The Prophet ﷺ said, "Whoever vows that he will be obedient to Allah, should remain obedient to Him; and whoever made a vow that he will disobey Allah, should not disobey Him." (Using translation from Bukhārī 6696)   

قَالَ رَسُولُ اللهِ ﷺ مَنْ نَذَرَ أَنْ يُطِيعَ اللهَ فَلْيُطِعْهُ وَمَنْ نَذَرَ أَنْ يَعْصِيَهُ فَلَا يَعْصِهِ  

[Machine] Thaqeef was an ally of the Banu 'Uqayl, and they captured two men from the companions of the Prophet ﷺ, and the companions of the Messenger of Allah ﷺ captured a man, and they all had the smallpox. The narration mentioned it as follows: "And a woman from the Ansar was also captured, and she also had the smallpox. So, the woman was in captivity, and the people would relieve themselves of their blessings among their households. One night she escaped from her captors and came across some camels. She would untie them when they approached the basil, and she did not untie them. He said: "And there was a branded camel, and it sat in its place, then it was stirred, and it left. They made a vow about it, so they went to look for it, but it eluded them." He said: "And she vowed that if Allah saved her, she would sacrifice it." So, when she arrived in the city, the people saw her and said: "This is the camel of the Messenger of Allah ﷺ." So, they said: "Indeed, she vowed that if Allah saved her from them, she would sacrifice it for Him." They went to the Prophet ﷺ and mentioned that to him, and he said: "Glory be to Allah! How wretched is what she has done! If Allah saved her from them, it was upon her to fulfill her vow, there is no fulfillment for a vow in disobedience to Allah, and in something that the servant does not possess."  

كَانَتْ ثَقِيفُ حُلَفَاءَ لِبَنِي عُقَيْلٍ فَأَسَرَتْ ثَقِيفُ رَجُلَيْنِ مِنْ أَصْحَابِ النَّبِيِّ ﷺ وَأَسَرَ أَصْحَابُ رَسُولِ اللهِ ﷺ رَجُلًا وَأَصَابُوا مَعَهُ الْعَضْبَاءَ فَذَكَرَ الْحَدِيثَ كَمَا مَضَى وَفِيهِ قَالَ وَأُسِرَتِ امْرَأَةٌ مِنَ الْأَنْصَارِ وَأُصِيبَتِ الْعَضْبَاءُ فَكَانَتِ الْمَرْأَةُ فِي الْوَثَاقِ وَكَانَ الْقَوْمُ يُرِيحُونَ نَعَمَهُمْ بَيْنَ أَيْدِي بُيُوتِهِمْ فَانْفَلَتَتْ ذَاتَ لَيْلَةٍ مِنَ الْوَثَاقِ فَأَتَتِ الْإِبِلَ فَجَعَلَتْ إِذَا دَنَتْ مِنَ الْبَعِيرِ رَغَا فَتَتْرُكُهُ حَتَّى تَنْتَهِيَ إِلَى الْعَضْبَاءِ فَلَمْ تَرْغُ قَالَ وَنَاقَةٌ مَنُوقَةٌ فَقَعَدَتْ فِي عَجُزِهَا ثُمَّ زَجَرَتْهَا فَانْطَلَقَتْ وَنَذَرُوا بِهَا فَطَلَبُوهَا فَأَعْجَزَتْهُمْ قَالَ وَنَذَرَتْ إِنِ اللهُ أَنْجَاهَا لَتَنْحَرَنَّهَا فَلَمَّا قَدِمَتِ الْمَدِينَةَ رَآهَا النَّاسُ فَقَالُوا الْعَضْبَاءُ نَاقَةُ رَسُولِ اللهِ ﷺ فَقَالَ إِنَّهَا قَدْ نَذَرَتْ إِنِ اللهُ أَنْجَاهَا عَلَيْهَا لَتَنْحَرَنَّهَا فَأَتَوَا النَّبِيَّ ﷺ فَذَكَرُوا ذَلِكَ لَهُ فَقَالَ سُبْحَانَ اللهِ بِئْسَ مَا جَزَتْهَا إِنِ اللهُ أَنْجَاهَا عَلَيْهَا لَتَنْحَرَنَّهَا لَا وَفَاءَ لِنَذْرٍ فِي مَعْصِيَةِ اللهِ وَلَا فِيمَا لَا يَمْلِكُ الْعَبْدُ  

[Machine] A woman from the family of Abu Dharr came to the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ riding a camel until she stopped near the mosque. She said, "O Messenger of Allah, I have made a vow that if Allah saves me on this journey, I will not eat the liver and lungs of camels." He said, "This is not a vow. A vow is only made seeking the Face of Allah."  

أَنَّ امْرَأَةَ أَبِي ذَرٍّ جَاءَتْ عَلَى الْقَصْوَاءِ رَاحِلَةِ رَسُولِ اللهِ ﷺ حَتَّى أَنَاخَتْ عِنْدَ الْمَسْجِدِ فَقَالَتْ يَا رَسُولَ اللهِ نَذَرْتُ لَئِنْ نَجَّانِي اللهُ عَلَيْهَا لَآكُلَنَّ مِنْ كَبِدِهَا وَسَنَامِهَا قَالَ بِئْسَمَا جَزَيْتِيهَا لَيْسَ هَذَا نَذْرًا إِنَّمَا النَّذْرُ مَا ابْتُغِيَ بِهِ وَجْهُ اللهِ  

While the Prophet ﷺ was preaching a man was standing in the sun. He asked about him. They said: He is Abu Isra'il who has taken a vow to stand and not to sit, or go into shade, or speak, but to fast. Thereupon he said: Command him to speak, to go into the shade, sit and complete his fast. (Using translation from Abū Dāʾūd 3300)   

بَيْنَمَا النَّبِيُّ ﷺ يَخْطُبُ إِذَا هُوَ بِرَجُلٍ قَائِمٍ فِي الشَّمْسِ فَسَأَلَ عَنْهُ فَقَالُوا هَذَا أَبُو إِسْرَائِيلَ نَذَرَ أَنْ يَقُومَ وَلَا يَقْعُدَ وَلَا يَسْتَظِلَّ وَلَا يَتَكَلَّمَ وَيَصُومَ وَلَا يُفْطِرَ فَقَالَ مُرْهُ فَلْيَتَكَلَّمْ وَلْيَسْتَظِلَّ وَلْيَقْعُدْ وَلْيُتِمَّ صَوْمَهُ  

[Machine] Abu Israel passed by while he was standing in the sun, so he said, "What is wrong with him?" They said, "He made a vow not to seek shade, sit, speak to anyone, and fast." So the Prophet, ﷺ , ordered him to seek shade, sit, speak to people, and complete his fast, and he did not command him to offer expiation. This is a good and authentic hadith, and it indicates that he was not ordered to offer expiation. Al-Hassan bin Umara narrated it from Habib bin Abi Thabit from Sa'id bin Jubair from Ibn Abbas, with a similar wording. In the end, he was not commanded to offer expiation. It was also narrated from Muhammad bin Kuraib from his father from Ibn Abbas, and it includes the command to offer expiation, but Muhammad bin Kuraib is weak.  

مَرَّ بِأَبِي إِسْرَائِيلَ وَهُوَ قَائِمٌ فِي الشَّمْسِ فَقَالَ مَا لَهُ؟ فَقَالُوا نَذَرَ أَنْ لَا يَسْتَظِلَّ وَلَا يَقْعُدَ وَلَا يُكَلِّمَ أَحَدًا وَيَصُومَ فَأَمَرَهُ النَّبِيُّ صَلَّى اللهَ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ أَنْ يَسْتَظِلَّ وَأَنْ يَقْعُدَ وَأَنْ يُكَلِّمَ النَّاسَ وَيُتِمَّ صَوْمَهُ وَلَمْ يَأْمُرْهُ بِكَفَّارَةٍ هَذَا مُرْسَلٌ جَيِّدٌ وَفِيهِ وَفِيمَا قَبْلَهُ دَلَالَةٌ عَلَى أَنَّهُ لَمْ يَأْمُرْ بِكَفَّارَةٍ وَرَوَاهُ الْحَسَنُ بْنُ عُمَارَةَ عَنْ حَبِيبِ بْنِ أَبِي ثَابِتٍ عَنْ سَعِيدِ بْنِ جُبَيْرٍ عَنِ ابْنِ عَبَّاسٍ ؓ بِمِثْلِهِ وَفِي آخِرِهِ وَلَمْ يَأْمُرْهُ بِالْكَفَّارَةِ وَرُوِيَ عَنْ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ كُرَيْبٍ عَنْ أَبِيهِ عَنِ ابْنِ عَبَّاسٍ ؓ وَفِيهِ الْأَمْرُ بِالْكَفَّارَةِ وَمُحَمَّدُ بْنُ كُرَيْبٍ ضَعِيفٌ  

[Machine] He fasted, did not sit, did not seek shade, and did not speak. So the Prophet ﷺ was brought to him and the Messenger of Allah ﷺ said to him, "Sit down, seek shade, and speak, and disbelieve like this." I found him disbelieving, and he disbelieve and with me it is a distortion. It is only fasting as he is in the rest of the narrations. And Allah knows best.  

يَصُومَ وَلَا يَقْعُدَ وَلَا يَسْتَظِلَّ وَلَا يَتَكَلَّمَ فَأُتِيَ بِهِ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ فَقَالَ لَهُ رَسُولُ اللهِ ﷺ اقْعُدْ وَاسْتَظِلَّ وَتَكَلَّمْ وَكَفِّرْ كَذَا وَجَدْتُهُ وَكَفِّرْ وَعِنْدِي أَنَّ ذَلِكَ تَصْحِيفٌ إِنَّمَا هُوَ وَصُمْ كَمَا هُوَ فِي سَائِرِ الرِّوَايَاتِ وَاللهُ أَعْلَمُ  

[Machine] Layla, the wife of Bashir ibn al-Khassasiyyah, told me that his name before that was Zahm. The Messenger of Allah ﷺ gave him the name Bashir. She said that Bashir told her that he asked the Messenger of Allah ﷺ about fasting on Fridays and not speaking to anyone on that day. The Messenger of Allah ﷺ said to him, "Do not fast on Fridays unless you used to fast on that day or in a month, and do not speak to anyone. By the oath of Allah, speaking and commanding good or forbidding evil is better than keeping silent."  

حَدَّثَتْنِي لَيْلَى امْرَأَةُ بَشِيرِ بْنِ الْخَصَاصِيَةِ وَكَانَ اسْمُهُ قَبْلَ ذَلِكَ زَحْمًا فَسَمَّاهُ رَسُولُ اللهِ ﷺ بَشِيرًا قَالَتْ حَدَّثَنِي بَشِيرٌ أَنَّهُ سَأَلَ رَسُولُ اللهِ ﷺ عَنْ صَوْمِ يَوْمِ الْجُمُعَةِ وَأَنْ لَا يُكَلِّمَ ذَلِكَ الْيَوْمَ أَحَدًا؟ قَالَ فَقَالَ لَهُ لَا تَصُمْ يَوْمَ الْجُمُعَةِ إِلَّا فِي أَيَّامٍ كُنْتَ تَصُومُهَا أَوْ فِي شَهْرٍ وَأَنْ لَا تُكَلِّمَ أَحَدًا فَلَعَمْرِي لَأَنْ تَكَلَّمَ فَتَأْمُرَ بِمَعْرُوفٍ أَوْ تَنْهَى عَنْ مُنْكَرٍ خَيْرٌ مِنْ أَنْ تَسْكُتَ  

Abu Bakr went to a lady from the Ahmas tribe called Zainab bint Al-Muhajir and found that she refused to speak. He asked, "Why does she not speak." The people said, "She has intended to perform Hajj without speaking." He said to her, "Speak, for it is illegal not to speak, as it is an action of the pre-islamic period of ignorance. So she spoke and said, "Who are you?" He said, "A man from the Emigrants." She asked, "Which Emigrants?" He replied, "From Quraish." She asked, "From what branch of Quraish are you?" He said, "You ask too many questions; I am Abu Bakr." She said, "How long shall we enjoy this good order (i.e. Islamic religion) which Allah has brought after the period of ignorance?" He said, "You will enjoy it as long as your Imams keep on abiding by its rules and regulations." She asked, "What are the Imams?" He said, "Were there not heads and chiefs of your nation who used to order the people and they used to obey them?" She said, "Yes." He said, "So they (i.e. the Imams) are those whom I meant." (Using translation from Bukhārī 3834)   

دَخَلَ أَبُو بَكْرٍ الصِّدِّيقُ ؓ عَلَى امْرَأَةٍ مِنْ أَحْمَسَ يُقَالُ لَهَا زَيْنَبُ قَالَ فَرَآهَا لَا تَكَلَّمُ قَالَ مَا لِهَذِهِ لَا تَكَلَّمُ؟ قَالَ فَقَالُوا حَجَّتْ مُصْمِتَةً فَقَالَ تَكَلَّمِي فَإِنَّ هَذَا لَا يَحِلُّ هَذَا مِنْ عَمَلِ الْجَاهِلِيَّةِ فَتَكَلَّمَتْ فَقَالَتْ مَنْ أَنْتَ؟ قَالَ أَنَا مِنَ الْمُهَاجِرِينَ قَالَتْ مِنْ أِيِّ الْمُهَاجِرِينَ؟ قَالَ مِنْ قُرَيْشٍ قَالَتْ مِنْ أِيِّ قُرَيْشٍ؟ قَالَ إِنَّكِ لَسئُولٌ أَنَا أَبُو بَكْرٍ فَقَالَتْ مَا بَقَاؤُنَا عَلَى هَذَا الْأَمْرِ الصَّالِحِ الَّذِي جَاءَ اللهُ بِهِ بَعْدَ الْجَاهِلِيَّةِ بَعْدَ النَّبِيِّ ﷺ؟ قَالَ فَقَالَ بَقَاؤُكُمْ عَلَيْهِ مَا اسْتَقَامَتْ أَئِمَّتُكُمْ قَالَتْ وَمَا الْأَئِمَّةُ؟ قَالَ أَمَا كَانَ لِقَوْمِكِ رُءُوسٌ وَأَشْرَافٌ يَأْمُرُونَهُمْ وَيُطِيعُونَهُمْ؟ قَالَتْ بَلَى قَالَ فَهُمْ أَمْثَالُ أُولَئِكَ يَكُونُونَ عَلَى النَّاسِ  

[Machine] He went to the dome of a woman and greeted her, but she did not speak to him. He did not leave her until she spoke to him. She said, "O Abdullah, who are you?" He said, "I am from the emigrants." She said, "The emigrants are many, so which group are you from?" He said, "I am from the Quraysh." She said, "The Quraysh are many, so which clan are you from?" He said, "I am Abu Bakr." She said, "You are my father and mother. There was something between us and a group of people in the pre-Islamic era, so I swore that I would not speak to anyone until I perform Hajj." He said, "Indeed, Islam has abolished that, so speak."  

أَنَّهُ أَتَى قُبَّةَ امْرَأَةٍ فَسَلَّمَ فَلَمْ تُكَلِّمْهُ فَلَمْ يَتْرُكْهَا حَتَّى كَلَّمَتْهُ قَالَتْ يَا عَبْدَ اللهِ مَنْ أَنْتَ؟ قَالَ مِنَ الْمُهَاجِرِينَ قَالَتْ الْمُهَاجِرُونَ كَثِيرٌ فَمِنْ أَيِّهِمْ أَنْتَ؟ قَالَ فَقَالَ مِنْ قُرَيْشٍ قَالَتْ قُرَيْشٌ كَثِيرٌ فَمِنْ أَيِّهِمْ أَنْتَ؟ قَالَ أَنَا أَبُو بَكْرٍ قَالَتْ بِأَبِي أَنْتَ وَأُمِّي كَانَ بَيْنَنَا وَبَيْنَ قَوْمٍ فِي الْجَاهِلِيَّةِ شَيْءٌ فَحَلَفْتُ إِنِ اللهُ عَافَانَا أَنْ لَا أُكَلِّمَ أَحَدًا حَتَّى أَحُجَّ قَالَ إِنَّ الْإِسْلَامَ هَدَمَ ذَلِكَ فَتَكَلَّمِي  

[Machine] Abdullah, what you said was awful. That was only a woman speaking to have an excuse, and they denied that there could be a child without a husband or outside of marriage. So submit, enjoin what is good, and turn away from the ignorant. That is better than that.  

عَبْدُ اللهِ بِئْسَ مَا قُلْتَ إِنَّمَا كَانَتْ تِلْكَ امْرَأَةً قَالَتْ ذَلِكَ لِيَكُونَ لَهَا عُذْرٌ وَكَانُوا يُنْكِرُونَ أَنْ يَكُونَ وَلَدٌ مِنْ غَيْرِ زَوْجٍ وَلَا زِنًا أَوْ إِلَّا زِنًا فَسَلِّمْ وَمُرْ بِالْمَعْرُوفِ وَانْهَ عَنِ الْمُنْكَرِ خَيْرٌ مِنْ ذَلِكَ