[AI] The Compilation of Chapters on Voluntary Fasting

Chapter on the virtue of fasting in al-Muharram, since it is the best fasting after the month of Ramadan

Chapter on the recommendation of fasting in Sha‘ban and joining it to the month of Ramadan, since it was the month most beloved to the Prophet, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, for him to fast

Chapter on the permissibility of joining the fast of Sha‘ban to the fast of Ramadan, and the evidence that the meaning of the report of Abu Hurayrah from the Prophet, may Allah bless him and grant him peace: “When Sha‘ban reaches its midpoint, do not fast until Ramadan,” is: do not join Sha‘ban to Ramadan by fasting all of Sha‘ban, unless that coincides with a fast that a person had been observing before that, in which case he may fast that fast after the midpoint of Sha‘ban; not that he forbade fasting after the midpoint of Sha‘ban with an absolute prohibition

Chapter on the Prophet, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, beginning the fast of ‘Ashura’ and fasting it

Chapter on the evidence that the beginning of fasting ‘Ashura’ was before the obligation of fasting the month of Ramadan

Chapter mentioning the evidence that the Prophet, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, leaving the fast of ‘Ashura’ after the obligation of fasting Ramadan was revealed means that, if he wished, he left it—not that he would leave it in every circumstance; rather, he would leave it if he wished to leave it, and fast it if he wished to fast it

Chapter mentioning a report whose meaning a scholar, among those who did not understand the meaning of the report, misunderstood, imagining that the command to fast ‘Ashura’ was entirely abrogated by the obligation of fasting Ramadan. Abu Bakr said: The report of ‘Ammar ibn Yasir, “We were commanded to fast ‘Ashura’ before Ramadan was revealed; then, when Ramadan was revealed, we were not commanded to do it,” I have cited in the Book of Zakat

Chapter on the reason for the Prophet, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, commanding the fast of ‘Ashura’ after his arrival in Medina, and the evidence for the soundness of our position regarding the meaning of “more entitled,” contrary to the position of one who claims knowledge he does not possess, alleging that it is not permissible to say, “So-and-so is more entitled to so-and-so than so-and-so,” unless so-and-so also has guardianship; yet if it were as he claimed, the Jews would be the allies of Moses, and the Muslims would be more entitled to him than they

Chapter on the evidence that the Prophet’s command, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, to fast ‘Ashura’ was not a command of obligation and imposition, whether initially or repeatedly, but was a command of virtue and recommendation

Chapter on the virtue of fasting ‘Ashura’ and the Prophet, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, taking care to fast it because of its virtue among the days, apart from fasting Ramadan

Chapter mentioning the expiation of sins by fasting ‘Ashura’ and clarifying that a righteous deed may precede the act—the thing that occurs after it—so that the righteous deed expiates sins that occur after the righteous deed, contrary to what is imagined by those who disagree with us regarding offering the expiation for an oath before breaking it, and who claim that it is not permissible for a person to perform a righteous deed beforehand that expiates a sin occurring after it

Chapter on the recommendation that mothers refrain from nursing children on the day of ‘Ashura’ out of reverence for the day of ‘Ashura’, if the report is sound, for there is unease in the heart regarding Khalid ibn Dhakwan

Chapter on the command to fast the day of ‘Ashura’ if a person wakes up not intending to fast and had not firmly resolved to fast from the night before, and the evidence that the Prophet, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, only intended by his saying, “There is no fast for one who does not firmly resolve to fast from the night before,” the obligatory fast, not the voluntary fast

Chapter on the command to fast part of the day of ‘Ashura’ if a person did not know it was the day of ‘Ashura’ before eating, and the distinction in fasting between ‘Ashura’ and other days, since fasting part of a day is not considered fasting on any day other than ‘Ashura’, because of what the Prophet, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, made specific to the day of ‘Ashura’, when he commanded fasting part of that day even if the person had eaten at the beginning of the day

Chapter mentioning the choice between fasting ‘Ashura’ and breaking the fast on it, and the evidence that the command to fast the day of ‘Ashura’ is a command of recommendation, guidance, and virtue

Chapter mentioning a report narrated from the Prophet, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, concerning the command to seek Laylat al-Qadr in the last seven, without mentioning the reason for which he commanded limiting the search for it to the seven rather than all ten

Chapter mentioning the report indicating the soundness of the second meaning I mentioned: that he commanded seeking it in the last seven when the one seeking it becomes weak and unable to seek it throughout all ten

Chapter on the command to fast a day before ‘Ashura’ or a day after it, in order to differ from the practice of the Jews in fasting ‘Ashura’

Chapter on the recommendation of fasting the ninth day of al-Muharram in emulation of the Prophet, may Allah bless him and grant him peace

Chapter on the virtue of fasting the Day of ‘Arafah and the expiation of sins, with the wording of a general, unexplained report. Abu Bakr said: The report of Abu Qatadah from the Prophet, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, “The fast of ‘Arafah expiates the past year and the coming year,” I dictated in the chapter on the fast of ‘Ashura’

Chapter mentioning a report narrated from the Prophet, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, concerning the prohibition of fasting the Day of ‘Arafah, general and unexplained

Chapter mentioning a report that explains the two general expressions I mentioned, and the evidence that the Prophet, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, only disliked fasting the Day of ‘Arafah at ‘Arafat, not elsewhere; and in it is what indicates that his saying, “Fasting the Day of ‘Arafah expiates the past year and the coming year,” applies outside ‘Arafat

Chapter mentioning the evidence that the command to seek Laylat al-Qadr in the odd nights of what remains of the last ten is not in the odd nights of what has passed of them

Chapter mentioning the report that explains the evidence I mentioned regarding seeking Laylat al-Qadr in the odd nights of what remains of the last ten, not of what has passed of them

Chapter on the evidence that an odd night of what remains of the last ten may also be an odd night of what has passed from it, since the month may be twenty-nine days

Chapter mentioning the report that explains the evidence I mentioned, since the Prophet, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, commanded seeking it on the twenty-third night of what had passed of the month, while it was the seventh night of what remained

Chapter mentioning the chapters on Laylat al-Qadr and reconciling the reports transmitted from the Prophet, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, concerning it, which many bearers of knowledge who do not understand the craft of knowledge think are contradictory and mutually inconsistent; but they are not so with us, by the praise and blessing of Allah. Rather, their wordings differ while their meanings agree, as I shall clarify, if Allah wills

Chapter mentioning the continuance of Laylat al-Qadr in every Ramadan until the establishment of the Hour, and denying that it ceased with the cessation of the prophets

Chapter mentioning the evidence that Laylat al-Qadr is in Ramadan without doubt or uncertainty, and not in any other month, contrary to the statement of one who claimed that if a man swore on the last day of Sha‘ban that his wife would be divorced, or his male slave freed, or his female slave freed, on Laylat al-Qadr, then the divorce or manumission would not take effect until a year had passed from the day he swore; because he claimed that one does not know whether Laylat al-Qadr is in Ramadan or elsewhere, due to Ibn Mas‘ud’s saying: “Whoever stands in prayer throughout the year will attain it”

Chapter mentioning the evidence that Laylat al-Qadr is in the last ten of Ramadan, contrary to the statement of those whose view we mentioned in the previous chapter, and the evidence that if a man swore during a day of the month of Ramadan, shortly before sunset, that his wife would be divorced or his slave freed, and then the crescent of Shawwal appeared, the divorce or manumission—or both, if he had sworn concerning both—would take effect, since Laylat al-Qadr had undoubtedly and without uncertainty passed after his oath, for it is in the last ten of Ramadan, neither before nor after

Chapter on the command to seek and look for Laylat al-Qadr in the last ten of Ramadan, with a general, unexplained wording

Chapter mentioning the report that explains the general expression I mentioned, and the evidence that the Prophet, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, only commanded seeking Laylat al-Qadr in the last ten of Ramadan on the odd nights thereof, not on the even nights

Chapter on the recommendation of breaking the fast on the Day of ‘Arafah at ‘Arafat, in emulation of the Prophet, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, and in order to gain strength by eating for supplication, since supplication on the Day of ‘Arafah is the best supplication, or among the best of it

Chapter mentioning the Prophet, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, breaking the fast during the ten days of Dhu al-Hijjah

Chapter mentioning a reason for which the Prophet, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, would leave some voluntary acts, even though he encouraged them: namely, fear that the act would be made obligatory upon them, along with his love, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, for obligations to be lightened for the people

Chapter on the recommendation of fasting one day and breaking the fast one day, and informing that this is the fast of Allah’s Prophet David, may Allah bless him and grant him peace

Chapter informing that fasting one day and breaking the fast one day is the best fast, the most beloved to Allah, and the most balanced

Chapter mentioning the evidence that the Prophet, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, only reported that the fast of David is the most balanced fast, the best of it, and the most beloved to Allah because the one who fasts one day and breaks the fast one day fulfills the share due to himself, his eye, and his family on the days when he breaks the fast, and does not neglect the share due to himself, his eye, and his family

Chapter mentioning the evidence that David was among the most devoted worshipers of people, since his fasting was as we have mentioned

Chapter mentioning the Prophet’s wish, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, that he were able to fast one day and break the fast two days

Chapter on the virtue of fasting in the path of Allah, and Allah distancing a person who fasts one day in the path of Allah from the Fire by seventy autumns, by mentioning a general, unexplained report

Chapter on the prohibition of fasting Saturday voluntarily when it is singled out for fasting, by mentioning a general, unexplained report with a general wording intended specifically; and I think the prohibition of fasting it is because the Jews venerate it and have taken it as a festival instead of Friday

Chapter mentioning the evidence that the prohibition of fasting Saturday voluntarily applies when it is singled out for fasting, not when a fasting person fasts a day before it or a day after it. Abu Bakr said: In the Prophet’s statement, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, prohibiting the fasting of Friday unless a day before it or a day after it is fasted, there is evidence that he permitted fasting Saturday when one fasts Friday before it or a day after it

Chapter on the concession regarding Saturday when one fasts Sunday after it

Chapter on the prohibition of a woman fasting voluntarily without her husband’s permission when her husband is present and not absent from her, by mentioning a report whose wording is specific but whose intended meaning is general, of the kind about which we say: when a command is due to a cause, whenever the cause exists the command is obligatory

Chapter mentioning the report that explains the general expression I mentioned, and the evidence that the fast of the day we mentioned in the path of Allah only causes Allah to distance the one who fasts it from the Fire when he fasts it seeking the face of Allah, since Allah, Mighty and Exalted, accepts no deeds except those that are sincerely for Him

Chapter on the virtue of following the fast of Ramadan with fasting six days of Shawwal, so that it is like fasting the entire year

Chapter mentioning the evidence that the Prophet, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, only informed that fasting Ramadan and six days of Shawwal is like fasting a lifetime because Allah, Mighty and Exalted, made one good deed worth ten like it, or more if Allah, Glorified and Mighty, wills

Chapter on the recommendation of fasting Monday and Thursday and taking care to fast them, in emulation of the practice of the Prophet, may Allah bless him and grant him peace

Chapter on the recommendation of fasting Monday, since the Prophet, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, was born on Monday, revelation came to him on it, and he died on it, may Allah bless him and grant him peace

Chapter mentioning reports narrated from the Prophet, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, concerning the prohibition of fasting Friday, general and unexplained

Chapter mentioning the explanatory report concerning the prohibition of fasting Friday, and the evidence that the prohibition applies when Friday is singled out for fasting without fasting a day before it or a day after it

Chapter on the evidence that Friday is a festival day and that the prohibition of fasting it is because it is a festival, and the distinction between Friday and the two festivals, al-Fitr and al-Adha, since the prohibition of fasting them came whether singly or joined to fasting before or after

Chapter on the command to one fasting Friday by itself to break the fast after part of the day has passed

Chapter mentioning the prohibition of fasting perpetually, without mentioning the reason for which it was prohibited

Chapter mentioning the reason for which the Prophet, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, forbade fasting perpetually

Chapter on the concession to fast perpetually if a person breaks the fast on the days on which fasting was prohibited

Chapter on the virtue of fasting perpetually if one breaks the fast on the days on which fasting was prohibited

A chapter on the recommendation of fasting Monday and Thursday also, because deeds are presented to Allah, Mighty and Exalted, on those two days

Chapter on the virtue of fasting one day from every month, and what Allah, Mighty and Exalted, gives to the one who fasts one day of the month, along with the evidence that Allah did not intend by His saying, “Whoever comes with a good deed shall have ten like it,” that He does not give for a single good deed more than ten like it, since the Chosen Prophet, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, who explains on behalf of Him, Mighty and Exalted, informed that Allah gives for fasting one day the reward of a complete month

Chapter on the command to fast three days of every month as a recommendation, not as an obligation

Chapter mentioning the evidence that the command to fast three days of every month is a command of recommendation, not a command of obligation

Chapter mentioning Allah’s favor, Mighty and Exalted, upon one who fasts three days of every month by giving him the reward of fasting perpetually, with one good deed being worth ten like it

Chapter on the recommendation of fasting these three days of every month on the white days thereof

Chapter on the permissibility of fasting these three days of every month at the beginning of the month, hastening to fast them out of fear that one may not live to fast them on the white days

Chapter mentioning the evidence concerning one who breaks a voluntary fast after entering into it while having firmly resolved to fast that day, contrary to the position of one who holds that he is obliged to repeat the fast of that day

Chapter likening fasting in winter to easy spoils, and the evidence that a thing may be compared to what resembles it in some respects, not in all respects

The Compilation of Chapters Mentioning the Days, and the evidence that the Prophet, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, may prohibit one thing and remain silent about another without permitting what he remained silent about: the Prophet, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, forbade fasting the Day of al-Fitr and the Day of Sacrifice in the reports narrated from him concerning the prohibition of fasting them, but his prohibition of fasting them did not entail the permissibility of fasting the days of Tashriq, since he also prohibited fasting the days of Tashriq in reports other than these reports in which he prohibited fasting the Day of al-Fitr and the Day of al-Adha

Chapter on the prohibition of fasting the days of Tashriq by an indication in the form of an explicit prohibition

Chapter on the stern prohibition of fasting the days of Tashriq by an explicit prohibition

Chapter mentioning the evidence that fasting three days of every month takes the place of fasting perpetually, whether the fast of the three days is at the beginning of the month, in its middle, or at its end. Abu Bakr said: In the report of Abu Salamah from ‘Abd Allah ibn ‘Amr: “For every good deed is worth ten like it”

Chapter mentioning Allah, Mighty and Exalted, making Paradise obligatory for one who fasts a single day when he combines with his fast charity, attendance at a funeral, and visiting a sick person

A chapter on the description of the fasting of the Prophet, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, apart from what we have already mentioned, by mentioning a general, unexplained report

Chapter mentioning the report that explains the general expression I mentioned, and the evidence that ‘A’ishah only meant by her saying, “The Prophet, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, did not fast a complete month other than Ramadan,” the month of Sha‘ban whose fasting he would join to the fasting of Ramadan. Abu Bakr said: I have already dictated the report of Abu Salamah and ‘A’ishah concerning the Prophet, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, joining the fast of Sha‘ban to Ramadan

Chapter mentioning fasting consecutive days of the month and breaking the fast on consecutive days after them in the month

Chapter mentioning what Allah, Glorified and Exalted, has prepared in Paradise of chambers for one who persists in voluntary fasting, if the report is sound; for there is unease in the heart regarding ‘Abd al-Rahman ibn Ishaq Abu Shaybah al-Kufi, and he is not ‘Abd al-Rahman ibn Ishaq, nicknamed ‘Abbad, who narrated from Sa‘id al-Maqburi, al-Zuhri, and others. He is sound in hadith, a Medinan who lived in Wasit, then moved to Basra. I do not know Ibn Mu‘aniq, nor Abu Mu‘aniq from whom Yahya ibn Abi Kathir narrated

Chapter mentioning the angels’ sending blessings upon the fasting person when those breaking their fast eat in his presence

Chapter on the concession to observe a voluntary fast even if a person did not firmly resolve to fast from the night before, and the evidence that the Prophet, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, only intended by his saying, “There is no fast for one who did not firmly resolve to fast from the night before,” the obligatory fast, not the voluntary fast

Chapter on the permissibility of breaking a voluntary fast after part of the day has passed, while the person had intended to fast during the part of the day that had passed

جُمَّاعُ أَبْوَابِ صَوْمِ التَّطَوُّعِ

بَابُ فَضْلِ الصَّوْمِ فِي الْمُحَرَّمِ إِذْ هُوَ أَفْضَلُ الصِّيَامِ بَعْدَ شَهْرِ رَمَضَانَ

بَابُ اسْتِحْبَابِ صَوْمِ شَعْبَانَ وَوَصْلِهِ بِشَهْرِ رَمَضَانَ إِذْ كَانَ أَحَبُّ الشُّهُورِ إِلَى النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ أَنْ يَصُومَهُ

بَابُ إِبَاحَةِ وَصْلِ صَوْمِ شَعْبَانَ بِصَوْمِ رَمَضَانَ وَالدَّلِيلِ عَلَى أَنَّ مَعْنَى خَبَرِ أَبِي هُرَيْرَةَ , عَنِ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ : إِذَا انْتَصَفَ شَعْبَانُ فَلَا تَصُومُوا حَتَّى رَمَضَانَ أَيْ : لَا تُوصِلُوا شَعْبَانَ بِرَمَضَانَ فَتَصُومُوا جَمِيعَ شَعْبَانَ , أَوْ أَنْ يُوَافِقَ ذَلِكَ صَوْمًا كَانَ يَصُومُهُ الْمَرْءُ قَبْلَ ذَاكَ , فَيَصُومُ ذَلِكَ الصِّيَامَ بَعْدَ النِّصْفِ مِنْ شَعْبَانَ , لَا أَنَّهُ نَهَى عَنِ الصَّوْمِ إِذَا انْتَصَفَ شَعْبَانُ نَهْيًا مُطْلَقًا

بَابُ بَدْءِ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ بِصِيَامِ عَاشُورَاءَ وَصَامَهُ

بَابُ الدَّلِيلِ عَلَى أَنَّ بَدْءَ صِيَامِ عَاشُورَاءَ كَانَ قَبْلَ فَرْضِ صَوْمِ شَهْرِ رَمَضَانَ

بَابُ ذِكْرِ الدَّلِيلِ عَلَى أَنَّ تَرْكَ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ صَوْمَ عَاشُورَاءَ بَعْدَ نُزُولِ فَرْضِ صَوْمِ رَمَضَانَ إِنْ شَاءَ تَرَكَهُ , لَا أَنَّهُ كَانَ يَتْرُكُهُ عَلَى كُلِّ حَالٍ , بَلْ كَانَ يَتْرُكُهُ إِنْ شَاءَ تَرَكَهُ , وَيَصُومُ إِنْ شَاءَ صَامَهُ

بَابُ ذِكْرِ خَبَرٍ غَلَطَ فِي مَعْنَاهُ عَالِمٍ مِمَّنْ لَمْ يَفْهَمْ مَعْنَى الْخَبَرِ , وَتَوَهَّمَ أَنَّ الْأَمْرَ لِصَوْمِ عَاشُورَاءَ جَمِيعًا مَنْسُوخٌ بِفَرْضِ صَوْمِ رَمَضَانَ قَالَ أَبُو بَكْرٍ : خَبَرُ عَمَّارِ بْنِ يَاسِرٍ : أُمِرْنَا بِصَوْمِ عَاشُورَاءَ قَبْلَ أَنْ يَنْزِلَ رَمَضَانُ , فَلَمَّا نَزَلَ رَمَضَانُ لَمْ نُؤْمَرْ بِهِ , خَرَّجْتُهُ فِي كِتَابِ الزَّكَاةِ

بَابُ عِلَّةِ أَمْرِ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ بِصِيَامِ عَاشُورَاءَ بَعْدَ مَقْدِمِهِ الْمَدِينَةَ وَالدَّلِيلُ عَلَى صِحَّةِ مَذْهَبِنَا فِي مَعْنَى أَوْلَى ضِدَّ مَذْهَبِ مَنْ يَدَّعِي مَا لَا يُحْسِنُهُ مِنَ الْعِلْمِ , فَزَعَمَ أَنَّهُ غَيْرُ جَائِزٍ أَنْ يُقَالَ : فُلَانٌ أَوْلَى بِفُلَانٍ مِنْ فُلَانٍ , إِلَّا أَنْ يَكُونَ لِفُلَانٍ أَيْضًا وِلَايَةٌ , وَلَوْ كَانَ عَلَى مَا زَعَمَ , كَانَ الْيَهُودُ أَوْلِيَاءُ مُوسَى , وَالْمُسْلِمُونَ أَوْلَى بِهِ مِنْهُمْ

بَابُ الدَّلِيلِ عَلَى أَنَّ أَمْرَ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ بِصِيَامِ عَاشُورَاءَ لَمْ يَكُنْ بِأَمْرِ فَرْضٍ وَإِيجَابٍ بَدْءًا وَلَا عَدَدًا , وَأَنَّهُ كَانَ أَمْرَ فَضِيلَةٍ وَاسْتِحْبَابٍ

بَابُ فَضِيلَةِ صِيَامِ عَاشُورَاءَ وَتَحَرِّي النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ صِيَامَهُ لِفَضْلِهِ مِنْ بَيْنِ الْأَيَّامِ خَلَا صِيَامَ رَمَضَانَ

بَابُ ذِكْرِ تَكْفِيرِ الذُّنُوبِ بِصِيَامِ عَاشُورَاءَ وَالْبَيَانِ أَنَّ الْعَمَلَ الصَّالِحِ يَتَقَدَّمُ الْفِعْلَ , الشَّيْءُ يَكُونُ بَعْدَهُ فَيُكَفِّرُ الْعَمَلُ الصَّالِحُ الذُّنُوبَ تَكُونُ بَعْدَ الْعَمَلِ الصَّالِحِ , لَا كَمَا يَتَوَهَّمُ مَنْ خَالَفَنَا فِي تَقْدِيمِ كَفَّارَةِ الْيَمِينِ قَبْلَ الْحِنْثِ , وَزَعَمَ أَنَّهُ غَيْرُ جَائِزٍ أَنْ يُتقَدِّمَ الْمَرْءُ عَمَلًا صَالِحًا يُكَفِّرُ ذَنْبًا يَكُونُ بَعْدَهُ

بَابُ اسْتِحْبَابِ تَرْكِ الْأُمَّهَاتِ إِرْضَاعَ الْأَطْفَالِ يَوْمَ عَاشُورَاءَ تَعْظِيمًا لِيَوْمِ عَاشُورَاءَ , إِنْ صَحَّ الْخَبَرُ , فَإِنَّ فِي الْقَلْبِ مِنْ خَالِدِ بْنِ ذَكْوَانَ

بَابُ الْأَمْرِ بِصِيَامِ يَوْمِ عَاشُورَاءَ , إِنْ أَصْبَحَ الْمَرْءُ غَيْرَ نَاوٍ لِلصِّيَامِ غَيْرُ مُجْمِعٍ عَلَى الصِّيَامِ مِنَ اللَّيْلِ , وَالدَّلِيلِ عَلَى أَنَّ النَّبِيَّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ إِنَّمَا أَرَادَ بِقَوْلِهِ : لَا صِيَامَ لِمَنْ لَا يُجْمِعُ الصِّيَامَ مِنَ اللَّيْلِ صَوْمَ الْوَاجِبِ دُونَ صَوْمِ التَّطَوُّعِ

بَابُ الْأَمْرِ بِصِيَامِ بَعْضِ يَوْمِ عَاشُورَاءَ إِذَا لَمْ يَعْلَمِ الْمَرْءُ بِيَوْمِ عَاشُورَاءَ قَبْلَ أَنْ يَطْعَمَ وَالْفَرَقُ فِي الصَّوْمِ بَيْنَ عَاشُورَاءَ وَبَيْنَ غَيْرِهِ , إِذْ صَوْمُ بَعْضِ يَوْمٍ لَا يَكُونُ صَوْمًا فِي غَيْرِ يَوْمِ عَاشُورَاءَ , لِمَا خَصَّ النَّبِيُّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ بِهِ يَوْمَ عَاشُورَاءَ , فَأَمَرَ بِصَوْمِ بَعْضِ ذَلِكَ الْيَوْمِ , وَإِنْ كَانَ الْمَرْءُ قَدْ طَعِمَ أَوَّلَ النَّهَارِ

بَابُ ذِكْرِ التَّخْيِيرِ بَيْنَ صِيَامِ عَاشُورَاءَ وَإِفْطَارِهِ وَالدَّلِيلِ عَلَى أَنَّ الْأَمْرَ بِصَوْمِ يَوْمِ عَاشُورَاءَ أَمْرُ نَدْبٍ وَإِرْشَادٍ وَفَضِيلَةٍ

بَابُ ذِكْرِ خَبَرٍ رُوِيَ عَنِ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ فِي الْأَمْرِ بِطَلَبِ لَيْلَةِ الْقَدْرِ فِي السَّبْعِ الْأَوَاخِرِ مِنْ غَيْرِ ذِكْرِ الْعِلَّةِ الَّتِي لَهَا أَمَرَ بِالِاقْتِصَارِ عَلَى طَلَبِهَا فِي السَّبْعِ دُونَ الْعَشْرِ جَمِيعًا

بَابُ ذِكْرِ الْخَبَرِ الدَّالِّ عَلَى صِحَّةِ الْمَعْنَى الثَّانِي الَّذِي ذَكَرْتُ أَنَّهُ أَمَرَ بِطَلَبِهَا فِي السَّبْعِ الْأَوَاخِرِ إِذَا ضَعُفَ وَعَجَزَ طَالِبُهَا عَنْ طَلَبِهَا فِي الْعَشْرِ كُلِّهِ

بَابُ الْأَمْرِ بِأَنْ يُصَامَ قَبْلَ عَاشُورَاءَ يَوْمًا أَوْ بَعْدَهُ يَوْمًا مُخَالَفَةً لِفِعْلِ الْيَهُودِ فِي صَوْمِ عَاشُورَاءَ

بَابُ اسْتِحْبَابِ صَوْمِ يَوْمِ التَّاسِعِ مِنَ الْمُحَرَّمِ اقْتِدَاءً بِالنَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ

بَابُ فَضْلِ صَوْمِ يَوْمِ عَرَفَةَ , وَتَكْفِيرِ الذُّنُوبِ بِلَفْظِ خَبَرٍ مُجْمَلٍ غَيْرِ مُفَسَّرٍ قَالَ أَبُو بَكْرٍ : خَبَرُ أَبِي قَتَادَةَ عَنِ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ : صَوْمُ عَرَفَةَ يُكَفَّرُ السَّنَةَ الْمَاضِيَةَ وَالسُّنَّةَ الْمُقْبِلَةَ أَمْلَيْتُهُ فِي بَابِ صَوْمِ عَاشُورَاءَ

بَابُ ذِكْرِ خَبَرٍ رُوِيَ عَنِ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ فِي النَّهْيِ عَنْ صَوْمِ يَوْمِ عَرَفَةَ مُجْمَلٍ غَيْرِ مُفَسَّرٍ

بَابُ ذِكْرِ خَبَرٍ مُفَسِّرٍ لِلَّفْظَتَيْنِ الْمُجْمَلَتَيْنِ اللَّتَيْنِ ذَكَرْتُهُمَا وَالدَّلِيلِ عَلَى أَنَّ النَّبِيَّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ إِنَّمَا كَرِهَ صَوْمَ يَوْمِ عَرَفَةَ بِعَرَفَاتٍ لَا غَيْرِهِ ، وَفِيهِ مَا دَلَّ عَلَى أَنَّ قَوْلَهُ : صَوْمُ يَوْمِ عَرَفَةَ يُكَفِّرُ السَّنَةَ الْمَاضِيَةَ ، وَالسَّنَةَ الْمُسْتَقْبَلَةَ بِغَيْرِ عَرَفَاتٍ

بَابُ ذِكْرِ الدَّلِيلِ عَلَى أَنَّ الْأَمْرَ بِطَلَبِ لَيْلَةِ الْقَدْرِ فِي الْوِتْرِ مِمَّا يَبْقَى مِنَ الْعَشْرِ الْأَوَاخِرِ لَا فِي الْوِتْرِ مِمَّا يَمْضِي مِنْهَا

بَابُ ذِكْرِ الْخَبَرِ الْمُفَسِّرِ لِلدَّلِيلِ الَّذِي ذَكَرْتُ فِي طَلَبِ لَيْلَةِ الْقَدْرِ فِي الْوِتْرِ مِمَّا يَبْقَى مِنَ الْعَشْرِ الْأَوَاخِرِ لَا مِمَّا يَمْضِي مِنْهَا

بَابُ الدَّلِيلِ عَلَى أَنَّ الْوِتْرَ مِمَّا يَبْقَى مِنَ الْعَشْرِ الْأَوَاخِرِ قَدْ يَكُونُ أَيْضًا الْوِتْرَ مِمَّا مَضَى مِنْهُ ، إِذِ الشَّهْرُ قَدْ يَكُونُ تِسْعًا وَعِشْرِينَ

بَابُ ذِكْرِ الْخَبَرِ الْمُفَسِّرِ لِلدَّلِيلِ الَّذِي ذَكَرْتُ ، إِذِ النَّبِيُّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ قَدْ أَمَرَ بِطَلَبِهَا لَيْلَةَ ثَلَاثٍ وَعِشْرِينَ مِمَّا قَدْ مَضَى مِنَ الشَّهْرِ ، وَكَانَتْ لَيْلَةَ سَابِعَةٍ مِمَّا تَبَقَّى

بَابُ ذِكْرِ أَبْوَابِ لَيْلَةِ الْقَدْرِ وَالتَّأْلِيفِ بَيْنَ الْأَخْبَارِ الْمَأْثُورَةِ عَنِ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ فِيهَا مَا يَحْسِبُ كَثِيرٌ مِنْ حَمَلَةِ الْعِلْمِ مِمَّنْ لَا يَفْهَمُ صِنَاعَةَ الْعِلْمِ أَنَّهَا مُتَهَاتِرَةٌ مُتَنَافِيَةٌ ، وَلَيْسَ كَذَلِكَ هِيَ عِنْدَنَا بِحَمْدِ اللَّهِ وَنِعْمَتِهِ بَلْ هِيَ مُخْتَلِفَةُ الْأَلْفَاظِ مُتَّفِقَةُ الْمَعْنَى عَلَى مَا سَأُبَيِّنُهُ إِنْ شَاءَ اللَّهُ

بَابُ ذِكْرِ دَوَامِ لَيْلَةِ الْقَدْرِ فِي كُلِّ رَمَضَانَ إِلَى قِيَامِ السَّاعَةِ ، وَنَفْيِ انْقِطَاعِهَا بِنَفْيِ الْأَنْبِيَاءِ

بَابُ ذِكْرِ الدَّلِيلِ عَلَى أَنَّ لَيْلَةَ الْقَدْرِ هِيَ فِي رَمَضَانَ مِنْ غَيْرِ شَكٍّ ، وَلَا ارْتِيَابٍ فِي غَيْرِهِ ضِدَّ قَوْلِ مَنْ زَعَمَ أَنَّ الْحَالِفَ آخِرَ يَوْمٍ مِنْ شَعْبَانَ أَنَّ امْرَأَتَهُ طَالِقٌ ، أَوْ عَبْدَهُ حُرٌّ ، أَوْ أَمَتَهُ حُرَّةٌ لَيْلَةَ الْقَدْرِ ، أَنَّ الطَّلَاقَ ، وَالْعِتْقَ غَيْرُ وَاقِعٍ إِلَى مُضِيِّ السَّنَةِ مِنْ يَوْمِ حَلَفَ ؛ لِأَنَّهُ زَعَمَ لَا يَدْرِي لَيْلَةَ الْقَدْرِ هِيَ فِي رَمَضَانَ أَوْ فِي غَيْرِهِ ، لِقَوْلِ ابْنِ مَسْعُودٍ : مَنْ يَقُمِ الْحَوْلَ يُصِبْهَا

بَابُ ذِكْرِ الدَّلِيلِ عَلَى أَنَّ لَيْلَةَ الْقَدْرِ فِي الْعَشْرِ الْأَوَاخِرِ مِنْ رَمَضَانَ ، خِلَافَ قَوْلِ مَنْ ذَكَرْنَا مَقَالَتَهُمْ فِي الْبَابِ قَبْلَ هَذَا وَالدَّلِيلِ عَلَى أَنَّ الْحَالِفَ يَوْمَ شَهْرِ رَمَضَانَ قَبْلَ غُرُوبِ الشَّمْسِ بِطَرْفِهِ بِأَنَّ امْرَأَتَهُ طَالِقٌ ، أَوْ عَبْدَهُ حُرٌّ ، فَهَلَّ هِلَالُ شَوَّالٍ كَانَ الطَّلَاقُ ، أَوِ الْعِتْقُ ، أَوْ هُمَا لَوْ كَانَ الْحَلِفُ بِهِمَا جَمِيعًا وَاقِعًا إِذْ لَيْلَةُ الْقَدْرِ قَدْ مَضَتْ بَعْدَ حَلِفِهِ مِنْ غَيْرِ شَكٍّ وَلَا ارْتِيَابٍ ، إِذْ هِيَ فِي الْعَشْرِ الْأَوَاخِرِ مِنْ رَمَضَانَ لَا قَبْلَ وَلَا بَعْدَ

بَابُ الْأَمْرِ بِالْتِمَاسِ لَيْلَةِ الْقَدْرِ وَطَلَبِهَا فِي الْعَشْرِ الْأَوَاخِرِ مِنْ رَمَضَانَ بِلَفْظٍ مُجْمَلٍ غَيْرِ مُفَسَّرٍ

بَابُ ذِكْرِ الْخَبَرِ الْمُفَسِّرِ لِلَّفْظَةِ الْمُجْمَلَةِ الَّتِي ذَكَرْتُهَا وَالدَّلِيلِ عَلَى أَنَّ النَّبِيَّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ إِنَّمَا أَمَرَ بِطَلَبِ لَيْلَةِ الْقَدْرِ فِي الْعَشْرِ الْأَوَاخِرِ مِنْ رَمَضَانَ فِي الْوِتْرِ مِنْهَا لَا فِي الشَّفْعِ

بَابُ اسْتِحْبَابِ الْإِفْطَارِ يَوْمِ عَرَفَةَ بِعَرَفَاتٍ اقْتِدَاءً بِالنَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ وَتَقَوِّيًا بِالْفِطْرِ عَلَى الدُّعَاءِ ، إِذِ الدُّعَاءُ يَوْمَ عَرَفَةَ أَفْضَلُ الدُّعَاءِ أَوْ مِنْ أَفْضَلِهِ

بَابُ ذِكْرِ إِفْطَارِ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ فِي عَشْرِ ذِي الْحِجَّةِ

بَابُ ذِكْرِ عِلَّةٍ قَدْ كَانَ النَّبِيُّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ يَتْرُكُ لَهَا بَعْضَ أَعْمَالِ التَّطَوُّعِ ، وَإِنْ كَانَ يَحُثُّ عَلَيْهَا ، وَهِيَ خَشْيَةَ أَنْ يُفْرَضَ عَلَيْهِمْ ذَلِكَ الْفِعْلُ مَعَ اسْتِحْبَابِهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ مَا خُفِّفَ عَلَى النَّاسِ مِنَ الْفَرَائِضِ

بَابُ اسْتِحْبَابِ صَوْمِ يَوْمٍ وَإِفْطَارِ يَوْمٍ ، وَالْإِعْلَامِ بِأَنَّهُ صَوْمُ نَبِيِّ اللَّهِ دَاوُدَ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ

بَابُ الْإِخْبَارِ بِأَنَّ صَوْمَ يَوْمٍ ، وَفِطْرَ يَوْمٍ أَفْضَلُ الصِّيَامِ ، وَأَحَبُّهُ إِلَى اللَّهِ وَأَعْدَلُهُ

بَابُ ذِكْرِ الدَّلِيلِ عَلَى أَنَّ النَّبِيَّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ إِنَّمَا خَبَّرَ أَنَّ صِيَامَ دَاوُدَ أَعْدَلُ الصِّيَامِ وَأَفْضَلُهُ ، وَأَحَبُّهُ إِلَى اللَّهِ إِذْ صَائِمُ يَوْمٍ ، مُفْطِرُ يَوْمٍ يَكُونُ مُؤَدِّيًا لِحَظِّ نَفْسِهِ وَعَيْنِهِ وَأَهْلِهِ أَيَّامَ فِطْرِهِ ، وَلَا يَكُونُ مُضَيِّعًا لِحَظِّ نَفْسِهِ وَعَيْنِهِ وَأَهْلِهِ

بَابُ ذِكْرِ الدَّلِيلِ عَلَى أَنَّ دَاوُدَ كَانَ مِنْ أَعْبَدِ النَّاسِ إِذَا كَانَ صَوْمُهُ مَا ذَكَرْنَا

بَابُ ذِكْرِ تَمَنِّي النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ اسْتِطَاعَةَ صَوْمِ يَوْمٍ ، وَإِفْطَارِ يَوْمَيْنِ

بَابُ فَضْلِ الصَّوْمِ فِي سَبِيلِ اللَّهِ ، وَمُبَاعَدَةِ اللَّهِ الْمَرْءَ يَصُومُ يَوْمًا فِي سَبِيلِ اللَّهِ عَنِ النَّارِ سَبْعِينَ خَرِيفًا بِذِكْرِ خَبَرٍ مُجْمَلٍ غَيْرِ مُفَسَّرٍ

بَابُ النَّهْيِ عَنْ صَوْمِ يَوْمِ السَّبْتِ تَطَوُّعًا إِذَا أُفْرِدَ بِالصَّوْمِ بِذِكْرِ خَبَرٍ مُجْمَلٍ غَيْرِ مُفَسَّرٍ بِلَفْظٍ عَامٍّ مُرَادُهُ خَاصٌّ ، وَأَحْسِبُ أَنَّ النَّهْيَ عَنْ صِيَامِهِ ، إِذِ الْيَهُودُ تُعَظِّمُهُ ، وَقَدِ اتَّخَذَتْهُ عِيدًا بَدَلَ الْجُمُعَةِ

بَابُ ذِكْرِ الدَّلِيلِ عَلَى أَنَّ النَّهْيَ عَنْ صَوْمِ يَوْمِ السَّبْتِ تَطَوُّعًا إِذَا أُفْرِدَ بِصَوْمٍ لَا إِذَا صَامَ صَائِمٌ يَوْمًا قَبْلَهُ أَوْ يَوْمًا بَعْدَهُ قَالَ أَبُو بَكْرٍ : فِي إِخْبَارِ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ فِي النَّهْيِ عَنْ صَوْمِ يَوْمِ الْجُمُعَةِ إِلَّا أَنْ يُصَامَ قَبْلَهُ أَوْ بَعْدَهُ يَوْمًا دَلَالَةٌ عَلَى أَنَّهُ قَدْ أَبَاحَ صَوْمَ يَوْمَ السَّبْتِ إِذَا صَامَ قَبْلَهُ يَوْمَ الْجُمُعَةِ أَوْ بَعْدَهُ يَوْمًا

بَابُ الرُّخْصَةِ فِي يَوْمِ السَّبْتِ إِذَا صَامَ يَوْمَ الْأَحَدِ بَعْدَهُ

بَابُ النَّهْيِ عَنْ صَوْمِ الْمَرْأَةِ تَطَوُّعًا بِغَيْرِ إِذَنِ زَوْجِهَا إِذَا كَانَ زَوْجُهَا حَاضِرًا غَيْرُ غَائِبٍ عَنْهَا بِذِكْرِ خَبَرٍ لَفْظُهُ خَاصٌّ مُرَادُهُ عَامٌّ ، مِنَ الْجِنْسِ الَّذِي نَقُولُ : إِنَّ الْأَمْرَ إِذَا كَانَ لِعِلَّةٍ فَمَتَى كَانَتِ الْعِلَّةُ قَائِمَةً كَانَ الْأَمْرُ وَاجِبًا

بَابُ ذِكْرِ الْخَبَرِ الْمُفَسِّرِ لِلَّفْظَةِ الْمُجْمَلَةِ الَّتِي ذَكَرْتُهَا وَالدَّلِيلِ عَلَى أَنَّ صَوْمَ الْيَوْمِ الَّذِي ذَكَرْنَاهُ فِي سَبِيلِ اللَّهِ إِنَّمَا بَاعَدَ اللَّهُ صَائِمَهُ بِهِ عَنِ النَّارِ أَنَّهُ إِذَا صَامَهُ ابْتِغَاءَ وَجْهِ اللَّهِ ، إِذِ اللَّهُ جَلَّ وَعَلَا لَا يَقْبَلُ مِنَ الْأَعْمَالِ إِلَّا مَا كَانَ لَهُ خَالِصًا

بَابُ فَضْلِ إِتْبَاعِ صِيَامِ رَمَضَانَ بِصِيَامِ سِتَّةِ أَيَّامٍ مِنْ شَوَّالٍ ، فَيَكُونُ كَصِيَامِ السَّنَةِ كُلِّهَا

بَابُ ذِكْرِ الدَّلِيلِ عَلَى أَنَّ النَّبِيَّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ إِنَّمَا أَعْلَمَ أَنَّ صِيَامَ رَمَضَانَ وَسِتَّةِ أَيَّامٍ مِنْ شَوَّالٍ يَكُونُ كَصِيَامِ الدَّهْرِ ، إِذِ اللَّهُ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ جَعَلَ الْحَسَنَةَ بِعَشْرِ أَمْثَالِهَا ، أَوْ يَزِيدُ إِنْ شَاءَ اللَّهُ جَلَّ وَعَزَّ

بَابُ اسْتِحْبَابِ صَوْمِ الِاثْنَيْنِ ، وَيَوْمِ الْخَمِيسِ ، وَتَحَرِّي صَوْمِهِمَا ، اقْتِدَاءً بِفِعْلِ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ

بَابُ اسْتِحْبَابِ صَوْمِ يَوْمِ الِاثْنَيْنِ إِذِ النَّبِيُّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ وُلِدَ يَوْمُ الِاثْنَيْنِ ، وَفِيهِ أُوحِيَ إِلَيْهِ ، وَفِيهِ مَاتَ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ

بَابُ ذِكْرِ أَخْبَارٍ رُوِيَتْ عَنِ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ فِي النَّهْيِ عَنْ صَوْمِ يَوْمِ الْجُمُعَةِ مُجْمَلَةٍ غَيْرِ مُفَسَّرَةٍ

بَابُ ذِكْرِ الْخَبَرِ الْمُفَسَّرِ فِي النَّهْيِ عَنْ صِيَامِ يَوْمِ الْجُمُعَةِ وَالدَّلِيلِ عَلَى أَنَّ النَّهْيَ عَنْهُ إِذَا أُفْرِدَ يَوْمُ الْجُمُعَةِ بِالصِّيَامِ مِنْ غَيْرِ أَنْ يُصَامَ قَبْلَهُ أَوْ بَعْدَهُ

بَابُ الدَّلِيلِ عَلَى أَنَّ يَوْمَ الْجُمُعَةِ يَوْمُ عِيدٍ وَأَنَّ النَّهْيَ عَنْ صِيَامِهِ إِذْ هُوَ عِيدٌ ، وَالْفَرْقُ بَيْنَ الْجُمُعَةِ ، وَبَيْنَ الْعِيدَيْنِ الْفِطْرِ وَالْأَضْحَى ، إِذْ جَاءَ بِنَهْيِ صَوْمِهِمَا مُفَردًا ، وَلَا مَوْصُولًا بِصِيَامٍ قَبْلُ وَلَا بَعْدُ

بَابُ أَمْرِ الصَّائِمِ يَوْمَ الْجُمُعَةِ مُفْرَدًا بِالْفِطْرِ بَعْدَ مُضِيِّ بَعْضِ النَّهَارِ

بَابُ ذِكْرِ النَّهْيِ عَنْ صِيَامِ الدَّهْرِ مِنْ غَيْرِ ذِكْرِ الْعِلَّةِ الَّتِي لَهَا نُهِيَ عَنْهُ

بَابُ ذِكْرِ الْعِلَّةِ الَّتِي لَهَا زَجَرَ النَّبِيُّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ عَنْ صَوْمِ الدَّهْرِ

بَابُ الرُّخْصَةِ فِي صَوْمِ الدَّهْرِ إِذَا أَفْطَرَ الْمَرْءُ الْأَيَّامَ الَّتِي زُجِرَ عَنِ الصِّيَامِ فِيهِنَّ

بَابُ فَضْلِ صِيَامِ الدَّهْرِ إِذَا أَفْطَرَ الْأَيَّامَ الَّتِي زُجِرَ عَنِ الصِّيَامِ فِيهَا

بَابٌ فِي اسْتِحْبَابِ صَوْمِ يَوْمِ الِاثْنَيْنِ وَالْخَمِيسِ أَيْضًا ؛ لِأَنَّ الْأَعْمَالَ فِيهِمَا تُعْرَضُ عَلَى اللَّهِ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ

بَابُ فَضْلِ صَوْمِ يَوْمٍ وَاحِدٍ مِنْ كُلِّ شَهْرٍ ، وَإِعْطَاءِ اللَّهِ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ صَائِمَ يَوْمٍ وَاحِدٍ مِنَ الشَّهْرِ مَعَ الدَّلِيلِ عَلَى أَنَّ اللَّهَ لَمْ يُرِدْ بِقَوْلِهِ : مَنْ جَاءَ بِالْحَسَنَةِ فَلَهُ عَشْرُ أَمْثَالِهَا ، أَنَّهُ لَا يُعْطِي بِالْحَسَنَةِ الْوَاحِدَةِ أَكْثَرَ مِنْ عَشْرِ أَمْثَالِهَا ، إِذِ النَّبِيُّ الْمُصْطَفَى صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ الْمُبَيِّنُ عَنْهُ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ قَدْ أَعْلَمَ أَنَّ اللَّهَ يُعْطِي بِصَوْمِ يَوْمٍ وَاحِدٍ جَزَاءَ شَهْرٍ تَامٍّ

بَابُ الْأَمْرِ بِصَوْمِ ثَلَاثَةِ أَيَّامٍ مِنْ كُلِّ شَهْرِ اسْتِحْبَابًا لَا إِيجَابًا

بَابُ ذِكْرِ الدَّلِيلِ عَلَى أَنَّ الْأَمْرَ بِصَوْمِ الثَّلَاثِ مِنْ كُلِّ شَهْرٍ أَمْرُ نَدْبٍ لَا أَمْرُ فَرْضٍ

بَابُ ذِكْرِ تَفَضُّلِ اللَّهِ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ عَلَى الصَّائِمِ ثَلَاثَةَ أَيَّامٍ مِنْ كُلِّ شَهْرٍ بِإِعْطَائِهِ أَجْرَ صِيَامِ الدَّهْرِ بِالْحَسَنَةِ الْوَاحِدَةِ عَشْرَ أَمْثَالِهَا

بَابُ اسْتِحْبَابِ صِيَامِ هَذِهِ الْأَيَّامِ الثَّلَاثَةِ مِنْ كُلِّ شَهْرٍ أَيَّامِ الْبِيضِ مِنْهَا

بَابُ إِبَاحَةِ صَوْمِ هَذِهِ الْأَيَّامِ الثَّلَاثَةِ مِنْ كُلِّ شَهْرٍ أَوَّلَ الشَّهْرِ مُبَادَرَةً بِصَوْمِهِمَا خَوْفَ أَنْ لَا يُدْرِكَ الْمَرْءُ صَوْمَهَا أَيَّامَ الْبِيضِ

بَابُ ذِكْرِ الدَّلِيلِ عَلَى أَنَّ الْمُفْطِرَ فِي صَوْمِ التَّطَوُّعِ بَعْدَ دُخُولِهِ فِيهِ مُجْمِعًا عَلَى صَوْمِ ذَلِكَ الْيَوْمِ خِلَافَ مَذْهَبِ مَنْ رَأَى إِيجَابَ إِعَادَةِ صَوْمِ ذَلِكَ الْيَوْمِ عَلَيْهِ

بَابُ تَمْثِيلِ الصَّوْمِ فِي الشِّتَاءِ بِالْغَنِيمَةِ الْبَارِدَةِ ، وَالدَّلِيلِ عَلَى أَنَّ الشَّيْءَ قَدْ يُشَبَّهُ بِمَا يُشْبِهُهُ فِي بَعْضِ الْمَعَانِي لَا فِي كُلِّهَا

جُمَّاعِ أَبْوَابِ ذِكْرِ الْأَيَّامِ وَالدَّلِيلِ عَلَى أَنَّ النَّبِيَّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ قَدْ يَنْهَى عَنِ الشَّيْءِ ، وَيَسْكُتُ عَنْ غَيْرِهِ غَيْرَ مُبِيحٍ لِمَا سَكَتَ عَنْهُ ، إِنَّ النَّبِيَّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ قَدْ زَجَرَ عَنْ صَوْمِ يَوْمِ الْفِطْرِ ، وَيَوْمِ النَّحْرِ فِي الْأَخْبَارِ الَّتِي رُوِيَتْ عَنْهُ فِي النَّهْيِ عَنْ صَوْمِهَما ، وَلَمْ يَكُنْ فِي نَهْيِهِ عَنْ صَوْمِهِمَا إِبَاحَةُ صَوْمِ أَيَّامِ التَّشْرِيقِ ، إِذْ قَدْ نَهَى أَيْضًا عَنْ صَوْمِ أَيَّامِ التَّشْرِيقِ فِي غَيْرِ هَذِهِ الْأَخْبَارِ الَّتِي نَهَى فِيهَا عَنْ صَوْمِ يَوْمِ الْفِطْرِ ، وَيَوْمِ الْأَضْحَى

بَابُ النَّهْيِ عَنْ صَوْمِ أَيَّامِ التَّشْرِيقِ بِدَلَالَةٍ بِتَصْرِيحِ نَهْيٍ

بَابُ الزَّجْرِ عَنْ صِيَامِ أَيَّامِ التَّشْرِيقِ بِتَصْرِيحِ نَهْيٍ

بَابُ ذِكْرِ الدَّلِيلِ عَلَى أَنَّ صَوْمَ ثَلَاثَةِ أَيَّامٍ مِنْ كُلِّ شَهْرٍ يَقُومُ مَقَامَ صِيَامِ الدَّهْرِ ، كَانَ صَوْمُ الثَّلَاثَةِ أَيَّامٍ مِنْ أَوَّلِ الشَّهْرِ ، أَوْ مِنْ وَسَطِهِ ، أَوْ مِنْ آخِرِهِ قَالَ أَبُو بَكْرٍ : فِي خَبَرِ أَبِي سَلَمَةَ ، عَنْ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ عَمْرٍو : فَإِنَّ كُلَّ حَسَنَةٍ بِعَشْرِ أَمْثَالِهَا

بَابُ ذِكْرِ إِيجَابِ اللَّهِ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ الْجَنَّةَ لِلصَّائِمِ يَوْمًا وَاحِدًا إِذَا جَمَعَ مَعَ صَوْمِهِ صَدَقَةً ، وَشُهُودَ جَنَازَةٍ ، وَعِيَادَةَ مَرِيضٍ

بَابٌ فِي صِفَةِ صَوْمِ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ خَلَا مَا تَقَدَّمَ ذِكْرِنَا لَهُ بِذِكْرِ خَبَرٍ مُجْمَلٍ غَيْرِ مُفَسَّرٍ

بَابُ ذِكْرِ الْخَبَرِ الْمُفَسِّرِ لِلَّفْظَةِ الْمُجْمَلَةِ الَّتِي ذَكَرْتُهَا وَالدَّلِيلِ عَلَى أَنَّ عَائِشَةَ إِنَّمَا أَرَادَتْ بِقَوْلِهَا : النَّبِيُّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ لَمْ يَصُمْ شَهْرًا تَامًّا غَيْرَ رَمَضَانَ ، شَهْرَ شَعْبَانَ الَّذِي كَانَ يَصِلُ صَوْمَهُ بِصَوْمِ رَمَضَانَ قَالَ أَبُو بَكْرٍ : قَدْ أَمْلَيْتُ خَبَرَ أَبِي سَلَمَةَ ، وَعَائِشَةَ فِي مُوَاصَلَةِ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ صَوْمَ شَعْبَانَ بِرَمَضَانَ

بَابُ ذِكْرِ صَوْمِ أَيَّامٍ مُتَتَابِعَةٍ مِنَ الشَّهْرِ ، وَإِفْطَارِ أَيَّامٍ مُتَتَابِعَةٍ بَعْدَهَا مِنَ الشَّهْرِ

بَابُ ذِكْرِ مَا أَعَدَّ اللَّهُ جَلَّ وَعَلَا فِي الْجَنَّةِ مِنَ الْغُرَفِ لِمُدَاوِمِ صِيَامِ التَّطَوُّعِ إِنْ صَحَّ الْخَبَرُ ؛ فَإِنَّ فِي الْقَلْبِ مِنْ عَبْدِ الرَّحْمَنِ بْنِ إِسْحَاقَ أَبِي شَيْبَةَ الْكُوفِيِّ ، وَلَيْسَ هُوَ بِعَبْدِ الرَّحْمَنِ بْنِ إِسْحَاقَ الْمُلَقَّبِ بِعَبَّادٍ الَّذِي رَوَى عَنْ سَعِيدِ الْمَقْبُرِيِّ ، وَالزُّهْرِيِّ ، وَغَيْرِهِمَا ، هُوَ صَالِحُ الْحَدِيثِ مَدَنِيٍّ ، سَكَنَ وَاسِطَ ، ثُمَّ انْتَقَلَ إِلَى الْبَصْرَةِ ، وَلَسْتُ أَعْرِفُ ابْنَ مُعَانِقٍ ، وَلَا أَبَا مُعَانِقٍ الَّذِي رَوَى عَنْهُ يَحْيَى بْنُ أَبِي كَثِيرٍ

بَابُ ذِكْرِ صَلَاةِ الْمَلَائِكَةِ عَلَى الصَّائِمِ عِنْدَ أَكْلِ الْمُفْطِرِينَ عِنْدَهُ

بَابُ الرُّخْصَةِ فِي صَوْمِ التَّطَوُّعِ ، وَإِنْ لَمْ يُجْمِعِ الْمَرْءُ عَلَى الصَّوْمِ مِنَ اللَّيْلِ وَالدَّلِيلِ عَلَى أَنَّ النَّبِيَّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ إِنَّمَا أَرَادَ بِقَوْلِهِ : لَا صِيَامَ لِمَنْ لَمْ يُجْمِعِ الصِّيَامَ مِنَ اللَّيْلِ ، وَصَوْمُ الْوَاجِبِ دُونَ صَوْمِ التَّطَوُّعِ

بَابُ إِبَاحَةِ الْفِطْرِ فِي صَوْمِ التَّطَوُّعِ بَعْدَ مُضِيِّ بَعْضِ النَّهَارِ ، وَالْمَرْءُ نَاوٍ لِلصَّوْمِ فِيمَا مَضَى مِنَ النَّهَارِ