55. Wills and Testaments

٥٥۔ كتاب الوصايا

55.9 The explanantion of the Statement of Allah Taa'la: "... After payment of legacies that they may have bequeathed or debts..."

٥٥۔٩ بَابُ تَأْوِيلِ قَوْلِ اللَّهِ تَعَالَى: {مِنْ بَعْدِ وَصِيَّةٍ يُوصِي بِهَا أَوْ دَيْنٍ}

[Machine] It is mentioned that the Prophet ﷺ ordered the settlement of debts before making a will. He said, "Verily, Allah commands you to render trusts to their rightful owners." Fulfilling a trust is more important than voluntary bequeathing. The Prophet ﷺ also said, "There is no charity except from surplus wealth." Ibn Abbas said, "A servant (slave) should not will anything except with the permission of his owners." The Prophet ﷺ also said, "A servant (slave) is a guardian over the property of his master."

وَيُذْكَرُ أَنَّ النَّبِيَّ ﷺ قَضَى بِالدَّيْنِ قَبْلَ الْوَصِيَّةِ. وَقَوْلِهِ: {إِنَّ اللَّهَ يَأْمُرُكُمْ أَنْ تُؤَدُّوا الأَمَانَاتِ إِلَى أَهْلِهَا}، فَأَدَاءُ الأَمَانَةِ أَحَقُّ مِنْ تَطَوُّعِ الْوَصِيَّةِ. وَقَالَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ: «لاَ صَدَقَةَ إِلاَّ عَنْ ظَهْرِ غِنًى». وَقَالَ ابْنُ عَبَّاسٍ لاَ يُوصِي الْعَبْدُ إِلاَّ بِإِذْنِ أَهْلِهِ. وَقَالَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ: «الْعَبْدُ رَاعٍ فِي مَالِ سَيِّدِهِ».

bukhari:2750Muḥammad b. Yūsuf > al-Awzāʿī > al-Zuhrī > Saʿīd b. al-Musayyab And ʿUrwh b. al-Zubayr > Ḥakīm b. Ḥizām

Hakim bin Hizam said, "I asked Messenger of Allah ﷺ for something, and he gave me, and I asked him again and he gave me and said, 'O Hakim! This wealth is green and sweet (i.e. as tempting as fruits), and whoever takes it without greed then he is blessed in it, and whoever takes it with greediness, he is not blessed in it and he is like one who eats and never gets satisfied. The upper (i.e. giving) hand is better than the lower (i.e. taking) hand." Hakim added, "I said, O Messenger of Allah ﷺ! By Him Who has sent you with the Truth I will never demand anything from anybody after you till I die." Afterwards Abu Bakr used to call Hakim to give him something but he refused to accept anything from him. Then ʿUmar called him to give him (something) but he refused. Then ʿUmar said, "O Muslims! I offered to him (i.e. Hakim) his share which Allah has ordained for him from this booty and he refuses to take it." Thus Hakim did not ask anybody for anything after the Prophet, till he died--may Allah bestow His mercy upon him.  

البخاري:٢٧٥٠حَدَّثَنَا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ يُوسُفَ حَدَّثَنَا الأَوْزَاعِيُّ عَنِ الزُّهْرِيِّ عَنْ سَعِيدِ بْنِ الْمُسَيَّبِ وَعُرْوَةَ بْنِ الزُّبَيْرِ أَنَّ حَكِيمَ بْنَ حِزَامٍ ؓ قَالَ

سَأَلْتُ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ فَأَعْطَانِي ثُمَّ سَأَلْتُهُ فَأَعْطَانِي ثُمَّ قَالَ لِي يَا حَكِيمُ إِنَّ هَذَا الْمَالَ خَضِرٌ حُلْوٌ فَمَنْ أَخَذَهُ بِسَخَاوَةِ نَفْسٍ بُورِكَ لَهُ فِيهِ وَمَنْ أَخَذَهُ بِإِشْرَافِ نَفْسٍ لَمْ يُبَارَكْ لَهُ فِيهِ وَكَانَ كَالَّذِي يَأْكُلُ وَلاَ يَشْبَعُ وَالْيَدُ الْعُلْيَا خَيْرٌ مِنَ الْيَدِ السُّفْلَى قَالَ حَكِيمٌ فَقُلْتُ يَا رَسُولَ اللَّهِ وَالَّذِي بَعَثَكَ بِالْحَقِّ لاَ أَرْزَأُ أَحَدًا بَعْدَكَ شَيْئًا حَتَّى أُفَارِقَ الدُّنْيَا فَكَانَ أَبُو بَكْرٍ يَدْعُو حَكِيمًا لِيُعْطِيَهُ الْعَطَاءَ فَيَأْبَى أَنْ يَقْبَلَ مِنْهُ شَيْئًا ثُمَّ إِنَّ عُمَرَ دَعَاهُ لِيُعْطِيَهُ فَيَأْبَى أَنْ يَقْبَلَهُ فَقَالَ يَا مَعْشَرَ الْمُسْلِمِينَ إِنِّي أَعْرِضُ عَلَيْهِ حَقَّهُ الَّذِي قَسَمَ اللَّهُ لَهُ مِنْ هَذَا الْفَىْءِ فَيَأْبَى أَنْ يَأْخُذَهُ فَلَمْ يَرْزَأْ حَكِيمٌ أَحَدًا مِنَ النَّاسِ بَعْدَ النَّبِيِّ ﷺ حَتَّى تُوُفِّيَ رَحِمَهُ اللَّهُ  

bukhari:2751Bishr b. Muḥammad al-Sakhtiyānī > ʿAbdullāh > Yūnus > al-Zuhrī > Sālim > Ibn ʿUmar

I heard Messenger of Allah ﷺ saying, "All of you are guardians and responsible for your charges: the Ruler (i.e. Imam) is a guardian and responsible for his subjects; and a man is a guardian of his family and is responsible for his charges; and a lady is a guardian in the house of her husband and is responsible for her charge; and a servant is a guardian of the property of his master and is responsible for his charge." I think he also said, "And a man is a guardian of the property of his father."  

البخاري:٢٧٥١حَدَّثَنَا بِشْرُ بْنُ مُحَمَّدٍ السَّخْتِيَانِيُّ أَخْبَرَنَا عَبْدُ اللَّهِ أَخْبَرَنَا يُونُسُ عَنِ الزُّهْرِيِّ قَالَ أَخْبَرَنِي سَالِمٌ عَنِ ابْنِ عُمَرَ ؓ قَالَ

سَمِعْتُ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ يَقُولُ كُلُّكُمْ رَاعٍ وَمَسْئُولٌ عَنْ رَعِيَّتِهِ وَالإِمَامُ رَاعٍ وَمَسْئُولٌ عَنْ رَعِيَّتِهِ وَالرَّجُلُ رَاعٍ فِي أَهْلِهِ وَمَسْئُولٌ عَنْ رَعِيَّتِهِ وَالْمَرْأَةُ فِي بَيْتِ زَوْجِهَا رَاعِيَةٌ وَمَسْئُولَةٌ عَنْ رَعِيَّتِهَا وَالْخَادِمُ فِي مَالِ سَيِّدِهِ رَاعٍ وَمَسْئُولٌ عَنْ رَعِيَّتِهِ قَالَ وَحَسِبْتُ أَنْ قَدْ قَالَ وَالرَّجُلُ رَاعٍ فِي مَالِ أَبِيهِ