19. Seeking Forgiveness

١٩۔ كتاب الاستغفار

19.1 Command to do Istighfār (Seeking Forgiveness) and its Virtues

١٩۔١ باب الأمر بالاستغفار وفضله

Allah ﷻ says, "And seek forgiveness for your sins as well as for the believing males and females. (Muḥammad 47:19)" And He says: "And seek forgiveness from Allah for Allah is Ever-Forgiving and Merciful. (Nisāʾ 4:106)". And "A glorify the praises of your Lord and seek His forgiveness for He is Ever Accepting of Repentance. (Naṣr 110:3)" And "For those who fear Allah will be gardens in the presence of their Lord beneath which rivers flow..." until "and those who seek forgiveness before dawn. (Āl ʿImrān 3:15-17).

And He says, "And whoever does a wrong or wrongs himself but then seeks forgiveness of Allah will find Allah Forgiving and Merciful. (Nisāʾ 4:110)۔" And "But Allah would not punish them while you, ⌜O Muhammad⌝, are among them, and Allah would not punish them while they seek forgiveness. (Anfāl 8:33)" And "And those who, when they commit an immorality or wrong themselves ⌜by transgression⌝, remember Allah and seek forgiveness for their sins - and who can forgive sins except Allah? - and ⌜who⌝ do not persist in what they have done while they know. (Āl ʿImrān 3:135)" There are also several other known āyat on this topic

قال الله تعالى: ﴿وَاسْتَغْفِرْ لِذَنْبِكَ وَلِلْمُؤْمِنِينَ وَالْمُؤْمِنَاتِ﴾ [محمد: ١٩] . وقال تعالى: ﴿وَاسْتَغْفِرِ اللَّهَ إِنَّ اللَّهَ كَانَ غَفُورًا رَحِيمًا﴾ [النساء: ١٠٦] . وقَالَ تَعَالَى: ﴿فَسَبِّحْ بِحَمْدِ رَبِّكَ وَاسْتَغْفِرْهُ إِنَّهُ كَانَ تَوَّابًا﴾ [النصر: ٣] . وقال تعالى: ﴿للَّذِينَ اتَّقَوْا عِنْدَ رَبِّهِمْ جَنَّاتٌ تَجْرِي مِنْ تَحْتِهَا الأَنْهَارُ﴾ إلَى قَولِهِ: ﴿وَالْمُسْتَغْفِرِينَ بِالأَسْحَارِ﴾ [آل عمران: ١٥-١٧]

وقال تعالى: ﴿وَمَنْ يَعْمَلْ سُوءًا أَوْ يَظْلِمْ نَفْسَهُ ثُمَّ يَسْتَغْفِرِ اللَّهَ يَجِدِ اللَّهَ غَفُورًا رَحِيمًا﴾ [النساء: ١١٠] .وقال تعالى: ﴿وَمَا كَانَ اللَّهُ لِيُعَذِّبَهُمْ وَأَنْتَ فِيهِمْ وَمَا كَانَ اللَّهُ مُعَذِّبَهُمْ وَهُمْ يَسْتَغْفِرُونَ﴾ [الأنفال: ٣٣] . وقال تعالى: ﴿وَالَّذِينَ إِذَا فَعَلُوا فَاحِشَةً أَوْ ظَلَمُوا أَنْفُسَهُمْ ذَكَرُوا اللَّهَ فَاسْتَغْفَرُوا لِذُنُوبِهِمْ وَمَنْ يَغْفِرُ الذُّنُوبَ إِلاَّ اللَّهُ وَلَمْ يُصِرُّوا عَلَى مَا فَعَلُوا وَهُمْ يَعْلَمُونَ﴾ [آل عمران: ١٣٥] والآيات في الباب كثيرة معلومة.

The Prophet ﷺ did istighfār one hundred times a day

(1869) muslim:2702aYaḥyá b. Yaḥyá And Qutaybah b. Saʿīd Waʾabū al-Rabīʿ al-ʿAtakī > Ḥammād > Yaḥyá > Ḥammād b. Zayd > Thābit > Abū Burdah > al-Aghar al-Muzanī

that the Messenger of Allah ﷺ said, "There is ˹at times˺ a sort of shade upon my heart, and I seek forgiveness from Allah a hundred times a day."  

(١٨٦٩) مسلم:٢٧٠٢aحَدَّثَنَا يَحْيَى بْنُ يَحْيَى وَقُتَيْبَةُ بْنُ سَعِيدٍ وَأَبُو الرَّبِيعِ الْعَتَكِيُّ جَمِيعًا عَنْ حَمَّادٍ قَالَ يَحْيَى أَخْبَرَنَا حَمَّادُ بْنُ زَيْدٍ عَنْ ثَابِتٍ عَنْ أَبِي بُرْدَةَ عَنِ الأَغَرِّ الْمُزَنِيِّ وَكَانَتْ لَهُ صُحْبَةٌ

أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ قَالَ: «إِنَّهُ لَيُغَانُ عَلَى قَلْبِي وَإِنِّي لأَسْتَغْفِرُ اللَّهَ فِي الْيَوْمِ مِائَةَ مَرَّةٍ۔»  

The Prophet ﷺ did istighfār more than seventy times a day

(1870) bukhari:6307Abū al-Yamān > Shuʿayb > al-Zuhrī > Abū Salamah b. ʿAbd al-Raḥman > Abū Hurayrah

I heard the Messenger of Allah ﷺ say, "By Allah! I seek forgiveness from Allah and turn to Him in repentance more than seventy times a day."  

(١٨٧٠) البخاري:٦٣٠٧حَدَّثَنَا أَبُو الْيَمَانِ أَخْبَرَنَا شُعَيْبٌ عَنِ الزُّهْرِيِّ قَالَ أَخْبَرَنِي أَبُو سَلَمَةَ بْنُ عَبْدِ الرَّحْمَنِ قَالَ قَالَ أَبُو هُرَيْرَةَ

سَمِعْتُ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ يَقُولُ: «وَاللَّهِ إِنِّي لأَسْتَغْفِرُ اللَّهَ وَأَتُوبُ إِلَيْهِ فِي الْيَوْمِ أَكْثَرَ مِنْ سَبْعِينَ مَرَّةً۔»  

Importance of sin and forgiveness in the Plan of Allah

(1871) muslim:2749Muḥammad b. Rāfiʿ > ʿAbd al-Razzāq > Maʿmar > Jaʿfar al-Jazarī > Yazīd b. al-Aṣam > Abū Hurayrah

The Messenger of Allah ﷺ said, "By Him in Whose Hand is my life, if you were not to commit sins, Allah would do away with you and ˹replace you by˺ bringing a nation who would commit sins and seek forgiveness from Allah, and He would then forgive them."  

(١٨٧١) مسلم:٢٧٤٩حَدَّثَنِي مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ رَافِعٍ حَدَّثَنَا عَبْدُ الرَّزَّاقِ أَخْبَرَنَا مَعْمَرٌ عَنْ جَعْفَرٍ الْجَزَرِيِّ عَنْ يَزِيدَ بْنِ الأَصَمِّ عَنْ أَبِي هُرَيْرَةَ قَالَ

قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ: «وَالَّذِي نَفْسِي بِيَدِهِ لَوْ لَمْ تُذْنِبُوا لَذَهَبَ اللَّهُ بِكُمْ وَلَجَاءَ بِقَوْمٍ يُذْنِبُونَ فَيَسْتَغْفِرُونَ اللَّهَ فَيَغْفِرُ لَهُمْ۔»  

The Companions would count the Prophet ﷺ doing istighfār at least a hundred times

(1872) abudawud:1516al-Ḥasan b. ʿAlī > Abū Usāmah > Mālik b. Mighwal > Muḥammad b. Sūqah > Nāfiʿ > Ibn ʿUmar

In one sitting we would count the Messenger of Allah ﷺ saying a hundred times: "rabbi ighfir lī wa-tub ʿalayya, innaka anta al-ttawwābu al-raḥīmu (My Lord, forgive me and pardon me for You are the Most Accepting of Repentance and the Most Merciful.)"  

(١٨٧٢) أبو داود:١٥١٦حَدَّثَنَا الْحَسَنُ بْنُ عَلِيٍّ حَدَّثَنَا أَبُو أُسَامَةَ عَنْ مَالِكِ بْنِ مِغْوَلٍ عَنْ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ سُوقَةَ عَنْ نَافِعٍ عَنِ ابْنِ عُمَرَ قَالَ

إِنْ كُنَّا لَنَعُدُّ لِرَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ فِي الْمَجْلِسِ الْوَاحِدِ مِائَةَ مَرَّةٍ: (رَبِّ اغْفِرْ لِي وَتُبْ عَلَىَّ إِنَّكَ أَنْتَ التَّوَّابُ الرَّحِيمُ۔)  

The habit of doing istighfār is a way out from all grief and is a means for increase in one's rizq (provisions)

(1873) abudawud:1518Hishām b. ʿAmmār > al-Walīd b. Muslim > al-Ḥakam b. Muṣʿab > Muḥammad b. ʿAlī b. ʿAbdullāh b. ʿAbbās from his father > Ibn ʿAbbās

The Messenger of Allah ﷺ said, "If anyone makes it a habit to seek forgiveness, Allah will make a way out for him from every constraint, and give him relief from every distress, and will provide rizq for him from where he does not expect."  

(١٨٧٣) أبو داود:١٥١٨حَدَّثَنَا هِشَامُ بْنُ عَمَّارٍ حَدَّثَنَا الْوَلِيدُ بْنُ مُسْلِمٍ حَدَّثَنَا الْحَكَمُ بْنُ مُصْعَبٍ حَدَّثَنَا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ عَلِيِّ بْنِ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ عَبَّاسٍ عَنْ أَبِيهِ أَنَّهُ حَدَّثَهُ عَنِ ابْنِ عَبَّاسٍ أَنَّهُ حَدَّثَهُ قَالَ

قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ: «مَنْ لَزِمَ الاِسْتِغْفَارَ، جَعَلَ اللَّهُ لَهُ مِنْ كُلِّ ضِيقٍ مَخْرَجًا، وَمِنْ كُلِّ هَمٍّ فَرَجًا، وَرَزَقَهُ مِنْ حَيْثُ لاَ يَحْتَسِبُ۔»  

The master duʿāʾ of istighfār (Sayyid al-Istighfār)

(1875) bukhari:6306Abū Maʿmar > ʿAbd al-Wārith > al-Ḥusayn > ʿAbdullāh b. Buraydah > Bushayr b. Kaʿb al-ʿAdawī > Shaddād b. Aws

from the Prophet ﷺ: "The master of seeking forgiveness from Allah is: "allāhuma anta rabbī lā ilāha illā anta, khalaqtanī wa-ana ʿabduka, wa-ana ʿalá ʿahdika wa-waʿdika mā istaṭaʿtu, aʿūdhu bika min shari mā ṣanaʿtu, abūʾu laka bi-niʿmatika ʿalayya wa-abūʾu laka bi-dhanbī, fa-ighfir lī, fa-innahū lā yaghfiru al-dhunūba illā anta. (O Allah, You are my Lord; there is no deity except You. You created me, and I am Your servant, and I am on the covenant and promise to the best of my ability. I seek refuge with You from the evil of what I have done, and I acknowledge Your favor upon me, and I confess my sins. So forgive me, for surely, there is none who forgives sins except You.)"

He added, "If someone says it during the day with firm faith in it and dies on the same day before the evening, he will be from the people of Jannah; and if someone say it at night with firm faith in it, and dies before the morning, he will be from the people of Jannah."  

(١٨٧٥) البخاري:٦٣٠٦حَدَّثَنَا أَبُو مَعْمَرٍ حَدَّثَنَا عَبْدُ الْوَارِثِ حَدَّثَنَا الْحُسَيْنُ حَدَّثَنَا عَبْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ بُرَيْدَةَ عَنْ بُشَيْرِ بْنِ كَعْبٍ الْعَدَوِيِّ قَالَ حَدَّثَنِي شَدَّادُ بْنُ أَوْسٍ ؓ

عَنِ النَّبِيِّ ﷺ: «سَيِّدُ الاِسْتِغْفَارِ أَنْ تَقُولَ: (اللَّهُمَّ أَنْتَ رَبِّي لاَ إِلَهَ إِلاَّ أَنْتَ، خَلَقْتَنِي وَأَنَا عَبْدُكَ، وَأَنَا عَلَى عَهْدِكَ وَوَعْدِكَ مَا اسْتَطَعْتُ؛ أَعُوذُ بِكَ مِنْ شَرِّ مَا صَنَعْتُ؛ أَبُوءُ لَكَ بِنِعْمَتِكَ عَلَىَّ، وَأَبُوءُ لَكَ بِذَنْبِي؛ فَاغْفِرْ لِي، فَإِنَّهُ لاَ يَغْفِرُ الذُّنُوبَ إِلاَّ أَنْتَ۔)»

قَالَ: «وَمَنْ قَالَهَا مِنَ النَّهَارِ مُوقِنًا بِهَا فَمَاتَ مِنْ يَوْمِهِ قَبْلَ أَنْ يُمْسِيَ فَهُوَ مِنْ أَهْلِ الْجَنَّةِ، وَمَنْ قَالَهَا مِنَ اللَّيْلِ وَهْوَ مُوقِنٌ بِهَا فَمَاتَ قَبْلَ أَنْ يُصْبِحَ فَهْوَ مِنْ أَهْلِ الْجَنَّةِ۔»  

The Prophet ﷺ did Istighfār three times after every Ṣalāh and asked for peace

(1876) muslim:591Dāwud b. Rushayd > al-Walīd > al-Awzāʿī > Abū ʿAmmār Āsmuh Shaddād b. ʿAbdullāh > Abū Asmāʾ > Thawbān

Whenever the Messenger of Allah ﷺ finished his prayer, he sought forgiveness three times and said: "O Allah! You are Salām (Peace), and peace comes from Your; Blessed are You, O Possessor of Majesty and Honor."

al-Walīd said that I said to Awzāʿī, "How ˹should be˺ the seeking of forgiveness?" He replied, "You should say: astaghfiru Allāh, astaghfiru Allāh (I seek forgiveness from Allah, I seek forgiveness from Allah.)"  

(١٨٧٦) مسلم:٥٩١حَدَّثَنَا دَاوُدُ بْنُ رُشَيْدٍ حَدَّثَنَا الْوَلِيدُ عَنِ الأَوْزَاعِيِّ عَنْ أَبِي عَمَّارٍ اسْمُهُ شَدَّادُ بْنُ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ عَنْ أَبِي أَسْمَاءَ عَنْ ثَوْبَانَ قَالَ

كَانَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ إِذَا انْصَرَفَ مِنْ صَلاَتِهِ اسْتَغْفَرَ ثَلاَثًا وَقَالَ: (اللَّهُمَّ أَنْتَ السَّلاَمُ وَمِنْكَ السَّلاَمُ، تَبَارَكْتَ ذَا الْجَلاَلِ وَالإِكْرَامِ۔)

قَالَ الْوَلِيدُ: فَقُلْتُ لِلأَوْزَاعِيِّ: كَيْفَ الاِسْتِغْفَارُ؟ قَالَ تَقُولُ: (أَسْتَغْفِرُ اللَّهَ أَسْتَغْفِرُ اللَّهَ)۔  

The Prophet ﷺ increased in doing istighfār before his passing

(1877) muslim:484dMuḥammad b. al-Muthanná > ʿAbd al-Aʿlá > Dāwud > ʿĀmir > Masrūq > ʿĀʾishah

The Messenger of Allah ﷺ often would say, "subḥāna Allāhi wa-bi-ḥamdihī, astaghfiru Allāh wa-atūbu ilayhi (Glory be to Allah and with His praise, I seek the forgiveness of Allah and I repent to Him.)"

She said: I asked: Messenger of Allah, I see that you often repeat the saying subḥāna Allāhi wa-bi-ḥamdihī astaghfiru Allāh wa-atūbu ilayhi. He said, "My Lord informed me that I would soon see a sign in my Ummah. So when I see it I often say: subḥāna Allāhi wa-bi-ḥamdihī, astaghfiru Allāh wa-atūbu ilayhi. Indeed I saw it ˹when this āyah˺ was revealed: 'When the Help of Allah and the victory came,' i.e. Conquest of Makkah, 'And you see the people entering into the religion of Allah in multitudes, Then exalt ˹Him˺ with praise of your Lord and ask forgiveness of Him. Indeed, He is ever Accepting of repentance.' (Naṣr 110:1-3"  

(١٨٧٧) مسلم:٤٨٤dحَدَّثَنِي مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ الْمُثَنَّى حَدَّثَنِي عَبْدُ الأَعْلَى حَدَّثَنَا دَاوُدُ عَنْ عَامِرٍ عَنْ مَسْرُوقٍ عَنْ عَائِشَةَ قَالَتْ

كَانَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ يُكْثِرُ مِنْ قَوْلِ: «(سُبْحَانَ اللَّهِ وَبِحَمْدِهِ، أَسْتَغْفِرُ اللَّهَ وَأَتُوبُ إِلَيْهِ۔)»

قَالَتْ فَقُلْتُ: يَا رَسُولَ اللَّهِ أَرَاكَ تُكْثِرُ مِنْ قَوْلِ سُبْحَانَ اللَّهِ وَبِحَمْدِهِ أَسْتَغْفِرُ اللَّهَ وَأَتُوبُ إِلَيْهِ۔ فَقَالَ: «خَبَّرَنِي رَبِّي أَنِّي سَأَرَى عَلاَمَةً فِي أُمَّتِي، فَإِذَا رَأَيْتُهَا أَكْثَرْتُ مِنْ قَوْلِ سُبْحَانَ اللَّهِ وَبِحَمْدِهِ أَسْتَغْفِرُ اللَّهَ وَأَتُوبُ إِلَيْهِ، فَقَدْ رَأَيْتُهَا: {إِذَا جَاءَ نَصْرُ اللَّهِ وَالْفَتْحُ} فَتْحُ مَكَّةَ {وَرَأَيْتَ النَّاسَ يَدْخُلُونَ فِي دِينِ اللَّهِ أَفْوَاجًا * فَسَبِّحْ بِحَمْدِ رَبِّكَ وَاسْتَغْفِرْهُ إِنَّهُ كَانَ تَوَّابًا}۔»  

Vastness of the Forgiveness of Allah as long as one does not commit shirk

(1878) tirmidhi:3540ʿAbdullāh b. Isḥāq al-Jawharī al-Baṣrī > Abū ʿĀṣim > Kathīr b. Fāʾid > Saʿīd b. ʿUbayd > Bakr b. ʿAbdullāh al-Muzanī > Anas b. Mālik

I heard the Messenger of Allah say, “Allah ﷻ said: 'O son of Adam! As long as you call upon Me and have hope in ˹meeting˺ Me, I will forgive you despite whatever may have occurred from you and I do not mind; O son of Adam! If your sins reach the clouds in the sky and then you seek forgiveness from Me, I will forgive you and I do not mind; O son of Adam! If you come to me with sins as great as the earth and then you meet Me not associating anything with Me, I will come to you with forgiveness as great as it.’”  

(١٨٧٨) الترمذي:٣٥٤٠حَدَّثَنَا عَبْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ إِسْحَاقَ الْجَوْهَرِيُّ الْبَصْرِيُّ حَدَّثَنَا أَبُو عَاصِمٍ حَدَّثَنَا كَثِيرُ بْنُ فَائِدٍ حَدَّثَنَا سَعِيدُ بْنُ عُبَيْدٍ قَالَ سَمِعْتُ بَكْرَ بْنَ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ الْمُزَنِيَّ يَقُولُ حَدَّثَنَا أَنَسُ بْنُ مَالِكٍ قَالَ

سَمِعْتُ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ يَقُولُ: «قَالَ اللَّهُ: يَا ابْنَ آدَمَ إِنَّكَ مَا دَعَوْتَنِي وَرَجَوْتَنِي، غَفَرْتُ لَكَ عَلَى مَا كَانَ فِيكَ وَلاَ أُبَالِي؛ يَا ابْنَ آدَمَ لَوْ بَلَغَتْ ذُنُوبُكَ عَنَانَ السَّمَاءِ ثُمَّ اسْتَغْفَرْتَنِي، غَفَرْتُ لَكَ وَلاَ أُبَالِي؛ يَا ابْنَ آدَمَ إِنَّكَ لَوْ أَتَيْتَنِي بِقُرَابِ الأَرْضِ خَطَايَا ثُمَّ لَقِيتَنِي لاَ تُشْرِكُ بِي شَيْئًا، لأَتَيْتُكَ بِقُرَابِهَا مَغْفِرَةً۔»  

قَالَ أَبُو عِيسَى هَذَا حَدِيثٌ غَرِيبٌ لاَ نَعْرِفُهُ إِلاَّ مِنْ هَذَا الْوَجْهِ

The Prophet ﷺ advised women to increase in giving charity and doing istighfār

(1879) muslim:79aMuḥammad b. Rumḥ b. al-Muhājir al-Miṣrī > al-Layth > Ibn al-Hād > ʿAbdullāh b. Dīnār > ʿAbdullāh b. ʿUmar

from the Messenger of Allah ﷺ that he said: "O womenfolk, you should give charity and ask much forgiveness for I saw you from the majority of the people of Hellfire."

A wise lady among them said, "Why is it, O Messenger of Allah, that we are the majority of those in the Hellfire?" He said, "You curse too much and are ungrateful to your spouses. I have seen none – who are lacking in discernment and in religion – tempt and cause the ones possessing intellect to be succumbed by them, besides you all."

She said, "What is the lack in our discernment and religion? He said, "As for the lack of discernment is the fact that the testimony of two women are equal to one man making this a lack of discernment. And that you spend ˹several˺ nights in which you do not pray nor fast in the month of Ramaḍān making this lack in religion."  

(١٨٧٩) مسلم:٧٩aحَدَّثَنَا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ رُمْحِ بْنِ الْمُهَاجِرِ الْمِصْرِيُّ أَخْبَرَنَا اللَّيْثُ عَنِ ابْنِ الْهَادِ عَنْ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ دِينَارٍ عَنْ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ عُمَرَ

عَنْ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ أَنَّهُ قَالَ: «يَا مَعْشَرَ النِّسَاءِ تَصَدَّقْنَ وَأَكْثِرْنَ الاِسْتِغْفَارَ۔ فَإِنِّي رَأَيْتُكُنَّ أَكْثَرَ أَهْلِ النَّارِ۔»

فَقَالَتِ امْرَأَةٌ مِنْهُنَّ جَزْلَةٌ: وَمَا لَنَا يَا رَسُولَ اللَّهِ أَكْثَرَ أَهْلِ النَّارِ؟ قَالَ: «تُكْثِرْنَ اللَّعْنَ، وَتَكْفُرْنَ الْعَشِيرَ، وَمَا رَأَيْتُ مِنْ نَاقِصَاتِ عَقْلٍ وَدِينٍ أَغْلَبَ لِذِي لُبٍّ مِنْكُنَّ۔»

قَالَتْ: يَا رَسُولَ اللَّهِ وَمَا نُقْصَانُ الْعَقْلِ وَالدِّينِ؟ قَالَ: «أَمَّا نُقْصَانُ الْعَقْلِ، فَشَهَادَةُ امْرَأَتَيْنِ تَعْدِلُ شَهَادَةَ رَجُلٍ، فَهَذَا نُقْصَانُ الْعَقْلِ، وَتَمْكُثُ اللَّيَالِيَ مَا تُصَلِّي وَتُفْطِرُ فِي رَمَضَانَ فَهَذَا نُقْصَانُ الدِّينِ۔»