48. Sūrat al-Fatḥ

٤٨۔ سُورَةُ الفَتْح

48.1 God granted the Muslims a manifest victory through the treaty of Hudaibiyah. Swearing allegiance to the Prophet is considered swearing allegiance to God.

٤٨۔١ مقطع في سُورَةُ الفَتْح

quran:48:1In the name of Allah, the Entirely Merciful, the Especially Merciful.

Indeed, We have given you, ˹O Muhammad˺, a clear conquest  

Verily We have given you, We have ordained ˹for you˺ the conquest (fath) of Mecca, and other places in the future by force, as a result of your struggle, a clear victory, ˹one that is˺ plain and manifest;
القرآن:٤٨:١بِسْمِ اللَّهِ الرَّحْمَٰنِ الرَّحِيمِ

إِنَّا فَتَحْنَا لَكَ فَتْحًا مُبِينًا  

{إنا فتحنا لك} قضينا بفتح مكة وغيرها في المستقبل عَنوة بجهادك {فتحا مبينا} بيِّنا ظاهرا.
quran:48:2

That Allah may forgive for you what preceded of your sin and what will follow and complete His favor upon you and guide you to a straight path  

that God may forgive you, by virtue of your struggle, what is past of your sin and what is to come, of it, so that your community might then desire to struggle ˹like you˺ — this ˹verse˺ also constitutes a justification of the ˹concept of the˺ infallibility (‘isma) of prophets, peace be upon them, against sin, by way of a definitive rational proof (the lām ˹in li-yaghfira, ‘that He may forgive’˺ is for ˹indicating˺ the ultimate reason ˹for the conquest˺, so that the content ˹of this latter statement˺ constitutes an effect and not the cause), and that He may perfect, by way of the mentioned victory, His favour to you and guide you, thereby, to a straight path, upon which He will confirm you — and this ˹straight path˺ is the religion of Islam;
القرآن:٤٨:٢

لِيَغْفِرَ لَكَ اللَّهُ مَا تَقَدَّمَ مِنْ ذَنْبِكَ وَمَا تَأَخَّرَ وَيُتِمَّ نِعْمَتَهُ عَلَيْكَ وَيَهْدِيَكَ صِرَاطًا مُسْتَقِيمًا  

{ليغفر لك الله} بجهادك {ما تقدم من ذنبك وما تأخر} منه لترغب أمتك في الجهاد وهو مؤول لعصمة الأنبياء عليهم الصلاة والسلام بالدليل العقلي القاطع من الذنوب واللام للعلة الغائية فمدخولها مسبب لا سبب {ويتم} بالفتح المذكور {نعمته} إنعامه {عليك ويهديك} به {صراطا} طريقا {مستقيما} يثبتك عليه وهو دين الإسلام.
quran:48:3

And ˹that˺ Allah may aid you with a mighty victory.  

and that God may grant you, therein, a mighty victory, one of glory, involving no humiliation.
القرآن:٤٨:٣

وَيَنْصُرَكَ اللَّهُ نَصْرًا عَزِيزًا  

{وينصرك الله} به {نصرا عزيزا} ذا عز لا ذل له.
quran:48:4

It is He who sent down tranquillity into the hearts of the believers that they would increase in faith along with their ˹present˺ faith. And to Allah belong the soldiers of the heavens and the earth, and ever is Allah Knowing and Wise.  

He it is Who sent down the spirit of Peace, ˹Divine˺ reassurance, into the hearts of the believers, that they might add faith to their faith, by way of ˹their embracing of˺ the legal stipulations of religion: for every time He revealed one ˹of these˺, they would believe in it — including the ˹command to˺ struggle. And to God belong the hosts of the heavens and the earth, and so if He wanted to bring victory to His religion by means of others, He would have done so. And God is ever Knower, of His creatures, Wise, in His actions, in other words, He is ever possessed of such attributes;
القرآن:٤٨:٤

هُوَ الَّذِي أَنْزَلَ السَّكِينَةَ فِي قُلُوبِ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ لِيَزْدَادُوا إِيمَانًا مَعَ إِيمَانِهِمْ ۗ وَلِلَّهِ جُنُودُ السَّمَاوَاتِ وَالْأَرْضِ ۚ وَكَانَ اللَّهُ عَلِيمًا حَكِيمًا  

{هو الذي أنزل السكينة} الطمأنينة {في قلوب المؤمنين ليزدادوا إيمانا مع إيمانهم} بشرائع الدين كلما نزَّل واحدة منها آمنوا بها ومنها الجهاد {ولله جنود السماوات والأرض} فلو أراد نصر دينه بغيركم لفعل {وكان الله عليما} بخلقه {حكيما} في صنعه، أي لم يزل متصفا بذلك.
quran:48:5

˹And˺ that He may admit the believing men and the believing women to gardens beneath which rivers flow to abide therein eternally and remove from them their misdeeds - and ever is that, in the sight of Allah, a great attainment -  

so that He may admit (li-yudkhila is semantically connected to an omitted clause, that is to say, amara bi’ljihād, ‘He has enjoined the struggle ˹so that He may admit˺’) the believing men and believing women into gardens underneath which rivers flow, wherein they will abide, and that He may absolve them of their misdeeds; for that, in God’s sight, is a supreme triumph;
القرآن:٤٨:٥

لِيُدْخِلَ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ وَالْمُؤْمِنَاتِ جَنَّاتٍ تَجْرِي مِنْ تَحْتِهَا الْأَنْهَارُ خَالِدِينَ فِيهَا وَيُكَفِّرَ عَنْهُمْ سَيِّئَاتِهِمْ ۚ وَكَانَ ذَٰلِكَ عِنْدَ اللَّهِ فَوْزًا عَظِيمًا  

{ليدخل} متعلق بمحذوف، أي أمر الجهاد {المؤمنين والمؤمنات جنات تجري من تحتها الأنهار خالدين فيها ويكفّر عنهم سيئاتهم وكان ذلك عند الله فوزا عظيما}.
quran:48:6

And ˹that˺ He may punish the hypocrite men and hypocrite women, and the polytheist men and polytheist women - those who assume about Allah an assumption of evil nature. Upon them is a misfortune of evil nature; and Allah has become angry with them and has cursed them and prepared for them Hell, and evil it is as a destination.  

and so that He may chastise the hypocrites, men and women, and the idolaters, men and women, and those who make evil assumptions about God (read al-saw’ or al-sū’, ‘evil’, in all three places); they assumed that He will not assist Muhammad (s) and the believers. For them will be an evil turn of fortune, by way of abasement and chastisement; and God is wroth with them, and He has cursed them, He has banished them ˹far from His mercy˺, and has prepared for them Hell — and it is an evil destination!, ˹an evil˺ place to return to.
القرآن:٤٨:٦

وَيُعَذِّبَ الْمُنَافِقِينَ وَالْمُنَافِقَاتِ وَالْمُشْرِكِينَ وَالْمُشْرِكَاتِ الظَّانِّينَ بِاللَّهِ ظَنَّ السَّوْءِ ۚ عَلَيْهِمْ دَائِرَةُ السَّوْءِ ۖ وَغَضِبَ اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِمْ وَلَعَنَهُمْ وَأَعَدَّ لَهُمْ جَهَنَّمَ ۖ وَسَاءَتْ مَصِيرًا  

{ويُعذَِب المنافقين والمنافقات والمشركين والمشركات الظانين بالله ظن السَّوء} بفتح السين وضمها في المواضع الثلاثة، ظنوا أنه لا ينصر محمدا ﷺ والمؤمنين {عليهم دائرة السَّوء} بالذل والعذاب {وغضب الله عليهم ولعنهم} أبعدهم {وأعَدَّ لهم جهنم وساءت مصيرا} مرجعا.
quran:48:7

And to Allah belong the soldiers of the heavens and the earth. And ever is Allah Exalted in Might and Wise.  

And to God belong the hosts of the heavens and the earth; and God is ever Mighty, in His kingdom, Wise, in His actions, in other words, He is ever possessed of such attributes.
القرآن:٤٨:٧

وَلِلَّهِ جُنُودُ السَّمَاوَاتِ وَالْأَرْضِ ۚ وَكَانَ اللَّهُ عَزِيزًا حَكِيمًا  

{ولله جنود السماوات والأرض وكان الله عزيزا} في ملكه {حكيما} في صنعه، أي لم يزل متصفا بذلك.
quran:48:8

Indeed, We have sent you as a witness and a bringer of good tidings and a warner  

Indeed We have sent you as a witness, against your community at the Resurrection, and a bearer of good tidings, to them in this world, and a warner, to threaten those in it who do evil with ˹the punishment of˺ the Fire;
القرآن:٤٨:٨

إِنَّا أَرْسَلْنَاكَ شَاهِدًا وَمُبَشِّرًا وَنَذِيرًا  

{إنا أرسلناك شاهدا} على أمتك في القيامة {ومبشرا} لهم في الدنيا {ونذيرا} منذرا مخّوفا فيها من عمل سوءا بالنار.
quran:48:9

That you ˹people˺ may believe in Allah and His Messenger and honor him and respect the Prophet and exalt Allah morning and afternoon.  

that you may believe (li-tu’minū, may also here be read li-yu’minū, ‘that they may believe’; and similarly read either the second person plural or the third person plural in the next three instances) in God and His Messenger, and that you may support Him (tu‘azzirūhu: a variant reading has tu‘azzizūhu) and revere Him (the ˹third person suffixed˺ pronoun ˹-hu, ‘him’˺ may refer either to God or to His Messenger) and glorify Him, that is, God, morning and evening.
القرآن:٤٨:٩

لِتُؤْمِنُوا بِاللَّهِ وَرَسُولِهِ وَتُعَزِّرُوهُ وَتُوَقِّرُوهُ وَتُسَبِّحُوهُ بُكْرَةً وَأَصِيلًا  

{ليؤمنوا بالله ورسوله} بالياء والتاء فيه وفي الثلاثة بعده {ويعزروه} ينصروه وقرئ بزايين مع الفوقانية {ويوقروه} يعظموه وضميرها لله أو لرسوله {ويسبحوه} أي الله {بكرة وأصيلا} بالغداة والعشيّ.
quran:48:10

Indeed, those who pledge allegiance to you, ˹O Muhammad˺ - they are actually pledging allegiance to Allah. The hand of Allah is over their hands. So he who breaks his word only breaks it to the detriment of himself. And he who fulfills that which he has promised Allah - He will give him a great reward.  

Truly those who pledge allegiance to you, the ‘Pledge of Beatitude’ (bay‘at al-ridwān) given at alHudaybiyya, in fact pledge allegiance to God — this ˹statement˺ is akin to: Whoever obeys the Messenger, verily obeys God ˹Q. 4:80˺. The Hand of God is above their hands, ˹the hands˺ with which they pledged allegiance to the Prophet, in other words, God, exalted be He, has observed their pledge of allegiance and will requite them in accordance with ˹their adherence to˺ it. So whoever reneges, ˹whoever˺ breaches the pledge, reneges — ˹that is˺ the evil consequences of his breach will eventually be — against his own soul; and whoever fulfils the covenant which he has made with God, He will give him (fa-sa-yu’tīhi; or read fa-sanu’tīhi, ‘We will give him’) a great reward.
القرآن:٤٨:١٠

إِنَّ الَّذِينَ يُبَايِعُونَكَ إِنَّمَا يُبَايِعُونَ اللَّهَ يَدُ اللَّهِ فَوْقَ أَيْدِيهِمْ ۚ فَمَنْ نَكَثَ فَإِنَّمَا يَنْكُثُ عَلَىٰ نَفْسِهِ ۖ وَمَنْ أَوْفَىٰ بِمَا عَاهَدَ عَلَيْهُ اللَّهَ فَسَيُؤْتِيهِ أَجْرًا عَظِيمًا  

(إن الذين يبايعونك) بيعة الرضوان بالحديبية. (إنما يبايعون الله) هو نحو "" من يطع الرسول فقد أطاع الله "" (يد الله فوق أيديهم) التي بايعوا بها النبي، أي هو تعالى مطلع على مبايعتهم فيجازيهم عليها (فمن نكث) نقض البيعة (فإنما ينكث) يرجع وبال نقضه (على نفسه ومن أوفى بما عاهد عليه الله فسيؤتيه) بالياء والنون (أجرا عظيما).