The first Sura in which a prostration was mentioned, was Sura An-Najm (The Star). Messenger of Allah ﷺ prostrated (while reciting it), and everybody behind him prostrated except a man whom I saw taking a hand-full of dust in his hand and prostrated on it. Later I saw that man killed as an infidel, and he was Umaiya bin Khalaf.
أَوَّلُ سُورَةٍ أُنْزِلَتْ فِيهَا سَجْدَةٌ {وَالنَّجْمِ} قَالَ فَسَجَدَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ وَسَجَدَ مَنْ خَلْفَهُ إِلاَّ رَجُلاً رَأَيْتُهُ أَخَذَ كَفًّا مِنْ تُرَابٍ فَسَجَدَ عَلَيْهِ فَرَأَيْتُهُ بَعْدَ ذَلِكَ قُتِلَ كَافِرًا وَهْوَ أُمَيَّةُ بْنُ خَلَفٍ