37. Book of Agriculture
٣٧۔ كِتَابُ الْمُزَارَعَةِ
By Allah, I am certain that the Messenger of Allah ﷺ forbade that. (Using translation from Aḥmad 101)
«أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ نَهَى عَنِ الْمُزَارَعَةِ»
“I heard Jabir bin 'Abdullah say: Some men among us had extra land which they would rent out for one third or one quarter (of the crop). The Prophet ﷺ said: “Whoever has extra land, let him cultivate it (himself) or let him give it to his brother (for free, to cultivate it), and if he does not want to do that, let him keep his land.” (Using translation from Ibn Mājah 2451)
رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ «مَنْ كَانَتْ لَهُ فُضُولُ أَرَضِينَ فَلْيَزْرَعْهَا أَوْ لِيُزْرِعْهَا أَخَاهُ فَإِنْ أَبَى فَلْيُمْسِكْ أَرْضَهُ»
ذِكْرُ خَبَرٍ ثَانٍ يُصَرِّحُ بِصِحَّةِ مَا تَأَوَّلْنَا اللَّفْظَةَ الَّتِي تَقَدَّمَ ذِكْرُنَا لَهَا
[Machine] Regarding the Prophet ﷺ , he said, "Whoever has land, let him cultivate it. And if he is unable to do so, then let him gift it to his brother."
عَنِ النَّبِيِّ ﷺ قَالَ «مَنْ كَانَتْ لَهُ أَرْضٌ فَلْيَزْرَعْهَا فَإِنْ عَجَزَ عَنْهَا فَلْيَمْنَحْهَا أَخَاهُ»
ذِكْرُ خَبَرٍ ثَالِثٍ يُصَرِّحُ بِأَنَّ قَوْلَهُ ﷺ «أَوْ لِيُزْرِعْهَا»، أَرَادَ بِهِ الزَّجْرَ عَنِ الْمُخَابَرَةِ الَّتِي تَكُونُ بِشَرَائِطَ مَجْهُولَةٍ فَنُدِبَ إِلَى الْمَنِيحَةِ مِنْ أَجْلِهَا
“The Messenger of Allah ﷺ forbade us from doing something that was convenient for us.” I said: “What the Messenger of Allah ﷺ said is true.” He said that the Messenger of Allah ﷺ said: “What do you with your farms?” We said: “We rent them out for one third or one quarter of their yield, and a certain amount of wheat and barley.” He said: “Do not do that; cultivate them or let others cultivate them.” (Using translation from Ibn Mājah 2459)
نَهَانَا رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ عَنْ أَمْرٍ كَانَ لَنَا مُوَافِقًا فَقُلْتُ مَا قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ فَهُوَ حَقٌّ فَقَالَ قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ «مَا تَصْنَعُونَ بِمَحَاقِلِكُمْ؟ » قُلْنَا نُؤَاجِرُهَا عَلَى الثُّلُثِ وَالرُّبُعِ وَالْأَوْسُقِ مِنَ الْبُرِّ وَالشَّعِيرِ قَالَ «فَلَا تَفْعَلُوا ازْرَعُوهَا أَوْ أَزْرِعُوهَا»
ذِكْرُ الزَّجْرِ عَنِ اسْتِكْرَاءِ الْمَرْءِ الْأَرْضَ بِبَعْضِ مَا يَخْرُجُ مِنْهَا إِذَا كَانَ ذَلِكَ عَلَى شَرْطٍ مَجْهُولٍ
[Machine] "That the Messenger of Allah ﷺ forbade the transaction of selling sins, olive press, and juicer, and selling date palm trees until they produce fruit, and the process of making them bear fruit by reddening or yellowing them, or any other form of treating them." Zaid said, "So I asked Ata', 'Have you heard this from Jabir ibn Abdullah as mentioned by the Prophet ﷺ ?' He replied, 'Yes.'"
«أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ نَهَى عَنِ الْمُحَاقَلَةِ وَالْمُزَابَنَةِ وَالْمُخَابَرَةِ وَأَنْ يُبَاعَ النَّخْلُ حَتَّى يُشْقِحَ وَالْإِشْقَاحُ أَنْ تَحْمَرَّ أَوْ تَصْفَرَّ أَوْ يُطْعَمَ مِنْهُ شَيْءٌ» قَالَ زَيْدٌ فَقُلْتُ لِعَطَاءٍ أَسَمِعْتَ هَذَا مِنْ جَابِرِ بْنِ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ ذَكَرَهُ عَنِ النَّبِيِّ ﷺ قَالَ نَعَمْ
ذِكْرُ وَصْفِ الْمُزَارَعَةِ الَّتِي نُهِيَ عَنْهَا
Nafiʿ reported to me that he heard Ibn ʿUmar (Allah be pleased with them) saying: We usedto give land on rent; we then abandoned this practice when we heard the hadith of Rafiʿ b. Khadij. (Using translation from Muslim 1536w)
«أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ نَهَى عَنْ كِرَاءِ الْأَرْضِ» قَالَ بُكَيْرٌ وَحَدَّثَنِي نَافِعٌ أَنَّهُ سَمِعَ ابْنَ عُمَرَ يَقُولُ كُنَّا نُكْرِي أَرْضَنَا تَرَكْنَا ذَلِكَ حِينَ سَمِعْنَا حَدِيثَ رَافِعِ بْنِ خَدِيجٍ عَنْ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ
ذِكْرُ الْخَبَرِ الْمُدْحِضِ قَوْلَ مَنْ زَعَمَ أَنَّ نَافِعًا لَمْ يَسْمَعْ هَذَا الْخَبَرَ مِنْ رَافِعِ بْنِ خَدِيجٍ
[Machine] The Prophet ﷺ prohibited renting out farmlands. Ibn Umar, when asked about it later, would say: "Rafi' bin Khadeej narrated to us that the Messenger of Allah ﷺ prohibited renting out farmlands."
عَنْ نَبِيِّ اللَّهِ ﷺ أَنَّهُ نَهَى عَنْ كِرَاءِ الْمَزَارِعِ قَالَ نَعَمْ فَكَانَ ابْنُ عُمَرَ إِذَا سُئِلَ بَعْدَ ذَلِكَ يَقُولُ حَدَّثَنَا رَافِعُ بْنُ خَدِيجٍ «أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ نَهَى عَنْ كِرَاءِ الْمَزَارِعِ»
ذِكْرُ الْعِلَّةِ الَّتِي مِنْ أَجْلِهَا زُجِرَ عَنْ كِرَاءِ الْمَزَارِعِ
"The Messenger of Allah ﷺ did not prohibit share-cropping. But he ordered that they be helpful with each other." (Using translation from Tirmidhī 1385)
«لَمْ يُحَرِّمْ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ الْمُزَارَعَةَ وَلَكِنْ أَمَرَ النَّاسَ أَنْ يَرْفُقَ بَعْضُهُمْ بَعْضًا»
ذِكْرُ الْخَبَرِ الْمُفَسِّرِ لِلْأَلْفَاظِ الْمُجْمَلَةِ الَّتِي تَقَدَّمَ ذِكْرُنَا لَهَا
[Machine] "We used to bury the dead in the earth, and the owner of the land would exempt what is on the surface, such as sahawid and rock formations. This person would perish while the other would be saved. So the Messenger of Allah ﷺ forbade this practice." Rifa'a then said, "As for something certain and known, there is no harm in it."
«كُنَّا نُكْرِي الْأَرْضَ فَيَسْتَثْنِي صَاحِبَ الْأَرْضِ مَا عَلَى الْمَاذِيَانَاتِ وَأَقْبَالِ الْجَدَاوِلِ فَيَهْلِكُ هَذَا وَيَسْلَمُ هَذَا فَنَهَى رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ عَنْ ذَلِكَ» فَقَالَ رَافِعٌ «أَمَّا بِشَيْءٍ مَضْمُونٍ مَعْلُومٍ فَلَا بَأْسَ بِهِ»
ذِكْرُ الْبَيَانِ بِأَنَّ قَوْلَ رَافِعِ بْنِ خَدِيجٍ بِشَيْءٍ مَضْمُونٍ أَرَادَ بِهِ الذَّهَبَ وَالْفِضَّةَ
[Machine] "The land used to be cultivated with manure and a little bit of straw would be excluded. Then the Messenger of Allah ﷺ forbade them from renting the land." Rafi' said, "As for gold and silver, there is no problem with them."
«كَانَتِ الْأَرْضُ تُكْرَى بِالْمَاذِيَانَاتِ وَشَيْءٍ مِنَ التِّبْنِ يُسْتَثْنَى بِهِ فَنَهَاهُمْ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ عَنْ كِرَاءِ الْأَرْضِ» قَالَ رَافِعٌ «فَأَمَّا الذَّهَبُ وَالْوَرِقُ فَلَا بَأْسَ بِهِ»
ذِكْرُ خَبَرٍ ثَانٍ يُصَرِّحُ بِأَنَّ الزَّجْرَ عَنِ الْمُزَارَعَةِ وَكِرَاءِ الْأَرْضِ، إِنَّمَا زُجِرَ، إِذَا كَانَ ذَلِكَ عَلَى شَرْطٍ غَيْرٍ مَعْلُومٍ
[Machine] "Indeed, the Messenger of Allah ﷺ prohibited you from a matter that would have benefited you, regarding the field and a third and a quarter. So whoever has land and can fulfill his needs without it, then let him give it to his brother or let him cultivate it. And he prohibited you from usury."
» إِنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ نَهَاكُمْ عَنْ أَمْرٍ كَانَ يَنْفَعُكُمْ عَنِ الْحَقْلِ وَالْحَقْلُ الثُّلُثُ وَالرُّبُعُ فَمَنْ كَانَتْ لَهُ أَرْضٌ فَاسْتَغْنَى عَنْهَا فَلْيَمْنَحْهَا أَخَاهُ أَوْ لِيَزْرَعْ وَنَهَاكُمْ عَنِ الْمُزَابَنَةِ «
ذِكْرُ خَبَرٍ ثَالِثٍ يُصَرِّحُ بِأَنَّ الزَّجْرَ عَنِ الْمُخَابَرَةِ وَالْمُزَارَعَةِ اللَّتَيْنِ نَهَى عَنْهُمَا إِنَّمَا زَجَرَ عَنْهُ إِذَا كَانَ عَلَى شَرْطٍ مَجْهُولٍ
[Machine] The Prophet ﷺ fought the people of Khaybar until they sought refuge in their fortress. He conquered the land, farms, and palm trees. He made a peace agreement with them that they would be expelled from Khaybar and they could take whatever their riding animals carried. The Prophet ﷺ received the yellow and white ones (treasures) and they would leave from it. He stipulated that they should not hide or conceal anything, and if they did, they would not be granted safety or protection. They hid a bag containing wealth and jewelry belonging to Huwayy ibn Akhtab. He brought it with him to Khaybar and when the spoils were divided, the Prophet ﷺ asked Umm Hani's husband, Huwayy, "What did you do with the bag that came from Na'dir?" He replied, "Expenses and wars depleted it." The Prophet ﷺ said, "The treaty is near and the wealth is more than that." So the Prophet ﷺ gave it to Zubayr ibn al-'Awwam and he struck him with punishment. Huwayy had previously entered a ruin and said, "I saw Huwayy going around a ruin here." So they went and circled around and found the bag in a ruin. The Prophet ﷺ killed the sons of Abu Hakim, one of whom was the husband of Safiyyah bint Huwayy ibn Akhtab, and he captured their women and children. He distributed their wealth according to the treaty they violated. He intended to expel them from Khaybar, but they said, "O Muhammad, let us be in this land to rehabilitate and develop it." The Prophet ﷺ and his companions did not have slaves to work on it, so they were unable to commit themselves to rehabilitate it. Therefore, he granted them Khaybar with the condition that they would have half of the produce of every crop, palm tree, and everything that appears to the Prophet ﷺ.
أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ قَاتَلَ أَهْلَ خَيْبَرَ حَتَّى أَلْجَأَهُمْ إِلَى قَصْرِهِمْ فَغَلَبَ عَلَى الْأَرْضِ وَالزَّرْعِ وَالنَّخْلِ فَصَالَحُوهُ عَلَى أَنْ يُجْلَوْا مِنْهَا وَلَهُمْ مَا حَمَلَتْ رِكَابُهُمْ وَلِرَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ الصَّفْرَاءُ وَالْبَيْضَاءُ وَيَخْرُجُونَ مِنْهَا فَاشْتَرَطَ عَلَيْهِمْ أَنْ لَا يَكْتُمُوا وَلَا يُغَيِّبُوا شَيْئًا فَإِنْ فَعَلُوا فَلَا ذِمَّةَ لَهُمْ وَلَا عِصْمَةَ فَغَيَّبُوا مَسْكًا فِيهِ مَالٌ وَحُلِيٌّ لِحُيَيِّ بْنِ أَخْطَبَ كَانَ احْتَمَلَهُ مَعَهُ إِلَى خَيْبَرَ حِينَ أُجْلِيَتِ النَّضِيرُ فَقَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ لِعَمِّ حُيَيٍّ «مَا فَعَلَ مَسْكُ حُيَيٍّ الَّذِي جَاءَ بِهِ مِنَ النَّضِيرِ؟ » فَقَالَ أَذْهَبَتْهُ النَّفَقَاتُ وَالْحُرُوبُ فَقَالَ ﷺ «الْعَهْدُ قَرِيبٌ وَالْمَالُ أَكْثَرُ مِنْ ذَلِكَ» فَدَفَعَهُ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ إِلَى الزُّبَيْرِ بْنِ الْعَوَّامِ فَمَسَّهُ بِعَذَابٍ وَقَدْ كَانَ حُيَيٌّ قَبْلَ ذَلِكَ قَدْ دَخَلَ خَرِبَةً فَقَالَ قَدْ رَأَيْتُ حُيَيًّا يَطُوفُ فِي خَرِبَةٍ هَاهُنَا فَذَهَبُوا فَطَافُوا فَوَجَدُوا الْمَسْكَ فِي خَرِبَةٍ فَقَتَلَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ ابْنَيْ أَبِي حَقِيقٍ وَأَحَدُهُمَا زَوْجُ صَفِيَّةَ بِنْتِ حُيَيِّ بْنِ أَخْطَبَ وَسَبَى رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ نِسَاءَهُمْ وَذَرَارِيَّهُمْ وَقَسَمَ أَمْوَالَهُمْ لِلنَّكْثِ الَّذِي نَكَثُوهُ وَأَرَادَ أَنْ يُجْلِيَهُمُ مِنْهَا فَقَالُوا يَا مُحَمَّدُ دَعْنَا نَكُونُ فِي هَذِهِ الْأَرْضِ نُصْلِحُهَا وَنَقُومُ عَلَيْهَا وَلَمْ يَكُنْ لِرَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ وَلَا لِأَصْحَابِهِ غِلْمَانُ يَقُومُونَ عَلَيْهَا فَكَانُوا لَا يَتَفَرَّغُونَ أَنْ يَقُومُوا فَأَعْطَاهُمْ خَيْبَرَ عَلَى أَنَّ لَهُمُ الشَّطْرَ مِنْ كُلِّ زَرْعٍ وَنَخْلٍ وَشَيْءٍ مَا بَدَا لِرَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ
ذِكْرُ التَّغْلِيظِ عَلَى مَنْ لَمْ يَتْرُكِ الْمُخَابَرَةَ، الَّتِي ذَكَرْنَاهَا، بَعْدَ عِلْمِهِ بِالنَّهْيِ عَنْهَا
I heard the Messenger of Allah ﷺ say: If any of you does not leave mukhabarah, he should take notice of war from Allah and His Apostle ﷺ. (Using translation from Abū Dāʾūd 3406)
سَمِعْتُ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ يَقُولُ «مَنْ لَمْ يَذَرِ الْمُخَابَرَةَ فَلْيَأْذَنْ بِحَرْبٍ مِنَ اللَّهِ وَرَسُولِهِ»
ذِكْرُ خَبَرٍ يَنْفِي الرِّيَبَ عَنِ الْخَلَدِ أَنَّ نَهْيَ الْمُصْطَفَى ﷺ عَنِ الْمُخَابَرَةِ كَانَ لِلْعِلَّةِ الَّتِي وَصَفْنَاهَا
[Machine] "We used to rent the land during the lifetime of the Messenger of Allah ﷺ, with what was harvested from it and what was irrigated by water from it. The Messenger of Allah ﷺ forbade us from doing so and allowed us to rent it with gold and silver."
«كُنَّا نُكْرِي الْأَرْضَ عَلَى عَهْدِ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ بِمَا عَلَى السَّوَاقِي مِنَ الزَّرْعِ وَبِمَا سُقِيَ بِالْمَاءِ مِنْهَا فَنَهَانَا رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ عَنْ ذَلِكَ وَرَخَّصَ لَنَا أَنْ نُكْرِيَهَا بِالذَّهَبِ وَالْوَرِقِ»