head wherever he has been detained, and there is nothing for him to make up afterwards." Yahya related to me from Malik that he had heard that when the Messenger of Allah ﷺ and his companions came out of ihram at al-Hudaybiya they sacrificed their sacrificial animals and shaved their heads, and were freed from all the restrictions of ihram without having done tawaf of the House and without their sacrificial animals reaching the Kaba. There is nothing known about the Messenger of Allah ﷺ ever telling any of his companions, or anybody else that was with him, to make up for anything they had missed or to go back to doing anything they had not finished doing.

أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللهِ ﷺ حَلَّ هُوَ، وَأَصْحَابُهُ بِالْحُدَيْبِيَةِ. فَنَحَرُوا الْهَدْيَ. وَحَلَقُوا رُؤُوسَهُمْ. وَحَلُّوا مِنْ كُلِّ شَيْءٍ قَبْلَ أَنْ يَطُوفُوا بِالْبَيْتِ. وَقَبْلَ أَنْ يَصِلَ إِلَيْهِ الْهَدْيُ. ثُمَّ لَمْ نَعْلَمْ أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللهِ ﷺ أَمَرَ أَحَدًا مِنْ أَصْحَابِهِ، وَلَا مِمَّنْ كَانَ مَعَهُ، أَنْ يَقْضُوا شَيْئًا، وَلَا يَعُودُوا لِشَيْءٍ.

Yahya related to me from Malik that he had heard the people of knowledge say, "Someone who dedicates a sacrificial animal for compensation or as part of the hajj should not eat from it."

وَحَدَّثَنِي عَنْ مَالِكٍ أَنَّهُ سَمِعَ أَهْلَ الْعِلْمِ يَقُولُونَ لاَ يَأْكُلُ صَاحِبُ الْهَدْىِ مِنَ الْجَزَاءِ وَالنُّسُكِ

Malik was asked whether someone who went into a mosque to do itikaf for the last ten days of Ramadan and stayed there for a day or two but then became ill and left the mosque, had to do itikaf for the number of days that were left from the ten, or not, and if he did have to do so, then what month should he do it in, and he replied, "He should make up whatever he has to do of the itikaf when he recovers, whether in Ramadan or otherwise. I have heard that the Messenger of Allah ﷺ once wanted to do itikaf in Ramadan, but then came back without having done so, and then when Ramadan had gone, he did itikaf for ten days in Shawwal. Some one who does itikaf voluntarily in Ramadan and some one who has to do itikaf are in the same position regarding what is halal for them and what is haram. I have not heard that the Messenger of Allah ﷺ ever did itikaf other than voluntarily." Malik said, that if a woman did itikaf and then menstruated during her itikaf, she went back to her house, and, when she was pure again she returned to the mosque, at whatever time it was that she became pure. She then continued her itikaf from where she left off. This was the same situation as with a woman who had to fast two consecutive months, and who menstruated and then became pure. She then continued the fast from where she had left off and did not delay doing so.

قالَ يَحْيى، قالَ زِيادٌ: وسُئِلَ مالِكٌ عَنْ رَجُلٍ دَخَلَ المَسْجِدَ لِعُكُوفٍ فِي العَشْرِ الأواخِرِ مِن رَمَضانَ. فَأقامَ يَوْمًا، أوْ يَوْمَيْنِ. ثُمَّ مَرِضَ. فَخَرَجَ مِنَ المَسْجِدِ. أيَجِبُ عَلَيْهِ أنْ يَعْتَكِفَ ما بَقِيَ مِنَ العَشْرِ، إذا صَحَّ، أمْ لاَ يَجِبُ ذلِكَ عَلَيْهِ، وفِي أيِّ شَهْرٍ يَعْتَكِفُ، إنْ وجَبَ ذلِكَ عَلَيْهِ؟ فَقالَ مالِكٌ: يَقْضِي ما وجَبَ عَلَيْهِ مِن عُكُوفٍ. إذا صَحَّ، فِي رَمَضانَ، أوْ غَيْرِهِ. قالَ مالِكٌ وقَدْ بَلَغَنِي أنَّ رَسُولَ اللهِ ﷺ أرادَ العُكُوفَ فِي رَمَضانَ. ثُمَّ رَجَعَ فَلَمْ يَعْتَكِفْ. حَتّى إذا ذَهَبَ رَمَضانُ، اعْتَكَفَ عَشْرًا مِن شَوّالٍ. قالَ يَحْيى، قالَ زِيادٌ، قالَ مالِكٌ والمُتَطَوِّعُ فِي الِاعْتِكافِ، والَّذِي عَلَيْهِ الِاعْتِكافُ، أمْرُهُما واحِدٌ. فِيما يَحِلُّ لَهُما، ويَحْرُمُ عَلَيْهِما. ولَمْ يَبْلُغْنِي أنَّ رَسُولَ اللهِ ﷺ كانَ اعْتِكافُهُ إلاَّ تَطَوُّعًا. قالَ يَحْيى، قالَ زِيادٌ، قالَ مالِكٌ، فِي المَرْأةِ: إنَّها إذا اعْتَكَفَتْ، ثُمَّ حاضَتْ فِي اعْتِكافِها، إنَّها تَرْجِعُ إلى بَيْتِها. فَإذا طَهُرَتْ رَجَعَتْ إلى المَسْجِدِ أيَّةَ ساعَةٍ طَهُرَتْ، ولاَ تُأخِّرُ ذلِكَ، ثُمَّ تَبْنِي عَلى ما مَضى مِنَ اعْتِكافِها. قالَ يَحْيى، قالَ زِيادٌ، قالَ مالِكٌ: ومِثْلُ ذلِكَ، المَرْأةُ، يَجِبُ عَلَيْها صِيامُ شَهْرَيْنِ مُتَتابِعَيْنِ. فَتَحِيضُ، ثُمَّ تَطْهُرُ. فَتَبْنِي عَلى ما مَضى مِن صِيامِها. ولاَ تُؤَخِّرُ ذلِكَ.

Malik said, "There is no harm in someone who is in itikaf entering into a marriage contract as long as there is no physical relationship. A woman in itikaf may also be betrothed as long as there is no physical relationship. What is haram for someone in itikaf in relation to his womenfolk during the day is haram for him during the night." Yahya said that Ziyad said that Malik said, "It is not halal for a man to have intercourse with his wife while he is in itikaf, nor for him to take pleasure in her by kissing her, or whatever. However, I have not heard anyone disapproving of a man, or woman, in itikaf getting married as long as there is no physical relationship. Marriage is not disapproved of for someone fasting." "There is, however, a distinction between the marriage of someone in itikaf and that of someone who is muhrim, in that some one who is muhrim can eat, drink, visit the sick and attend funerals, but cannot put on perfume, whilst a man or woman in itikaf can put on oil and perfume and groom their hair, but cannot attend funerals or pray over the dead or visit the sick. Thus their situations with regard to marriage are different." "This is the sunna as it has come down to us regarding marriage for those who are muhrim, doing itikaf, or fasting.

قالَ يَحْيى، قالَ زِيادٌ، قالَ مالِكٌ: لاَ بَأْسَ بِنِكاحِ المُعْتَكِفِ نِكاحَ المِلْكِ. ما لَمْ يَكُنِ المَسِيسُ. والمَرْأةُ المُعْتَكِفَةُ أيْضًا، تُنْكَحُ نِكاحَ الخِطْبَةِ. ما لَمْ يَكُنِ المَسِيسُ. قالَ: ويَحْرُمُ عَلى المُعْتَكِفِ مِن أهْلِهِ بِاللَّيْلِ، ما يَحْرُمُ عَلَيْهِ مِنهُمْ بِالنَّهارِ. قالَ مالِكٌ: ولاَ يَحِلُّ لِرَجُلٍ أنْ يَمَسَّ امْرَأتَهُ وهُوَ مُعْتَكِفٌ. ولاَ يَتَلَذَّذُ مِنها بِشَيْءٍ، بِقُبْلَةٍ، ولاَ غَيْرِها. قالَ زِيادٌ، قالَ مالِكٌ: ولَمْ أسْمَعْ أحَدًا يَكْرَهُ لِلْمُعْتَكِفِ، ولاَ لِلْمُعْتَكِفَةِ أنْ يَنْكِحا فِي اعْتِكافِهِما. ما لَمْ يَكُنِ المَسِيسُ. ولاَ يُكْرَهُ لِلصّائِمِ أنْ يَنْكِحَ فِي صِيامِهِ. وفَرْقٌ بَيْنَ نِكاحِ المُعْتَكِفِ، وبَيْنَ نِكاحِ المُحْرِمِ. أنَّ المُحْرِمَ يَأْكُلُ، ويَشْرَبُ، ويَعُودُ المَرِيضَ، ويَشْهَدُ الجَنائِزَ، ولاَ يَتَطَيَّبُ. [والمُعْتَكِفُ] والمُعْتَكِفَةُ، يَدَّهِنانِ، ويَتَطَيَّبانِ، ويَأْخُذُ كُلُّ واحِدٍ مِنهُما مِن شَعَرِهِ، ولاَ يَشْهَدانِ الجَنائِزَ، ولاَ يُصَلِّيانِ عَلَيْها، ولاَ يَعُودانِ المَرْضى. فَأمْرُهُما فِي النِّكاحِ مُخْتَلِفٌ. قالَ زِيادٌ، قالَ مالِكٌ: وذلِكَ لِما مَضى مِنَ السُّنَّةِ، فِي نِكاحِ المُحْرِمِ، والمُعْتَكِفِ، والصّائِمِ.

Yahya related to me from Malik that he had heard the people of knowledge say, "Women do not have to raise their voices when they are doing talbiya, and a woman should only speak loudly enough to hear herself." Malik said, "Some one who is in ihram should not raise his voice when doing talbiya if he is in a mosque where there are groups of people. He should only speak loudly enough for himself and those who are near him to be able to hear, except in the Masjid alHaram and the mosque at Mina, where he should raise his voice." Malik said, "I have heard some of the people of knowledge recommending (people to do) talbiya at the end of every prayer and at every rise on the route."

مَالِكٌ ؛ أَنَّهُ سَمِعَ أَهْلَ الْعِلْمِ يَقُولُونَ: لَيْسَ عَلَى النِّسَاءِ رَفْعُ الصَّوْتِ بِالتَّلْبِيَةِ. لِتُسْمِعِ الْمَرْأَةُ نَفْسَهَا۔ قَالَ يَحْيَى، قَالَ مَالِكٌ: لَا يَرْفَعُ الْمُحْرِمُ صَوْتَهُ بِالْإِهْلَالِ فِي مَسَاجِدِ الْجَمَاعَاتِ يُسْمِعُ نَفْسَهُ، وَمَنْ يَلِيهِ. إِلَاّ فِي الْمَسْجِدِ الْحَرَامِ، وَمَسْجِدِ مِنًى، فَإِنَّهُ يَرْفَعُ صَوْتَهُ فِيهِمَا۔ قَالَ مَالِكٌ : سَمِعْتُ بَعْضَ أَهْلِ الْعِلْمِ يَسْتَحِبُّ التَّلْبِيَةَ دُبُرَ كُلِّ صَلَاةٍ، وَعَلَى كُلِّ شَرَفٍ مِنَ الْأَرْضِ۔

Yahya related to me from Malik that he had heard the people of knowledge say, "If someone goes into ihram to do hajj on its own, he cannot then go into ihram to do umra.'' Malik said, "This is what I have found the people of knowledge in our city doing."

مَالِكٌ ؛ أَنَّهُ سَمِعَ أَهْلَ الْعِلْمِ يَقُولُونَ: مَنْ أَهَلَّ بِحَجٍّ مُفْرَدٍ، ثُمَّ بَدَا لَهُ أَنْ يُهِلَّ بَعْدُ بِعُمْرَةٍ، فَلَيْسَ لَهُ ذلِكَ۔ قَالَ مَالِكٌ : وَذلِكَ الَّذِي أَدْرَكْتُ عَلَيْهِ أَهْلَ الْعِلْمِ بِبَلَدِنَا۔

Yahya related to me from Malik that he had heard some of the people of knowledge say, "If someone goes into ihram to do umra and then wants to go into ihram to do hajj as well, he can do so, as long as he has not done tawaf of the House and s'ay between Safa and Marwa. This is what Abdullah ibn 'Umar did when he said, 'If I am blocked from the House we shall do what we did when we were with the Messenger of Allah ﷺ.' He then turned to his companions and said, 'It is the same either way. I call you to witness that I have decided in favour of hajj and umra together. ' " Malik said, "The companions of the Messenger of Allah ﷺ went into ihram to do umra in the year of the farewell hajj, and the Messenger of Allah ﷺ said to them, 'Anyone that has a sacrificial animal with him should go into ihram to do hajj and umra together, and he should not come out of ihram until he has finished both.' "

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