[Machine] "And it is not permissible from that, and what is difficult for them, and the book of the ruler to his worker, and the judge to the judge. And some people say that the book of the ruler is permissible except in the case of hadd punishments. Then he said, if killing is a mistake, then it is permissible because it is considered his property, and it only becomes property after the killing is proven. So, mistake and intentional act are the same. Umar wrote to his worker about al-Jarud, and Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz wrote about a broken tooth. Ibrahim said that the book of the judge to the judge is permissible if it is recognized as the book and the seal. And it is narrated from Ibn Umar something similar to this. Muawiyah bin Abd al-Karim al-Thaqafi said, I witnessed Abd al-Malik bin Yala, the judge of Basra, and Iyas bin Muawiyah, and Hasan, and Thumamah bin Abdullah bin Anas, and Bilal bin Abi Burdah, and Abdullah bin Buraidah al-Aslami, and Amr bin Ubaydah and Abbād bin Mansur, they would allow the books of the judges without presenting witnesses. If someone said that the book presented to him is forged, they would tell him to go and find a way out of that. And the first who asked for proof regarding the book of the judge was Ibn Abi Layla and Sawwar bin Abdullah. Abu Nuaim told us that Ubaidullah bin Muhriz narrated to us, I came with a book from Musa bin Anas, the judge of Basra, and I presented the proof to him that I have a claim with so and so, and he is in Kufa, and I came with it to Qasim bin Abdul Rahman and he endorsed it. Hasan and Abu Qilaba disliked giving testimony on a will until they knew its contents because they did not know if there is injustice in it. The Prophet ﷺ wrote to the people of Khaybar: 'Either hand over your companion or declare war.' Al-Zuhri said about testifying against a woman behind the curtain, if you recognize her, then testify, otherwise do not testify."

وَمَا يَجُوزُ مِنْ ذَلِكَ، وَمَا يَضِيقُ عَلَيْهِمْ، وَكِتَابِ الْحَاكِمِ إِلَى عَامِلِهِ، وَالْقَاضِي إِلَى الْقَاضِي. وَقَالَ بَعْضُ النَّاسِ كِتَابُ الْحَاكِمِ جَائِزٌ إِلاَّ فِي الْحُدُودِ. ثُمَّ قَالَ إِنْ كَانَ الْقَتْلُ خَطَأً فَهْوَ جَائِزٌ، لأَنَّ هَذَا مَالٌ بِزَعْمِهِ وَإِنَّمَا صَارَ مَالاً بَعْدَ أَنْ ثَبَتَ الْقَتْلُ، فَالْخَطَأُ وَالْعَمْدُ وَاحِدٌ. وَقَدْ كَتَبَ عُمَرُ إِلَى عَامِلِهِ فِي الْجَارُودِ. وَكَتَبَ عُمَرُ بْنُ عَبْدِ الْعَزِيزِ فِي سِنٍّ كُسِرَتْ. وَقَالَ إِبْرَاهِيمُ كِتَابُ الْقَاضِي إِلَى الْقَاضِي جَائِزٌ، إِذَا عَرَفَ الْكِتَابَ وَالْخَاتَمَ. وَكَانَ الشَّعْبِيُّ يُجِيزُ الْكِتَابَ الْمَخْتُومَ بِمَا فِيهِ مِنَ الْقَاضِي. وَيُرْوَى عَنِ ابْنِ عُمَرَ نَحْوُهُ. وَقَالَ مُعَاوِيَةُ بْنُ عَبْدِ الْكَرِيمِ الثَّقَفِيُّ شَهِدْتُ عَبْدَ الْمَلِكِ بْنَ يَعْلَى قَاضِيَ الْبَصْرَةِ وَإِيَاسَ بْنَ مُعَاوِيَةَ وَالْحَسَنَ وَثُمَامَةَ بْنَ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ أَنَسٍ وَبِلاَلَ بْنَ أَبِي بُرْدَةَ وَعَبْدَ اللَّهِ بْنَ بُرَيْدَةَ الأَسْلَمِيَّ وَعَامِرَ بْنَ عَبِيدَةَ وَعَبَّادَ بْنَ مَنْصُورٍ يُجِيزُونَ كُتُبَ الْقُضَاةِ بِغَيْرِ مَحْضَرٍ مِنَ الشُّهُودِ، فَإِنْ قَالَ الَّذِي جِيءَ عَلَيْهِ بِالْكِتَابِ إِنَّهُ زُورٌ. قِيلَ لَهُ اذْهَبْ فَالْتَمِسِ الْمَخْرَجَ مِنْ ذَلِكَ. وَأَوَّلُ مَنْ سَأَلَ عَلَى كِتَابِ الْقَاضِي الْبَيِّنَةَ ابْنُ أَبِي لَيْلَى وَسَوَّارُ بْنُ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ. وَقَالَ لَنَا أَبُو نُعَيْمٍ حَدَّثَنَا عُبَيْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ مُحْرِزٍ جِئْتُ بِكِتَابٍ مِنْ مُوسَى بْنِ أَنَسٍ قَاضِي الْبَصْرَةِ، وَأَقَمْتُ عِنْدَهُ الْبَيِّنَةَ أَنَّ لِي عِنْدَ فُلاَنٍ كَذَا وَكَذَا، وَهْوَ بِالْكُوفَةِ، وَجِئْتُ بِهِ الْقَاسِمَ بْنَ عَبْدِ الرَّحْمَنِ فَأَجَازَهُ. وَكَرِهَ الْحَسَنُ وَأَبُو قِلاَبَةَ أَنْ يَشْهَدَ عَلَى وَصِيَّةٍ حَتَّى يَعْلَمَ مَا فِيهَا، لأَنَّهُ لاَ يَدْرِي لَعَلَّ فِيهَا جَوْرًا. وَقَدْ كَتَبَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ إِلَى أَهْلِ خَيْبَرَ: «إِمَّا أَنْ تَدُوا صَاحِبَكُمْ، وَإِمَّا أَنْ تُؤْذِنُوا بِحَرْبٍ». وَقَالَ الزُّهْرِيُّ فِي شَهَادَةٍ عَلَى الْمَرْأَةِ مِنْ وَرَاءِ السِّتْرِ إِنْ عَرَفْتَهَا فَاشْهَدْ، وَإِلاَّ فَلاَ تَشْهَدْ.