Malik related to me from Zayd ibn Aslam that his father said, "Abdullah and Ubaydullah, the sons of Umar ibn al-Khattab went out with the army to Iraq. On the way home, they passed by Abu Musa al- Ashari who was the amir of Basra. He greeted them and made them welcome, and told them that if there was anything he could do to help them, he would do it. Then he said, 'There is some of the property of Allah which I want to send to the amir al-muminin, so I will lend it to you, and you can buy wares from Iraq and sell them in Madina. Then give the principal to the amir al-muminin, and you keep the profit.' They said that they would like to do it, and so he gave them the money and wrote to Umar ibn al-Khattab to take the money from them. When they came to sell they made a profit, and when they paid the principal to Umar he asked, 'Did he lend everyone in the army the like of what he lent you?' They said, 'No.' Umar ibn al-Khattab said, 'He made you the loan, because you are the sons of the amir al-muminin, so pay the principal and the profit.' Abdullah was silent. Ubaydullah said, 'You do not need to do this, amir al-muminin. Had the principal decreased or been destroyed, we would have guaranteed it.' Umar said, 'Pay it.' Abdullah was silent, and Ubaydullah repeated it. A man who was sitting with Umar said, 'Amir al-muminin, better that you make it a qirad. 'Umar said, 'I have made it qirad.' Umar then took the principal and half of the profit, and Abdullah and Ubaydullah, the sons of Umar ibn al-Khattab took half of the profit."  

أَنَّهُ قَالَ خَرَجَ عَبْدُ اللَّهِ وَعُبَيْدُ اللَّهِ ابْنَا عُمَرَ بْنِ الْخَطَّابِ فِي جَيْشٍ إِلَى الْعِرَاقِ فَلَمَّا قَفَلاَ مَرَّا عَلَى أَبِي مُوسَى الأَشْعَرِيِّ وَهُوَ أَمِيرُ الْبَصْرَةِ فَرَحَّبَ بِهِمَا وَسَهَّلَ ثُمَّ قَالَ لَوْ أَقْدِرُ لَكُمَا عَلَى أَمْرٍ أَنْفَعُكُمَا بِهِ لَفَعَلْتُ ثُمَّ قَالَ بَلَى هَا هُنَا مَالٌ مِنْ مَالِ اللَّهِ أُرِيدُ أَنْ أَبْعَثَ بِهِ إِلَى أَمِيرِ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ فَأُسْلِفُكُمَاهُ فَتَبْتَاعَانِ بِهِ مَتَاعًا مِنْ مَتَاعِ الْعِرَاقِ ثُمَّ تَبِيعَانِهِ بِالْمَدِينَةِ فَتُؤَدِّيَانِ رَأْسَ الْمَالِ إِلَى أَمِيرِ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ وَيَكُونُ الرِّبْحُ لَكُمَا فَقَالاَ وَدِدْنَا ذَلِكَ فَفَعَلَ وَكَتَبَ إِلَى عُمَرَ بْنِ الْخَطَّابِ أَنْ يَأْخُذَ مِنْهُمَا الْمَالَ فَلَمَّا قَدِمَا بَاعَا فَأُرْبِحَا فَلَمَّا دَفَعَا ذَلِكَ إِلَى عُمَرَ قَالَ أَكُلُّ الْجَيْشِ أَسْلَفَهُ مِثْلَ مَا أَسْلَفَكُمَا قَالاَ لاَ فَقَالَ عُمَرُ بْنُ الْخَطَّابِ ابْنَا أَمِيرِ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ فَأَسْلَفَكُمَا أَدِّيَا الْمَالَ وَرِبْحَهُ فَأَمَّا عَبْدُ اللَّهِ فَسَكَتَ وَأَمَّا عُبَيْدُ اللَّهِ فَقَالَ مَا يَنْبَغِي لَكَ يَا أَمِيرَ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ هَذَا لَوْ نَقَصَ هَذَا الْمَالُ أَوْ هَلَكَ لَضَمِنَّاهُ فَقَالَ عُمَرُ أَدِّيَاهُ فَسَكَتَ عَبْدُ اللَّهِ وَرَاجَعَهُ عُبَيْدُ اللَّهِ فَقَالَ رَجُلٌ مِنْ جُلَسَاءِ عُمَرَ يَا أَمِيرَ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ لَوْ جَعَلْتَهُ قِرَاضًا فَقَالَ عُمَرُ قَدْ جَعَلْتُهُ قِرَاضًا فَأَخَذَ عُمَرُ رَأْسَ الْمَالِ وَنِصْفَ رِبْحِهِ وَأَخَذَ عَبْدُ اللَّهِ وَعُبَيْدُ اللَّهِ ابْنَا عُمَرَ بْنِ الْخَطَّابِ نِصْفَ رِبْحِ الْمَالِ  

Malik related to me from al-Ala ibn Abd ar-Rahman from his father from his father that Uthman ibn Affan gave him some money as qirad to use provided the profit was shared between them.  

أَنَّ عُثْمَانَ بْنَ عَفَّانَ أَعْطَاهُ مَالاً قِرَاضًا يَعْمَلُ فِيهِ عَلَى أَنَّ الرِّبْحَ بَيْنَهُمَا  

Malik said, "The recognised and permitted form of qirad is that a man take capital from an associate to use. He does not guarantee it and in travelling pays out of the capital for food and clothes and what he makes good use of, according to the amount of capital. That is, when he travels to do the work and the capital can support it. If he remains with his people, he does not have expenses or clothing from the capital." Malik said, "There is no harm in the two parties in a qirad helping each other by way of a favour when it is acceptable to them both." Malik said, "There is no harm in the investor of the capital buying some of the goods from the agent in the qirad if that is acceptable and without conditions." Malik spoke about an investor making a qirad loan to a man and his slave, to be used by both. He said, "That is permitted, and there is no harm in it because the profit is property for his slave, and the profit is not for the master until he takes it from him. It is like the rest of his earnings."  

قالَ مالِكٌ: «وجْهُ القِراضِ المَعْرُوفِ الجائِزِ أنْ يَأْخُذَ الرَّجُلُ المالَ مِن صاحِبِهِ عَلى أنْ يَعْمَلَ فِيهِ، ولا ضَمانَ عَلَيْهِ، ونَفَقَةُ العامِلِ فِي المالِ، فِي سَفَرِهِ مِن طَعامِهِ وكِسْوَتِهِ، وما يُصْلِحُهُ بِالمَعْرُوفِ، بِقَدْرِ المالِ إذا شَخَصَ فِي المالِ، إذا كانَ المالُ يَحْمِلُ ذَلِكَ. فَإنْ كانَ مُقِيمًا فِي أهْلِهِ، فَلا نَفَقَةَ لَهُ مِنَ المالِ، ولا كِسْوَةَ» قالَ مالِكٌ: «ولا بَأْسَ بِأنْ يُعِينَ المُتَقارِضانِ كُلُّ واحِدٍ مِنهُما صاحِبَهُ عَلى وجْهِ المَعْرُوفِ، إذا صَحَّ ذَلِكَ مِنهُما» قالَ مالِكٌ: «ولا بَأْسَ بِأنْ يَشْتَرِيَ رَبُّ المالِ مِمَّنْ قارَضَهُ بَعْضَ ما يَشْتَرِي مِنَ السِّلَعِ إذا كانَ ذَلِكَ صَحِيحًا عَلى غَيْرِ شَرْطٍ» -[٦٨٩]- قالَ مالِكٌ: «فِيمَن دَفَعَ إلى رَجُلٍ، وإلى غُلامٍ لَهُ مالًا قِراضًا يَعْمَلانِ فِيهِ جَمِيعًا، إنَّ ذَلِكَ جائِزٌ لا بَأْسَ بِهِ، لِأنَّ الرِّبْحَ مالٌ لِغُلامِهِ، لا يَكُونُ الرِّبْحُ لِلسَّيِّدِ حَتّى يَنْتَزِعَهُ مِنهُ، وهُوَ بِمَنزِلَةِ غَيْرِهِ مِن كَسْبِهِ»  

Malik said, "When a man owes money to another man and he asks him to let it stay with him as a quirad, that is disapproved of until the creditor receives his property. Then he can make it a qirad loan or keep it. That is because the debtor may be in a tight situation, and want to delay it to increase it for him." Malik spoke about an investor who made a qirad loan to a man, and some of the principal was lost before he used it, and then he used it and made a profit. The agent wanted to make the principal the remainder of the money after what was lost from it. Malik said, "His statement is not accepted, and the principal is made up to its original amount from his profit. Then they divide what remains after the principal has been repaid according to the conditions of the qirad." Malik said, "Qirad loan is only good in gold or silver coin and it is never permitted in any kind of wares or goods or articles." Malik said, "There are certain transactions which if a long span of time passes after the transaction takes place, its revocation becomes unacceptable. As for usury, there is never anything except its rejection whether it is a little or a lot. What is permitted in other than it is not permitted in it because Allah, the Blessed and the Exalted, said in His Book, 'If you repent, you have your capital back, not wronging and not wronged. ' "  

قالَ مالِكٌ: «إذا كانَ لِرَجُلٍ عَلى رَجُلٍ دَيْنٌ، فَسَألَهُ أنْ يُقِرَّهُ عِنْدَهُ قِراضًا، إنَّ ذَلِكَ يُكْرَهُ حَتّى يَقْبِضَ مالَهُ، ثُمَّ يُقارِضُهُ بَعْدُ أوْ يُمْسِكُ، وإنَّما ذَلِكَ مَخافَةَ أنْ يَكُونَ أعْسَرَ بِمالِهِ، فَهُوَ يُرِيدُ أنْ يُؤَخِّرَ ذَلِكَ عَلى أنْ يَزِيدَهُ فِيهِ» قالَ مالِكٌ: «فِي رَجُلٍ دَفَعَ إلى رَجُلٍ مالًا قِراضًا فَهَلَكَ بَعْضُهُ، قَبْلَ أنْ يَعْمَلَ فِيهِ، ثُمَّ عَمِلَ فِيهِ فَرَبِحَ، فَأرادَ أنْ يَجْعَلَ رَأْسَ المالِ بَقِيَّةَ المالِ بَعْدَ الَّذِي هَلَكَ مِنهُ، قَبْلَ أنْ يَعْمَلَ فِيهِ، قالَ مالِكٌ: «لا يُقْبَلُ قَوْلُهُ، ويُجْبَرُ رَأْسُ المالِ مِن رِبْحِهِ، ثُمَّ يَقْتَسِمانِ ما بَقِيَ بَعْدَ رَأْسِ المالِ عَلى شَرْطِهِما، مِنَ القِراضِ» قالَ مالِكٌ:»لا يَصْلُحُ القِراضُ إلّا فِي العَيْنِ مِنَ الذَّهَبِ أوِ الوَرِقِ، ولا يَكُونُ فِي شَيْءٍ مِنَ العُرُوضِ، والسِّلَعِ، ومِنَ البُيُوعِ ما يَجُوزُ إذا تَفاوَتَ أمْرُهُ، وتَفاحَشَ رَدُّهُ، فَأمّا الرِّبا فَإنَّهُ لا يَكُونُ فِيهِ إلّا الرَّدُّ أبَدًا، ولا يَجُوزُ مِنهُ قَلِيلٌ، ولا كَثِيرٌ، ولا يَجُوزُ فِيهِ ما يَجُوزُ فِي غَيْرِهِ، لِأنَّ اللَّهَ تَبارَكَ وتَعالى قالَ فِي كِتابِهِ ﴿وإنْ تُبْتُمْ فَلَكُمْ رُءُوسُ أمْوالِكُمْ، لا تَظْلِمُونَ، ولا تُظْلَمُونَ﴾  

Yahya said that Malik spoke about an investor who made a qirad loan and stipulated to the agent that only certain goods should be bought with his money or he forbade certain goods which he named to be bought. He said, "There is no harm in an investor making a condition on an agent in qirad not to buy a certain kind of animal or goods which he specifies. It is disapproved of for an investor to make as a condition on an agent in qirad that he only buy certain goods unless the goods which he orders him to buy are in plentiful supply and do not fail either in winter or summer. There is no harm in that case." Malik spoke about an investor who loaned qirad money and stipulated that something of the profit should be his alone without the agent sharing in it. He said, "That is not good, even if it is only one dirham unless he stipulates that half the profit is his and half the profit is the agent's or a third or a fourth or whatever. When he names a percentage, whether great or small, everything specified by that is halal. This is the qirad of the muslims." He said, "It is also not good if the investor stipulates that one dirham or more of the profit is purely his, with out the agent sharing it and then what remains of the profit is to be divided in half between them. That is not the qirad of the Muslims."  

قالَ يَحْيى: قالَ مالِكٌ: فِي رَجُلٍ دَفَعَ إلى رَجُلٍ مالًا قِراضًا، وشَرَطَ عَلَيْهِ أنْ لا تَشْتَرِيَ بِمالِي إلّا سِلْعَةَ كَذا وكَذا أوْ يَنْهاهُ أنْ يَشْتَرِيَ سِلْعَةً بِاسْمِها، قالَ مالِكٌ: «مَنِ اشْتَرَطَ عَلى مَن قارَضَ أنْ لا يَشْتَرِيَ حَيَوانًا أوْ سِلْعَةً بِاسْمِها، فَلا بَأْسَ بِذَلِكَ، ومَنِ اشْتَرَطَ عَلى مَن قارَضَ أنْ لا يَشْتَرِيَ إلّا سِلْعَةَ كَذا وكَذا، فَإنَّ ذَلِكَ مَكْرُوهٌ، إلّا أنْ تَكُونَ السِّلْعَةُ الَّتِي أمَرَهُ أنْ لا يَشْتَرِيَ غَيْرَها كَثِيرَةً مَوْجُودَةً لا تُخْلِفُ فِي شِتاءٍ ولا صَيْفٍ فَلا بَأْسَ بِذَلِكَ» قالَ مالِكٌ: «فِي رَجُلٍ دَفَعَ إلى رَجُلٍ مالًا قِراضًا، واشْتَرَطَ عَلَيْهِ فِيهِ شَيْئًا مِنَ الرِّبْحِ خالِصًا دُونَ صاحِبِهِ، فَإنَّ ذَلِكَ لا يَصْلُحُ، وإنْ كانَ دِرْهَمًا واحِدًا، إلّا أنْ يَشْتَرِطَ نِصْفَ الرِّبْحِ لَهُ، ونِصْفَهُ لِصاحِبِهِ أوْ ثُلُثَهُ أوْ رُبُعَهُ أوْ أقَلَّ مِن ذَلِكَ أوْ أكْثَرَ، فَإذا سَمّى شَيْئًا مِن ذَلِكَ قَلِيلًا أوْ كَثِيرًا، فَإنَّ كُلَّ شَيْءٍ سَمّى مِن ذَلِكَ حَلالٌ وهُوَ قِراضُ المُسْلِمِينَ، قالَ: ولَكِنْ إنِ اشْتَرَطَ أنَّ لَهُ مِنَ الرِّبْحِ دِرْهَمًا واحِدًا فَما فَوْقَهُ خالِصًا لَهُ دُونَ صاحِبِهِ، وما بَقِيَ مِنَ الرِّبْحِ فَهُوَ بَيْنَهُما نِصْفَيْنِ، فَإنَّ ذَلِكَ لا يَصْلُحُ، ولَيْسَ عَلى ذَلِكَ قِراضُ المُسْلِمِينَ»  

Yahya said that Malik said, "The person who puts up the principal must not stipulate that he has something of the profit alone without the agent sharing in it, nor must the agent stipulate that he has something of the profit alone without the investor sharing. In qirad, there is no sale, no rent, no work, no advance, and no convenience which one party specifies to himself without the other party sharing unless one party allows it to the other unconditionally as a favour and that is alright to both. Neither of the parties should make a condition over the other which increases him in gold or silver or food over the other party." He said, "If any of that enters the qirad, it becomes hire, and hire is only good with known and fixed terms. The agent should not stipulate when he takes the principal that he repay or commission anyone with the goods, nor that he take any of them for himself. When there is a profit, and it is time to separate the capital, then they divide the profit according to the terms of the contract. If the principal does not increase or there is a loss, the agent does not have to make up for what he spent on himself or for the loss. That falls to the investor from the principal. Qirad is permitted upon whatever terms the investor and the agent make a mutual agreement, of half the profit, or a third or a fourth or whatever." Malik said, "It is not permitted for the agent to stipulate that he use the qirad money for a certain number of years and that it not be taken from him during that time." He said, "It is not good for the investor to stipulate that the qirad money should not be returned for a certain number of years which are specified, because the qirad is not for a term. The investor loans it to an agent to use for him. If it seems proper to either of them to abandon the project and the money is coin, and nothing has been bought with it, it can be abandoned, and the investor takes his money back. If it seems proper to the investor to take the qirad loan back after goods have been purchased with it, he cannot do so until the buyer has sold the goods and they have become money. If it seems proper to the agent to return the loan, and it has been turned to goods he cannot do so until he has sold them. He returns the loan in cash as he took it." Malik said, "It is not good for the investor to stipulate that the agent pay any zakat due from his portion of the profit in particular, because the investor by stipulating that, stipulates fixed increase for himself from the profit because the portion of zakat he would be liable for by his portion of the profit, is removed from him. "It is not permitted for the investor to stipulate to the agent to only buy from so-and-so, referring to a specific man. That is not permitted because by doing so he would become his hireling for a wage." Malik spoke about an investor in qirad who stipulated a guarantee for an amount of money from the agent, "The investor is not permitted to stipulate conditions about his principal other than the conditions on which qirad is based or according to the precedent of the sunna of the Muslims. If the principal is increased by the condition of guarantee, the investor has increased his share of the profit because of the position of the guarantee. But the profit is only to be divided according to what it would have been had the loan been given without the guarantee. If the principal is destroyed, I do not think that the agent has a guarantee held against him because the stipulation of guarantees in qirad is null and void." Malik spoke about an investor who gave qirad money to a man and the man stipulated that he would only buy palms or animals with it because he sought to eat the dates or the offspring of the animals and he kept them for some time to use for himself. He said, "That is not permitted. It is not the sunna of the Muslims in qirad unless he buys it and then sells it as other goods are sold." Malik said, "There is no harm in the agent stipulating on the investor a slave to help him provided that the slave stands to gain along with him out of the investment, and when the slave only helps him with the investment, not with anything else."  

قالَ يَحْيى: قالَ مالِكٌ: «لا يَنْبَغِي لِصاحِبِ المالِ أنْ يَشْتَرِطَ لِنَفْسِهِ شَيْئًا مِنَ الرِّبْحِ خالِصًا. دُونَ العامِلِ. ولا يَنْبَغِي لِلْعامِلِ أنْ يَشْتَرِطَ لِنَفْسِهِ شَيْئًا مِنَ الرِّبْحِ خالِصًا. دُونَ صاحِبِهِ. ولا يَكُونُ مَعَ القِراضِ بَيْعٌ، ولا كِراءٌ، ولا عَمَلٌ، ولا سَلَفٌ، ولا مِرْفَقٌ يَشْتَرِطُهُ أحَدُهُما لِنَفْسِهِ دُونَ صاحِبِهِ. إلّا أنْ يُعِينَ أحَدُهُما صاحِبَهُ عَلى غَيْرِ شَرْطٍ. عَلى وجْهِ المَعْرُوفِ. إذا صَحَّ ذَلِكَ مِنهُما. ولا يَنْبَغِي لِلْمُتَقارِضَيْنِ أنْ يَشْتَرِطَ أحَدُهُما عَلى صاحِبِهِ زِيادَةً، مِن ذَهَبٍ ولا فِضَّةٍ ولا طَعامٍ، ولا شَيْءٍ مِنَ الأشْياءِ. يَزْدادُهُ أحَدُهُما عَلى صاحِبِهِ. قالَ: فَإنْ دَخَلَ القِراضَ شَيْءٌ مِن ذَلِكَ، صارَ إجارَةً، ولا تَصْلُحُ الإجارَةُ إلّا بِشَيْءٍ ثابِتٍ مَعْلُومٍ، ولا يَنْبَغِي لِلَّذِي أخَذَ المالَ أنْ يَشْتَرِطَ، مَعَ أخْذِهِ المالَ، أنْ يُكافِئَ. ولا يُوَلِّيَ مِن سِلْعَتِهِ أحَدًا، ولا يَتَوَلّى مِنها شَيْئًا لِنَفْسِهِ، فَإذا وفَرَ المالُ. وحَصَلَ عَزْلُ رَأْسِ المالِ، ثُمَّ اقْتَسَما الرِّبْحَ عَلى شَرْطِهِما. فَإنْ لَمْ يَكُنْ لِلْمالِ رِبْحٌ. أوْ دَخَلَتْهُ وضِيعَةٌ. لَمْ يَلْحَقِ العامِلَ مِن ذَلِكَ شَيْءٌ. لا مِمّا أنْفَقَ عَلى نَفْسِهِ. ولا مِنَ الوَضِيعَةِ، وذَلِكَ عَلى رَبِّ المالِ فِي مالِهِ، والقِراضُ جائِزٌ عَلى ما تَراضى عَلَيْهِ رَبُّ المالِ، والعامِلُ مِن نِصْفِ الرِّبْحِ أوْ ثُلُثِهِ أوْ رُبُعِهِ أوْ أقَلَّ مِن ذَلِكَ أوْ أكْثَرَ» قالَ مالِكٌ: «لا يَجُوزُ لِلَّذِي يَأْخُذُ المالَ قِراضًا أنْ يَشْتَرِطَ أنْ يَعْمَلَ فِيهِ سِنِينَ لا يُنْزَعُ مِنهُ». قالَ: «ولا يَصْلُحُ لِصاحِبِ المالِ أنْ يَشْتَرِطَ أنَّكَ لا تَرُدُّهُ إلَيَّ سِنِينَ، لِأجَلٍ يُسَمِّيانِهِ. لِأنَّ -[٦٩٢]- القِراضَ لا يَكُونُ إلى أجَلٍ. ولَكِنْ يَدْفَعُ رَبُّ المالِ مالَهُ إلى الَّذِي يَعْمَلُ لَهُ فِيهِ، فَإنْ بَدا لِأحَدِهِما أنْ يَتْرُكَ ذَلِكَ. والمالُ ناضٌّ لَمْ يَشْتَرِ بِهِ شَيْئًا، تَرَكَهُ. وأخَذَ صاحِبُ المالِ مالَهُ، وإنْ بَدا لِرَبِّ المالِ أنْ يَقْبِضَهُ، بَعْدَ أنْ يَشْتَرِيَ بِهِ سِلْعَةً. فَلَيْسَ ذَلِكَ لَهُ، حَتّى يُباعَ المَتاعُ، ويَصِيرَ عَيْنًا، فَإنْ بَدا لِلْعامِلِ أنْ يَرُدَّهُ، وهُوَ عَرْضٌ، لَمْ يَكُنْ ذَلِكَ لَهُ. حَتّى يَبِيعَهُ، فَيَرُدَّهُ عَيْنًا كَما أخَذَهُ» قالَ مالِكٌ: «ولا يَصْلُحُ لِمَن دَفَعَ إلى رَجُلٍ مالًا قِراضًا، أنْ يَشْتَرِطَ عَلَيْهِ الزَّكاةَ فِي حِصَّتِهِ مِنَ الرِّبْحِ خاصَّةً، لِأنَّ رَبَّ المالِ، إذا اشْتَرَطَ ذَلِكَ، فَقَدِ اشْتَرَطَ لِنَفْسِهِ، فَضْلًا مِنَ الرِّبْحِ ثابِتًا. فِيما سَقَطَ عَنْهُ مِن حِصَّةِ الزَّكاةِ. الَّتِي تُصِيبُهُ مِن حِصَّتِهِ. ولا يَجُوزُ لِرَجُلٍ أنْ يَشْتَرِطَ عَلى مَن قارَضَهُ، أنْ لا يَشْتَرِيَ إلّا مِن فُلانٍ. لِرَجُلٍ يُسَمِّيهِ. فَذَلِكَ غَيْرُ جائِزٍ. لِأنَّهُ يَصِيرُ لَهُ أجِيرًا بِأجْرٍ لَيْسَ بِمَعْرُوفٍ» قالَ مالِكٌ: «فِي الرَّجُلِ يَدْفَعُ إلى رَجُلٍ مالًا قِراضًا. ويَشْتَرِطُ عَلى الَّذِي دَفَعَ إلَيْهِ المالَ الضَّمانَ، قالَ: لا يَجُوزُ لِصاحِبِ المالِ أنْ يَشْتَرِطَ فِي مالِهِ غَيْرَ ما وُضِعَ القِراضُ عَلَيْهِ، وما مَضى مِن سُنَّةِ المُسْلِمِينَ فِيهِ، فَإنْ نَما المالُ عَلى شَرْطِ الضَّمانِ. كانَ قَدِ ازْدادَ فِي حَقِّهِ مِنَ الرِّبْحِ مِن أجْلِ مَوْضِعِ الضَّمانِ. وإنَّما يَقْتَسِمانِ الرِّبْحَ عَلى ما لَوْ أعْطاهُ إيّاهُ عَلى غَيْرِ ضَمانٍ. وإنْ تَلِفَ المالُ لَمْ أرَ عَلى الَّذِي أخَذَهُ ضَمانًا، لِأنَّ شَرْطَ الضَّمانِ فِي القِراضِ باطِلٌ» قالَ مالِكٌ: فِي رَجُلٍ دَفَعَ إلى رَجُلٍ مالًا قِراضًا. واشْتَرَطَ عَلَيْهِ أنْ لا يَبْتاعَ بِهِ إلّا نَخْلًا-[٦٩٣]- أوْ دَوابَّ. لِأجْلِ أنَّهُ يَطْلُبُ ثَمَرَ النَّخْلِ أوْ نَسْلَ الدَّوابِّ. ويَحْبِسُ رِقابَها، قالَ مالِكٌ: «لا يَجُوزُ هَذا، ولَيْسَ هَذا مِن سُنَّةِ المُسْلِمِينَ فِي القِراضِ. إلّا أنْ يَشْتَرِيَ ذَلِكَ. ثُمَّ يَبِيعَهُ كَما يُباعُ غَيْرُهُ مِنَ السِّلَعِ» قالَ مالِكٌ: «لا بَأْسَ أنْ يَشْتَرِطَ المُقارِضُ عَلى رَبِّ المالِ غُلامًا يُعِينُهُ بِهِ. عَلى أنْ يَقُومَ مَعَهُ الغُلامُ فِي المالِ. إذا لَمْ يَعْدُ أنْ يُعِينَهُ فِي المالِ. لا يُعِينُهُ فِي غَيْرِهِ»  

Yahya said that Malik said, "No one should make a qirad loan except in coin, because the loan must not be in wares, since loaning wares can only be worked in one of two ways: Either the owner of the wares says to the borrower, 'Take these wares and sell them. Buy and sell with the capital realized according to qirad.' The investor stipulates increase for himself from the sale of his goods and what relieves him of expenses in selling it. Or else he says, 'Barter with these goods and sell. When you are through, buy for me the like of my goods which I gave you. If there is increase, it is between you and me. 'It may happen that the investor gives the goods to the agent at a time in which they are in demand and expensive, and then the agent returns them while they are cheap and he might have bought them for only a third of the original price or even less than that. The agent then has a profit of half the amount by which the price of the wares has decreased as his portion of the profit. Or he might take the wares at a time when their price is low, and make use of them until he has a lot of money. Then those wares become expensive and their price rises when he returns them, so he buys them for all that he has so that all his work and concern have been in vain. This is an uncertain transaction and is not good. If, however, that is not known until it has happened, then the wage an agent in qirad would be paid for selling that, is looked at and he is given it for his concern. Then the money is qirad from the day the money became cash and collected as coin and it is returned as a qirad like that."  

قالَ يَحْيى: قالَ مالِكٌ: «لا يَنْبَغِي لِأحَدٍ أنْ يُقارِضَ أحَدًا إلّا فِي العَيْنِ لِأنَّهُ لا تَنْبَغِي المُقارَضَةُ فِي العُرُوضِ، لِأنَّ المُقارَضَةَ فِي العُرُوضِ إنَّما تَكُونُ عَلى أحَدِ وجْهَيْنِ، إمّا أنْ يَقُولَ لَهُ صاحِبُ العَرْضِ، خُذْ هَذا العَرْضَ فَبِعْهُ. فَما خَرَجَ مِن ثَمَنِهِ فاشْتَرِ بِهِ. وبِعْ عَلى وجْهِ القِراضِ. فَقَدِ اشْتَرَطَ صاحِبُ المالِ فَضْلًا لِنَفْسِهِ مِن بَيْعِ سِلْعَتِهِ، وما يَكْفِيهِ مِن مَئُونَتِها أوْ يَقُولَ: اشْتَرِ بِهَذِهِ السِّلْعَةِ وبِعْ. فَإذا فَرَغْتَ فابْتَعْ لِي مِثْلَ عَرْضِي الَّذِي دَفَعْتُ إلَيْكَ. فَإنْ فَضَلَ شَيْءٌ فَهُوَ بَيْنِي وبَيْنَكَ. ولَعَلَّ صاحِبَ العَرْضِ أنْ يَدْفَعَهُ إلى العامِلِ فِي زَمَنٍ هُوَ فِيهِ نافِقٌ. كَثِيرُ الثَّمَنِ. ثُمَّ يَرُدَّهُ العامِلُ حِينَ يَرُدُّهُ وقَدْ رَخُصَ. فَيَشْتَرِيَهُ بِثُلُثِ ثَمَنِهِ. أوْ أقَلَّ مِن ذَلِكَ. فَيَكُونُ العامِلُ قَدْ رَبِحَ نِصْفَ ما نَقَصَ مِن ثَمَنِ العَرْضِ. فِي حِصَّتِهِ مِنَ الرِّبْحِ. أوْ يَأْخُذَ العَرْضَ فِي زَمانٍ ثَمَنُهُ فِيهِ قَلِيلٌ. فَيَعْمَلُ فِيهِ حَتّى يَكْثُرَ المالُ فِي يَدَيْهِ. ثُمَّ يَغْلُو -[٦٩٤]- ذَلِكَ العَرْضُ ويَرْتَفِعُ ثَمَنُهُ حِينَ يَرُدُّهُ. فَيَشْتَرِيهِ بِكُلِّ ما فِي يَدَيْهِ. فَيَذْهَبُ عَمَلُهُ وعِلاجُهُ باطِلًا، فَهَذا غَرَرٌ لا يَصْلُحُ. فَإنْ جُهِلَ ذَلِكَ. حَتّى يَمْضِيَ نُظِرَ إلى قَدْرِ أجْرِ الَّذِي دُفِعَ إلَيْهِ القِراضُ، فِي بَيْعِهِ إيّاهُ، وعِلاجِهِ فَيُعْطاهُ. ثُمَّ يَكُونُ المالُ قِراضًا مِن يَوْمَ نَضَّ المالُ. واجْتَمَعَ عَيْنًا. ويُرَدُّ إلى قِراضٍ مِثْلِهِ»  

Yahya said that Malik spoke about a man who made a qirad loan to a man and he bought wares with it and transported them to a commercial centre. It was not profitable to sell them and the agent feared a loss if he sold them, so he hired transport to take them to another city, and he sold them there and made a loss, and the cost of the hire was greater than the principal. Malik said, "If the agent can pay the cost of the hire from what the capital realized, his way is that. Whatever portion of the hire is not covered by the principal, the agent must pay it. The investor is not answerable for any of it. That is because the investor only ordered him to trade with the principal. The investor is not answerable for other than the principal. Had the investor been liable, it would have been an additional loss to him on top of the principal which he invested. The agent cannot put that on to the investor."  

قالَ يَحْيى: قالَ مالِكٌ: «فِي رَجُلٍ دَفَعَ إلى رَجُلٍ مالًا قِراضًا. فاشْتَرى بِهِ مَتاعًا. فَحَمَلَهُ إلى بَلَدِ التِّجارَةِ. فَبارَ عَلَيْهِ. وخافَ النُّقْصانَ إنْ باعَهُ. فَتَكارى عَلَيْهِ إلى بَلَدٍ آخَرَ. فَباعَ بِنُقْصانٍ، فاغْتَرَقَ الكِراءُ أصْلَ المالِ كُلَّهُ» قالَ مالِكٌ: «إنْ كانَ فِيما باعَ وفاءٌ لِلْكِراءِ، فَسَبِيلُهُ ذَلِكَ، وإنْ بَقِيَ مِنَ الكِراءِ شَيْءٌ، بَعْدَ أصْلِ المالِ كانَ عَلى العامِلِ. ولَمْ يَكُنْ عَلى رَبِّ المالِ مِنهُ شَيْءٌ يُتْبَعُ بِهِ. وذَلِكَ أنَّ رَبَّ المالِ إنَّما أمَرَهُ بِالتِّجارَةِ فِي مالِهِ. فَلَيْسَ لِلْمُقارَضِ أنْ يَتْبَعَهُ بِما سِوى ذَلِكَ مِنَ المالِ. ولَوْ كانَ ذَلِكَ يُتْبَعُ بِهِ رَبُّ المالِ، لَكانَ ذَلِكَ دَيْنًا عَلَيْهِ. مِن غَيْرِ المالِ الَّذِي قارَضَهُ فِيهِ، فَلَيْسَ لِلْمُقارَضِ أنْ يَحْمِلَ ذَلِكَ عَلى رَبِّ المالِ»  

Yahya said that Malik spoke about an investor who made a qirad loan to a man, who used it and made a profit. Then the man bought with all the profit a slave-girl and he had intercourse with her and she became pregnant by him, and so the capital decreased. Malik said, "If he has money, the price of the slave-girl is taken from his property, and the capital is restored by it. If there is something left over after the money is paid, it is divided between them according to the first qirad. If he cannot pay it, the slave-girl is sold so that the capital is restored from her price." Malik spoke about an investor who made a qirad loan to a man, and the agent spent more than the amount of the qirad loan when buying goods with it and paid the increase from his own money. Malik said, "The investor has a choice if the goods are sold for a profit or loss or if they are not sold. If he wishes to take the goods, he takes them and pays the agent back what he put in for them. If the agent refuses, the investor is a partner for his share of the price in increase and decrease according to what the agent paid extra for them from himself." Malik spoke about an agent who took qirad money from a man and then gave it to another man to use as a qirad without the consent of the investor. He said, "The agent is responsible for the property. If it is decreased, he is responsible for the loss. If there is profit, the investor has his stipulation of the profit, and then the agent has his stipulation of what remains of the money." Malik spoke about an agent who exceeded and borrowed some of what he had of qirad in money and he bought goods for himself with it. Malik said, "If he has a profit, the profit is divided according to the condition between them in the qirad. If he has a loss, he is responsible for the loss." Malik said about an investor who paid qirad money to a man, and the agent borrowed some of the cash and bought goods for himself with it, "The investor of the capital has a choice. If he wishes, he shares with him in the goods according to the qirad, and if he wishes, he frees himself of them, and takes all of the principal back from the agent. That is what is done with some one who oversteps."  

قالَ يَحْيى: قالَ مالِكٌ: فِي رَجُلٍ دَفَعَ إلى رَجُلٍ مالًا قِراضًا. فَعَمِلَ فِيهِ فَرَبِحَ، ثُمَّ اشْتَرى مِن رِبْحِ المالِ أوْ مِن جُمْلَتِهِ جارِيَةً. فَوَطِئَها. فَحَمَلَتْ مِنهُ. ثُمَّ نَقَصَ المالُ، قالَ مالِكٌ: «إنْ كانَ لَهُ مالٌ، أُخِذَتْ قِيمَةُ الجارِيَةِ مِن مالِهِ. فَيُجْبَرُ بِهِ المالُ. فَإنْ كانَ فَضْلٌ بَعْدَ وفاءِ المالِ. فَهُوَ بَيْنَهُما عَلى القِراضِ الأوَّلِ. وإنْ لَمْ يَكُنْ لَهُ وفاءٌ، بِيعَتِ الجارِيَةُ حَتّى يُجْبَرَ المالُ مِن ثَمَنِها» قالَ مالِكٌ: فِي رَجُلٍ دَفَعَ إلى رَجُلٍ مالًا قِراضًا فَتَعَدّى، فاشْتَرى بِهِ سِلْعَةً، وزادَ فِي ثَمَنِها مِن عِنْدِهِ، قالَ مالِكٌ: «صاحِبُ المالِ بِالخِيارِ. إنْ بِيعَتِ السِّلْعَةُ بِرِبْحٍ أوْ وضِيعَةٍ، أوْ لَمْ تُبَعْ. إنْ شاءَ أنْ يَأْخُذَ السِّلْعَةَ، أخَذَها وقَضاهُ ما أسْلَفَهُ فِيها. وإنْ أبى كانَ المُقارَضُ شَرِيكًا لَهُ بِحِصَّتِهِ مِنَ الثَّمَنِ فِي النَّماءِ والنُّقْصانِ. بِحِسابِ ما زادَ العامِلُ فِيها مِن عِنْدِهِ» قالَ مالِكٌ: فِي رَجُلٍ أخَذَ مِن رَجُلٍ مالًا قِراضًا. ثُمَّ دَفَعَهُ إلى رَجُلٍ آخَرَ. فَعَمِلَ فِيهِ قِراضًا بِغَيْرِ إذْنِ صاحِبِهِ: إنَّهُ ضامِنٌ لِلْمالِ. إنْ نَقَصَ فَعَلَيْهِ النُّقْصانُ. وإنْ رَبِحَ فَلِصاحِبِ المالِ شَرْطُهُ مِنَ الرِّبْحِ. ثُمَّ يَكُونُ لِلَّذِي عَمِلَ شَرْطُهُ، بِما بَقِيَ مِنَ المالِ «قالَ مالِكٌ: فِي رَجُلٍ تَعَدّى فَتَسَلَّفَ مِمّا بِيَدَيْهِ مِنَ القِراضِ مالًا. فابْتاعَ بِهِ سِلْعَةً لِنَفْسِهِ، قالَ مالِكٌ: «إنْ رَبِحَ فالرِّبْحُ عَلى شَرْطِهِما فِي القِراضِ، وإنْ نَقَصَ فَهُوَ ضامِنٌ لِلنُّقْصانِ» -[٦٩٦]- قالَ مالِكٌ:»فِي رَجُلٍ دَفَعَ إلى رَجُلٍ مالًا قِراضًا فاسْتَسْلَفَ مِنهُ المَدْفُوعُ إلَيْهِ المالُ مالًا واشْتَرى بِهِ سِلْعَةً لِنَفْسِهِ إنَّ صاحِبَ المالِ بِالخِيارِ إنْ شاءَ شَرِكَهُ فِي السِّلْعَةِ عَلى قِراضِها وإنْ شاءَ خَلّى بَيْنَهُ وبَيْنَها وأخَذَ مِنهُ رَأْسَ المالِ كُلَّهُ وكَذَلِكَ يُفْعَلُ بِكُلِّ مَن تَعَدّى  

Yahya said that Malik spoke about an investor who made a qirad loan to a man. He said, "When the investment is large, the travelling expenses of the agent are taken from it. He can use it to eat and clothe himself in an acceptable fashion according to the size of the investment. If it saves him trouble, he can take a wage from some of the capital, if it is large, and he cannot support himself. There are certain jobs which an agent or his like are not responsible for, amongst them are collecting debts, transporting the goods, loading up and so forth. He can hire from the capital someone to do that for him. The agent should not spend from the capital nor clothe himself from it while he resides with his family. It is only permitted for him to have expenses when he travels for the investment. The expenses are taken from the capital. If he is only trading with the property in the city in which he resides, he has no expenses from the capital and no clothing." Malik spoke about an investor who paid qirad money to a man, and the agent went out with it and with his own capital. He said, "The expenses come from the qirad and from his own capital according to their proportions."  

قالَ يَحْيى: قالَ مالِكٌ: فِي رَجُلٍ دَفَعَ إلى رَجُلٍ مالًا قِراضًا إنَّهُ إذا كانَ المالُ كَثِيرًا يَحْمِلُ النَّفَقَةَ، فَإذا شَخَصَ فِيهِ العامِلُ، فَإنَّ لَهُ أنْ يَأْكُلَ مِنهُ، ويَكْتَسِيَ بِالمَعْرُوفِ مِن قَدْرِ المالِ. ويَسْتَأْجِرَ مِنَ المالِ إذا كانَ كَثِيرًا لا يَقْوى عَلَيْهِ بَعْضَ مَن يَكْفِيهِ بَعْضَ مَئُونَتِهِ. ومِنَ الأعْمالِ أعْمالٌ لا يَعْمَلُها الَّذِي يَأْخُذُ المالَ. ولَيْسَ مِثْلُهُ يَعْمَلُها. مِن ذَلِكَ تَقاضِي الدَّيْنِ، ونَقْلُ المَتاعِ، وشَدُّهُ وأشْباهُ ذَلِكَ، فَلَهُ أنْ يَسْتَأْجِرَ مِنَ المالِ مَن يَكْفِيهِ ذَلِكَ. ولَيْسَ لِلْمُقارَضِ أنْ يَسْتَنْفِقَ مِنَ المالِ. ولا يَكْتَسِيَ مِنهُ. ما كانَ مُقِيمًا فِي أهْلِهِ إنَّما يَجُوزُ لَهُ النَّفَقَةُ إذا شَخَصَ فِي المالِ. وكانَ المالُ يَحْمِلُ النَّفَقَةَ فَإنْ كانَ إنَّما يَتَّجِرُ فِي المالِ فِي البَلَدِ الَّذِي هُوَ بِهِ مُقِيمٌ، فَلا نَفَقَةَ لَهُ مِنَ المالِ ولا كِسْوَةَ " قالَ مالِكٌ: فِي رَجُلٍ دَفَعَ إلى رَجُلٍ مالًا قِراضًا. فَخَرَجَ بِهِ وبِمالِ نَفْسِهِ. قالَ: «يَجْعَلُ النَّفَقَةَ مِنَ القِراضِ، ومِن مالِهِ عَلى قَدْرِ حِصَصِ المالِ»  

Yahya said that Malik spoke about an agent who had qirad money with him and he spent from it and clothed himself. He said, "He cannot give away any of it, and neither a beggar nor anyone else is to be given any of it and he does not pay anyone compensation from it. If he meets some people, and they bring out food and he brings out food, I hope that that will be permitted to him if he does not intend to bestow something on them. If he intends that or what is like that without the permission of the investor, he must get the sanction of the investor for it. If he sanctions it, there is no harm. If he refuses to sanction it, he must repay it with like if he has something which is suitable as compensation."  

قالَ يَحْيى: قالَ مالِكٌ: فِي رَجُلٍ مَعَهُ مالٌ قِراضٌ فَهُوَ يَسْتَنْفِقُ مِنهُ، ويَكْتَسِي إنَّهُ لا يَهَبُ مِنهُ شَيْئًا، ولا يُعْطِي مِنهُ سائِلًا، ولا غَيْرَهُ، ولا يُكافِئُ فِيهِ أحَدًا، فَأمّا إنِ اجْتَمَعَ هُوَ وقَوْمٌ فَجاءُوا بِطَعامٍ، وجاءَ هُوَ بِطَعامٍ، فَأرْجُو أنْ يَكُونَ ذَلِكَ واسِعًا، إذا لَمْ يَتَعَمَّدْ أنْ يَتَفَضَّلَ عَلَيْهِمْ، فَإنْ تَعَمَّدَ ذَلِكَ، أوْ ما يُشْبِهُهُ بِغَيْرِ إذْنِ صاحِبِ المالِ، فَعَلَيْهِ أنْ يَتَحَلَّلَ ذَلِكَ مِن رَبِّ المالِ، فَإنْ حَلَّلَهُ ذَلِكَ. فَلا بَأْسَ بِهِ. وإنْ أبى أنْ يُحَلِّلَهُ، فَعَلَيْهِ أنْ يُكافِئَهُ بِمِثْلِ ذَلِكَ. إنْ كانَ ذَلِكَ شَيْئًا لَهُ مُكافَأةٌ۔»  

Yahya said that Malik said, "The generally agreed on way of doing things among us about an investor who pays qirad money to an agent to buy goods, and the agent then sells the goods for a price to be paid later, and has a profit in the transaction, then the agent dies before he has received payment, is that if his heirs want to take that money, they have their father's stipulated portion from the profit. That is theirs if they are trustworthy to take the payment. If they dislike to collect it from the debtor and they refer him to the investor, they are not obliged to collect it and there is nothing against them and nothing for them by their surrendering it to the investor. If they do collect it, they have a share of it and expenses like their father had. They are in the position of their father. If they are not trustworthy to do so, they can bring someone reliable and trustworthy to collect the money. If he collects all the capital and all the profit, they are in the position of their father." Malik spoke about an investor who paid qirad money to a man provided that he used it and was responsible for any delayed payment for which he sold it. He said, "This is obligatory on the agent. If he sells it for delayed payment, he is responsible for it."  

قالَ يَحْيى: قالَ مالِكٌ: «الأمْرُ المُجْتَمَعُ عَلَيْهِ عِنْدَنا فِي رَجُلٍ دَفَعَ إلى رَجُلٍ مالًا قِراضًا فاشْتَرى بِهِ سِلْعَةً. ثُمَّ باعَ السِّلْعَةَ بِدَيْنٍ. فَرَبِحَ فِي المالِ. ثُمَّ هَلَكَ الَّذِي أخَذَ المالَ. قَبْلَ أنْ يَقْبِضَ المالَ». قالَ: «إنْ أرادَ ورَثَتُهُ أنْ يَقْبِضُوا ذَلِكَ المالَ، وهُمْ عَلى شَرْطِ أبِيهِمْ مِنَ الرِّبْحِ، فَذَلِكَ لَهُمْ. إذا كانُوا أُمَناءَ عَلى ذَلِكَ. فَإنْ كَرِهُوا أنْ يَقْتَضُوهُ، وخَلَّوْا بَيْنَ صاحِبِ المالِ وبَيْنَهُ، لَمْ يُكَلَّفُوا أنْ يَقْتَضُوهُ. ولا شَيْءَ عَلَيْهِمْ، ولا شَيْءَ لَهُمْ. إذا أسْلَمُوهُ إلى رَبِّ المالِ. فَإنِ اقْتَضَوْهُ. فَلَهُمْ فِيهِ مِنَ الشَّرْطِ والنَّفَقَةِ، مِثْلُ ما كانَ لِأبِيهِمْ فِي ذَلِكَ هُمْ فِيهِ بِمَنزِلَةِ أبِيهِمْ، -[٦٩٨]- فَإنْ لَمْ يَكُونُوا أُمَناءَ عَلى ذَلِكَ. فَإنَّ لَهُمْ أنْ يَأْتُوا بِأمِينٍ ثِقَةٍ. فَيَقْتَضِي ذَلِكَ المالَ. فَإذا اقْتَضى جَمِيعَ المالِ. وجَمِيعَ الرِّبْحِ. كانُوا فِي ذَلِكَ بِمَنزِلَةِ أبِيهِمْ» قالَ مالِكٌ: فِي رَجُلٍ دَفَعَ إلى رَجُلٍ مالًا قِراضًا عَلى أنَّهُ يَعْمَلُ فِيهِ، فَما باعَ بِهِ مِن دَيْنٍ فَهُوَ ضامِنٌ لَهُ، إنَّ ذَلِكَ لازِمٌ لَهُ إنْ باعَ بِدَيْنٍ فَقَدْ ضَمِنَهُ۔»  

Yahya said that Malik spoke about an investor who gave qirad money to a man, and then the man sought a loan from the investor or the investor borrowed money from the agent, or the investor left goods with the agent to sell for him, or the investor gave the agent dinars to buy goods with. Malik said, "There is no harm if the investor leaves his goods with him knowing that if the agent did not have his money and he had asked a similar thing of him, he would have still done it because of the brotherhood between them or because it would have been no bother to him and that had the agent refused that, he would not have removed his capital from him. Or if the agent had borrowed from the investor or carried his goods for him and he knew that if the investor had not had his capital with him, he would have still done the same for him, and had he refused that to him, he would not have returned his capital to him. If that is true between both of them and it is in the way of a favour between them and it is not a condition in the terms of the qirad, it is permitted and there is no harm in it. If a condition comes into it, or it is feared that the agent is only doing it for the investor in order to safeguard the capital in his possession, or the investor is only doing it because the agent has taken his capital and will not return it to him, that is not permitted in qirad and it is part of what the people of knowledge forbid.' "  

قالَ يَحْيى: قالَ مالِكٌ: فِي رَجُلٍ دَفَعَ إلى رَجُلٍ مالًا قِراضًا. واسْتَسْلَفَ مِن صاحِبِ المالِ سَلَفًا. أوِ اسْتَسْلَفَ مِنهُ صاحِبُ المالِ سَلَفًا. أوْ أبْضَعَ مَعَهُ صاحِبُ المالِ بِضاعَةً يَبِيعُها لَهُ، أوْ بِدَنانِيرَ يَشْتَرِي لَهُ بِها سِلْعَةً، قالَ مالِكٌ: «إنْ كانَ صاحِبُ المالِ إنَّما أبْضَعَ مَعَهُ، وهُوَ يَعْلَمُ أنَّهُ لَوْ لَمْ يَكُنْ مالُهُ عِنْدَهُ، ثُمَّ سَألَهُ مِثْلَ ذَلِكَ فَعَلَهُ، لِإخاءٍ بَيْنَهُما. أوْ لِيَسارَةِ مَئُونَةِ ذَلِكَ عَلَيْهِ. ولَوْ أبى ذَلِكَ عَلَيْهِ لَمْ يَنْزِعْ مالَهُ مِنهُ. أوْ كانَ العامِلُ إنَّما اسْتَسْلَفَ مِن صاحِبِ المالِ. أوْ حَمَلَ لَهُ بِضاعَتَهُ. وهُوَ يَعْلَمُ أنَّهُ لَوْ لَمْ يَكُنْ عِنْدَهُ مالُهُ فَعَلَ لَهُ مِثْلَ ذَلِكَ، ولَوْ أبى ذَلِكَ عَلَيْهِ لَمْ يَرْدُدْ عَلَيْهِ مالَهُ. فَإذا صَحَّ ذَلِكَ مِنهُما جَمِيعًا، وكانَ ذَلِكَ مِنهُما عَلى وجْهِ المَعْرُوفِ، ولَمْ يَكُنْ شَرْطًا فِي أصْلِ القِراضِ، فَذَلِكَ جائِزٌ لا بَأْسَ بِهِ. وإنْ دَخَلَ ذَلِكَ شَرْطٌ. أوْ خِيفَ أنْ يَكُونَ إنَّما صَنَعَ ذَلِكَ العامِلُ لِصاحِبِ المالِ، لِيُقِرَّ مالَهُ فِي يَدَيْهِ. أوْ إنَّما صَنَعَ ذَلِكَ صاحِبُ المالِ، لِأنْ يُمْسِكَ العامِلُ مالَهُ، ولا يَرُدَّهُ عَلَيْهِ. فَإنَّ ذَلِكَ لا يَجُوزُ فِي القِراضِ. وهُوَ مِمّا يَنْهى عَنْهُ أهْلُ العِلْمِ»  

Yahya said that Malik spoke about a man who loaned another man money and then the debtor asked him to leave it with him as a qirad. Malik said, "I do not like that unless he takes his money back from him, and then pays it to him as a qirad if he wishes or if he wishes keep it." Malik spoke about an investor who paid a man qirad money and the man told him that it was collected with him and asked him to write it for him as a loan. He said, "I do not like that unless he takes his money from him and then lends it to him or keeps it as he wishes. That is only out of fear that he has lost some of it, and wants to defer it so that he can make up what has been lost of it. That is disapproved of and is not permitted and it is not good."  

قالَ يَحْيى: قالَ مالِكٌ: فِي رَجُلٍ أسْلَفَ رَجُلًا مالًا، ثُمَّ سَألَهُ الَّذِي تَسَلَّفَ المالَ أنْ يُقِرَّهُ عِنْدَهُ قِراضًا قالَ مالِكٌ: «لا أُحِبُّ ذَلِكَ حَتّى يَقْبِضَ مالَهُ مِنهُ، ثُمَّ يَدْفَعَهُ إلَيْهِ قِراضًا إنْ شاءَ أوْ يُمْسِكَهُ» قالَ مالِكٌ: فِي رَجُلٍ دَفَعَ إلى رَجُلٍ مالًا قِراضًا. فَأخْبَرَهُ أنَّهُ قَدِ اجْتَمَعَ عِنْدَهُ. وسَألَهُ أنْ يَكْتُبَهُ عَلَيْهِ سَلَفًا. قالَ: لا أُحِبُّ ذَلِكَ. حَتّى يَقْبِضَ مِنهُ مالَهُ، ثُمَّ يُسَلِّفَهُ إيّاهُ إنْ شاءَ، أوْ يُمْسِكَهُ. وإنَّما ذَلِكَ مَخافَةَ أنْ يَكُونَ قَدْ نَقَصَ فِيهِ، فَهُوَ يُحِبُّ أنْ يُؤَخِّرَهُ عَنْهُ. عَلى أنْ يَزِيدَهُ فِيهِ ما نَقَصَ مِنهُ، فَذَلِكَ مَكْرُوهٌ ولا يَجُوزُ ولا يَصْلُحُ۔»  

Yahya said that Malik spoke about an investor paying qirad money to an agent who made a profit and then wanted to take his share of the profit and the investor was away. He said, "He should not take any of it unless the investor is present. If he takes something from it, he is responsible for it until it is accounted for in the division of the capital." Malik said, "It is not permitted for the parties involved in a qirad to account and divide property which is away from them until the capital is present, and the investor is given the principal in full. Then they divide the profit into their agreed portions." Malik spoke about a man taking qirad money, and buying goods with it while he had a debt. His creditors sought and found him while he was in a city away from the investor, and he had profitable merchandise whose good quality was clear. They wanted him to sell the merchandise for them so that they could take his share of the profit. Malik said, "None of the profit of the qirad is taken until the investor is present. He takes his principal and then the profit is divided mutually between them." Malik spoke about an investor who put qirad money with an agent and he used it and had a profit. Then the principal was set aside and the profit divided. He took his share and added the share of the investor to his principal in the presence of witnesses he had called. Malik said, "It is not permitted to divide the profit unless the investor is present. If he has taken something here turns it until the investor has received the principal in full. Then what remains is divided into their respective portions." Malik spoke about an investor who put qirad money with an agent. The agent used it and then came to the investor and said, "This is your portion of the profit, and I have taken the like of it for myself, and I have retained your principal in full." Malik said, "I do not like that, unless all the capital is present, the principal is there and he knows that it is complete and he receives it. Then they divide the profit between them. He returns the principal to him if he wishes, or he keeps it. The presence of the principal is necessary out of fear that the agent might have lost some of it, and so may want it not to be removed from him and to keep it in his hand."  

قالَ يَحْيى: قالَ مالِكٌ: فِي رَجُلٍ دَفَعَ إلى رَجُلٍ مالًا قِراضًا. فَعَمِلَ فِيهِ فَرَبِحَ. فَأرادَ أنْ يَأْخُذَ حِصَّتَهُ مِنَ الرِّبْحِ. وصاحِبُ المالِ غائِبٌ. قالَ: «لا يَنْبَغِي لَهُ أنْ يَأْخُذَ مِنهُ شَيْئًا إلّا بِحَضْرَةِ صاحِبِ المالِ، وإنْ أخَذَ شَيْئًا فَهُوَ لَهُ ضامِنٌ، حَتّى يُحْسَبَ مَعَ المالِ إذا اقْتَسَماهُ» قالَ مالِكٌ: «لا يَجُوزُ لِلْمُتَقارِضَيْنِ أنْ يَتَحاسَبا، ويَتَفاصَلا والمالُ غائِبٌ عَنْهُما، حَتّى يَحْضُرَ المالُ فَيَسْتَوْفِي صاحِبُ المالِ رَأْسَ مالِهِ، ثُمَّ يَقْتَسِمانِ الرِّبْحَ عَلى شَرْطِهِما» قالَ مالِكٌ: فِي رَجُلٍ أخَذَ مالًا قِراضًا. فاشْتَرى بِهِ سِلْعَةً. وقَدْ كانَ عَلَيْهِ دَيْنٌ. فَطَلَبَهُ -[٧٠٠]- غُرَماؤُهُ، فَأدْرَكُوهُ بِبَلَدٍ غائِبٍ عَنْ صاحِبِ المالِ. وفِي يَدَيْهِ عَرْضٌ مُرَبَّحٌ بَيِّنٌ فَضْلُهُ. فَأرادُوا أنْ يُباعَ لَهُمُ العَرْضُ فَيَأْخُذُوا حِصَّتَهُ مِنَ الرِّبْحِ، قالَ: لا يُؤْخَذُ مِن رِبْحِ القِراضِ شَيْءٌ حَتّى يَحْضُرَ صاحِبُ المالِ فَيَأْخُذَ مالَهُ، ثُمَّ يَقْتَسِمانِ الرِّبْحَ عَلى شَرْطِهِما «قالَ مالِكٌ: فِي رَجُلٍ دَفَعَ إلى رَجُلٍ مالًا قِراضًا. فَتَجَرَ فِيهِ فَرَبِحَ. ثُمَّ عَزَلَ رَأْسَ المالِ، وقَسَمَ الرِّبْحَ. فَأخَذَ حِصَّتَهُ، وطَرَحَ حِصَّةَ صاحِبِ المالِ فِي المالِ. بِحَضْرَةِ شُهَداءَ أشْهَدَهُمْ عَلى ذَلِكَ. قالَ: لا تَجُوزُ قِسْمَةُ الرِّبْحِ إلّا بِحَضْرَةِ صاحِبِ المالِ، وإنْ كانَ أخَذَ شَيْئًا رَدَّهُ حَتّى يَسْتَوْفِيَ صاحِبُ المالِ رَأْسَ مالِهِ، ثُمَّ يَقْتَسِمانِ ما بَقِيَ بَيْنَهُما عَلى شَرْطِهِما» قالَ مالِكٌ: فِي رَجُلٍ دَفَعَ إلى رَجُلٍ مالًا قِراضًا فَعَمِلَ فِيهِ، فَجاءَهُ فَقالَ لَهُ: هَذِهِ حِصَّتُكَ مِنَ الرِّبْحِ، وقَدْ أخَذْتُ لِنَفْسِي مِثْلَهُ، ورَأْسُ مالِكَ وافِرٌ عِنْدِي، قالَ مالِكٌ: «لا أُحِبُّ ذَلِكَ حَتّى يَحْضُرَ المالُ كُلُّهُ، فَيُحاسِبَهُ حَتّى يَحْصُلَ رَأْسُ المالِ. ويَعْلَمَ أنَّهُ وافِرٌ. ويَصِلَ إلَيْهِ ثُمَّ يَقْتَسِمانِ الرِّبْحَ بَيْنَهُما، ثُمَّ يَرُدُّ إلَيْهِ المالَ إنْ شاءَ، أوْ يَحْبِسُهُ. وإنَّما يَجِبُ حُضُورُ المالِ، مَخافَةَ أنْ يَكُونَ العامِلُ قَدْ نَقَصَ فِيهِ. فَهُوَ يُحِبُّ أنْ لا يُنْزَعَ مِنهُ وأنْ يُقِرَّهُ فِي يَدِهِ»  

Yahya said that Malik spoke about an investor who put qirad money with an agent who bought goods with it, and the investor told him to sell them. The agent said that he did not see any way to sell at that time and they quarrelled about it. He said, "One does not look at the statement of either of them. The people of experience and insight concerning such goods are asked about these goods. If they can see anyway of selling them they are sold for them. If they think it is time to wait, they should wait." Malik spoke about a man who took qirad money from an investor and used it and when the investor asked him for his money, he said that he had it in full. When he held him to his settlement he admitted that "Such-and-such of it was lost with me," and he named an amount of money. "I told you that so that you would leave it with me." Malik said, "He does not benefit by denying it after he had confirmed that he had it all . He is answerable by his confession against himself unless he produces evidence about the loss of that property which confirms his statement. If he does not produce an acceptable reason he is answerable by his confession, and his denial does not avail him." Malik said, "Similarly, had he said, 'I have had such-and-such a profit from the capital,' and then the owner of the capital asked him to pay him the principal and his profit, and he said that he had not had any profit in it and had said that only so it might be left in his possession, it does not benefit him. He is taken to account for what he affirmed unless he brings acceptable proof of his word, so that the first statement is not binding on him." Malik spoke about an investor who put qirad money with an agent who made a profit with it. The agent said, "I took the qirad from you provided that I would have two-thirds." The owner of the capital says, "I gave you a qirad provided that you had a third." Malik said, "The word is the word of the agent, and he must take an oath on that if what he says resembles the known practice of qirad or is close to it. If he brings a matter which is unacceptable and people do not make qirads like that, he is not believed, and it is judged to be according to how a qirad like it would normally be." Malik spoke about a man who gave a man one hundred dinars as a qirad. He bought goods with it and then went to pay the one hundred dinars to the owner of the goods and found that they had been stolen. The investor says, "Sell the goods. If there is anything over, it is mine. If there is a loss, it is against you because you lost it." The agent says, "Rather you must fulfil what the seller is owed. I bought them with your capital which you gave me." Malik said, "The agent is obliged to pay the price to the seller and the investor is told, 'If you wish, pay the hundred dinars to the agent and the goods are between you. The qirad is according to what the first hundred was based on. If you wish, you are free of the goods.' If the hundred dinars are paid to the agent, it is a qirad according to the conditions of the first qirad. If he refuses, the goods belong to the agent and he must pay their price." Malik spoke about two people in a qirad who settled up and the agent still had some of the goods which he used - threadbare cloth or a waterskin or the like of that. Malik said, "Any of that which is insignificant is of no importance and belongs to the agent. I have not heard anyone give a decision calling for the return of that. Anything which has a price is returned. If it is something which has value like an animal, camel, coarse cloth or the like of that which fetches a price, I think that he should return what he has remaining of such things unless the owner overlooks it."  

قالَ يَحْيى: قالَ مالِكٌ: فِي رَجُلٍ دَفَعَ إلى رَجُلٍ مالًا قِراضًا فابْتاعَ بِهِ سِلْعَةً، فَقالَ لَهُ صاحِبُ المالِ: بِعْها، وقالَ الَّذِي أخَذَ المالَ: لا أرى وجْهَ بَيْعٍ، فاخْتَلَفا فِي ذَلِكَ، قالَ: «لا يُنْظَرُ إلى قَوْلِ واحِدٍ مِنهُما، ويُسْألُ عَنْ ذَلِكَ أهْلُ المَعْرِفَةِ والبَصَرِ بِتِلْكَ السِّلْعَةِ، -[٧٠١]- فَإنْ رَأوْا وجْهَ بَيْعٍ بِيعَتْ عَلَيْهِما، وإنْ رَأوْا وجْهَ انْتِظارٍ انْتُظِرَ بِها» قالَ مالِكٌ: فِي رَجُلٍ أخَذَ مِن رَجُلٍ مالًا قِراضًا فَعَمِلَ فِيهِ، ثُمَّ سَألَهُ صاحِبُ المالِ عَنْ مالِهِ، فَقالَ: هُوَ عِنْدِي وافِرٌ، فَلَمّا آخَذَهُ بِهِ، قالَ: قَدْ هَلَكَ عِنْدِي مِنهُ كَذا وكَذا لِمالٍ يُسَمِّيهِ، وإنَّما قُلْتُ لَكَ ذَلِكَ لِكَيْ تَتْرُكَهُ عِنْدِي، قالَ: لا يَنْتَفِعُ بِإنْكارِهِ بَعْدَ إقْرارِهِ أنَّهُ عِنْدَهُ، ويُؤْخَذُ بِإقْرارِهِ عَلى نَفْسِهِ، إلّا أنْ يَأْتِيَ فِي هَلاكِ ذَلِكَ المالِ بِأمْرٍ يُعْرَفُ بِهِ قَوْلُهُ، فَإنْ لَمْ يَأْتِ بِأمْرٍ مَعْرُوفٍ أُخِذَ بِإقْرارِهِ، ولَمْ يَنْفَعْهُ إنْكارُهُ «قالَ مالِكٌ: وكَذَلِكَ أيْضًا لَوْ قالَ: رَبِحْتُ فِي المالِ كَذا وكَذا، فَسَألَهُ رَبُّ المالِ: أنْ يَدْفَعَ إلَيْهِ مالَهُ ورِبْحَهُ، فَقالَ: ما رَبِحْتُ فِيهِ شَيْئًا؟ وما قُلْتُ ذَلِكَ إلّا لِأنْ تُقِرَّهُ فِي يَدِي، فَذَلِكَ لا يَنْفَعُهُ، ويُؤْخَذُ بِما أقَرَّ بِهِ، إلّا أنْ يَأْتِيَ بِأمْرٍ يُعْرَفُ بِهِ قَوْلُهُ وصِدْقُهُ، فَلا يَلْزَمُهُ ذَلِكَ» قالَ مالِكٌ: فِي رَجُلٍ دَفَعَ إلى رَجُلٍ مالًا قِراضًا فَرَبِحَ فِيهِ رِبْحًا، فَقالَ العامِلُ: قارَضْتُكَ عَلى أنَّ لِي الثُّلُثَيْنِ، وقالَ صاحِبُ المالِ: قارَضْتُكَ عَلى أنَّ لَكَ الثُّلُثَ، قالَ مالِكٌ: «القَوْلُ قَوْلُ العامِلِ، وعَلَيْهِ فِي ذَلِكَ، اليَمِينُ. إذا كانَ ما قالَ يُشْبِهُ قِراضَ مِثْلِهِ. وكانَ ذَلِكَ نَحْوًا مِمّا يَتَقارَضُ عَلَيْهِ النّاسُ. وإنْ جاءَ بِأمْرٍ يُسْتَنْكَرُ، لَيْسَ عَلى مِثْلِهِ يَتَقارَضُ النّاسُ، لَمْ يُصَدَّقْ ورُدَّ إلى قِراضِ مِثْلِهِ» قالَ مالِكٌ: فِي رَجُلٍ أعْطى رَجُلًا مِائَةَ دِينارٍ قِراضًا فاشْتَرى بِها سِلْعَةً. ثُمَّ ذَهَبَ لِيَدْفَعَ إلى رَبِّ السِّلْعَةِ المِائَةَ دِينارٍ. فَوَجَدَها قَدْ سُرِقَتْ. فَقالَ رَبُّ المالِ: بِعِ السِّلْعَةَ. فَإنْ كانَ فِيها فَضْلٌ كانَ لِي، وإنْ كانَ فِيها نُقْصانٌ كانَ عَلَيْكَ. لِأنَّكَ أنْتَ ضَيَّعْتَ. وقالَ المُقارَضُ:-[٧٠٢]- بَلْ عَلَيْكَ وفاءُ حَقِّ هَذا، إنَّما اشْتَرَيْتُها بِمالِكَ الَّذِي أعْطَيْتَنِي، قالَ مالِكٌ: «يَلْزَمُ العامِلَ المُشْتَرِيَ أداءُ ثَمَنِها إلى البائِعِ، ويُقالُ لِصاحِبِ المالِ القِراضِ: إنْ شِئْتَ فَأدِّ المِائَةَ الدِّينارِ إلى المُقارَضِ، والسِّلْعَةُ بَيْنَكُما. وتَكُونُ قِراضًا عَلى ما كانَتْ عَلَيْهِ المِائَةُ الأُولى. وإنْ شِئْتَ فابْرَأْ مِنَ السِّلْعَةِ، فَإنْ دَفَعَ المِائَةَ دِينارٍ إلى العامِلِ كانَتْ قِراضًا عَلى سُنَّةِ القِراضِ الأوَّلِ. وإنْ أبى كانَتِ السِّلْعَةُ لِلْعامِلِ وكانَ عَلَيْهِ ثَمَنُها» قالَ مالِكٌ: فِي المُتَقارِضَيْنِ إذا تَفاصَلا فَبَقِيَ بِيَدِ العامِلِ مِنَ المَتاعِ الَّذِي يَعْمَلُ فِيهِ خَلَقُ القِرْبَةِ أوْ خَلَقُ الثَّوْبِ أوْ ما أشْبَهَ ذَلِكَ. قالَ مالِكٌ: كُلُّ شَيْءٍ مِن ذَلِكَ كانَ تافِهًا، لا خَطْبَ لَهُ، فَهُوَ لِلْعامِلِ. ولَمْ أسْمَعْ أحَدًا أفْتى بِرَدِّ ذَلِكَ. وإنَّما يُرَدُّ، مِن ذَلِكَ الشَّيْءُ الَّذِي لَهُ ثَمَنٌ، وإنْ كانَ شَيْئًا لَهُ اسْمٌ مِثْلُ الدّابَّةِ أوِ الجَمَلِ أوِ الشّاذَكُونَةِ. أوْ أشْباهِ ذَلِكَ مِمّا لَهُ ثَمَنٌ. فَإنِّي أرى أنْ يَرُدَّ ما بَقِيَ عِنْدَهُ مِن هَذا. إلّا أنْ يَتَحَلَّلَ صاحِبَهُ مِن ذَلِكَ۔»