89. Coercion
٨٩۔ كتاب الإكراه
The Prophet ﷺ used to invoke Allah in his prayer, "O Allah! Save ʿAiyash bin Abi Rabiʿa and Salama bin Hisham and Al-Walid bin Al-Walid; O Allah! Save the weak among the believers; O Allah! Be hard upon the tribe of Mudar and inflict years (of famine) upon them like the (famine) years of Joseph."
أَنَّ النَّبِيَّ ﷺ كَانَ يَدْعُو فِي الصَّلاَةِ اللَّهُمَّ أَنْجِ عَيَّاشَ بْنَ أَبِي رَبِيعَةَ وَسَلَمَةَ بْنَ هِشَامٍ وَالْوَلِيدَ بْنَ الْوَلِيدِ اللَّهُمَّ أَنْجِ الْمُسْتَضْعَفِينَ مِنَ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ اللَّهُمَّ اشْدُدْ وَطْأَتَكَ عَلَى مُضَرَ وَابْعَثْ عَلَيْهِمْ سِنِينَ كَسِنِي يُوسُفَ
89.2 Whoever preferred to be beaten killed and humiliated rather than to revert to Kufr
٨٩۔٢ باب مَنِ اخْتَارَ الضَّرْبَ وَالْقَتْلَ وَالْهَوَانَ عَلَى الْكُفْرِ
Messenger of Allah ﷺ said, "Whoever possesses the (following) three qualities will have the sweetness of faith (1): The one to whom Allah and His Apostle becomes dearer than anything else; (2) Who loves a person and he loves him only for Allah's Sake; (3) who hates to revert to atheism (disbelief) as he hates to be thrown into the Fire."
قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ ثَلاَثٌ مَنْ كُنَّ فِيهِ وَجَدَ حَلاَوَةَ الإِيمَانِ أَنْ يَكُونَ اللَّهُ وَرَسُولُهُ أَحَبَّ إِلَيْهِ مِمَّا سِوَاهُمَا وَأَنْ يُحِبَّ الْمَرْءَ لاَ يُحِبُّهُ إِلاَّ لِلَّهِ وَأَنْ يَكْرَهَ أَنْ يَعُودَ فِي الْكُفْرِ كَمَا يَكْرَهُ أَنْ يُقْذَفَ فِي النَّارِ
I heard Saʿid bin Zaid saying, "I have seen myself tied and forced by ʿUmar to leave Islam (Before ʿUmar himself embraced Islam). And if the mountain of Uhud were to collapse for the evil which you people had done to ʿUthman, then Uhud would have the right to do so." (See Hadith No. 202, Vol. 5)
لَقَدْ رَأَيْتُنِي وَإِنَّ عُمَرَ مُوثِقِي عَلَى الإِسْلاَمِ وَلَوِ انْقَضَّ أُحُدٌ مِمَّا فَعَلْتُمْ بِعُثْمَانَ كَانَ مَحْقُوقًا أَنْ يَنْقَضَّ
Prophecy of the spread of Islam and safety as Muslims were being persecuted in Makkah
We complained to the Messenger of Allah ﷺ (about our state) while he was leaning against his sheet cloak in the shade of the Kaʿba. We said, "Will you ask Allah to help us? Will you invoke Allah for us?"
He said, "Among those who were before you a (believer) used to be seized and, a pit used to be dug for him and then he used to be placed in it. Then a saw used to be brought and put on his head which would be split into two halves. His flesh might be combed with iron combs and removed from his bones, yet, all that did not cause him to revert from his religion."
"By Allah! This religion (Islam) will be completed (and triumph) till a rider (traveler) goes from Sanʿa' (the capital of Yemen) to Hadramout fearing nobody except Allah and the wolf lest it should trouble his sheep, but you are hastey."
شَكَوْنَا إِلَى رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ وَهْوَ مُتَوَسِّدٌ بُرْدَةً لَهُ فِي ظِلِّ الْكَعْبَةِ فَقُلْنَا: «أَلاَ تَسْتَنْصِرُ لَنَا أَلاَ تَدْعُو لَنَا؟
فَقَالَ: «قَدْ كَانَ مَنْ قَبْلَكُمْ يُؤْخَذُ الرَّجُلُ فَيُحْفَرُ لَهُ فِي الأَرْضِ فَيُجْعَلُ فِيهَا، فَيُجَاءُ بِالْمِنْشَارِ فَيُوضَعُ عَلَى رَأْسِهِ فَيُجْعَلُ نِصْفَيْنِ، وَيُمَشَّطُ بِأَمْشَاطِ الْحَدِيدِ مَا دُونَ لَحْمِهِ وَعَظْمِهِ، فَمَا يَصُدُّهُ ذَلِكَ عَنْ دِينِهِ۔
وَاللَّهِ! لَيَتِمَّنَّ هَذَا الأَمْرُ حَتَّى يَسِيرَ الرَّاكِبُ مِنْ صَنْعَاءَ إِلَى حَضْرَمَوْتَ، لاَ يَخَافُ إِلاَّ اللَّهَ وَالذِّئْبَ عَلَى غَنَمِهِ، وَلَكِنَّكُمْ تَسْتَعْجِلُونَ۔»
89.3 Selling under coercion or other circumstances to repay a debt or the like
٨٩۔٣ باب فِي بَيْعِ الْمُكْرَهِ وَنَحْوِهِ فِي الْحَقِّ وَغَيْرِهِ
While we were in the mosque, Messenger of Allah ﷺ came out to us and said, "Let us proceed to the Jews." So we went along with him till we reached Bait-al-Midras (a place where the Torah used to be recited and all the Jews of the town used to gather). The Prophet ﷺ stood up and addressed them, "O Assembly of Jews! Embrace Islam and you will be safe!" The Jews replied, "O Aba-l-Qasim! You have conveyed Allah's message to us." The Prophet ﷺ said, "That is what I want (from you)." He repeated his first statement for the second time, and they said, "You have conveyed Allah's message, O Aba-l- Qasim." Then he said it for the third time and added, "You should Know that the earth belongs to Allah and His Apostle, and I want to exile you fro,,, this land, so whoever among you owns some property, can sell it, otherwise you should know that the Earth belongs to Allah and His Apostle." (See Hadith No. 392, Vol. 4)
بَيْنَمَا نَحْنُ فِي الْمَسْجِدِ إِذْ خَرَجَ عَلَيْنَا رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ فَقَالَ انْطَلِقُوا إِلَى يَهُودَ فَخَرَجْنَا مَعَهُ حَتَّى جِئْنَا بَيْتَ الْمِدْرَاسِ فَقَامَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ فَنَادَاهُمْ يَا مَعْشَرَ يَهُودَ أَسْلِمُوا تَسْلَمُوا فَقَالُوا قَدْ بَلَّغْتَ يَا أَبَا الْقَاسِمِ فَقَالَ ذَلِكَ أُرِيدُ ثُمَّ قَالَهَا الثَّانِيَةَ فَقَالُوا قَدْ بَلَّغْتَ يَا أَبَا الْقَاسِمِ ثُمَّ قَالَ الثَّالِثَةَ فَقَالَ اعْلَمُوا أَنَّ الأَرْضَ لِلَّهِ وَرَسُولِهِ وَإِنِّي أُرِيدُ أَنْ أُجْلِيَكُمْ فَمَنْ وَجَدَ مِنْكُمْ بِمَالِهِ شَيْئًا فَلْيَبِعْهُ وَإِلاَّ فَاعْلَمُوا أَنَّمَا الأَرْضُ لِلَّهِ وَرَسُولِهِ
89.4 Marriage under coercion is invalid
٨٩۔٤ باب لاَ يَجُوزُ نِكَاحُ الْمُكْرَهِ
[Machine] "Do not compel your daughters to engage in prostitution, if they desire chastity, seeking the pleasures of worldly life. And whoever compels them, then indeed Allah, after their compulsion, is Forgiving and Merciful."
{وَلاَ تُكْرِهُوا فَتَيَاتِكُمْ عَلَى الْبِغَاءِ إِنْ أَرَدْنَ تَحَصُّنًا لِتَبْتَغُوا عَرَضَ الْحَيَاةِ الدُّنْيَا وَمَنْ يُكْرِهْهُنَّ فَإِنَّ اللَّهَ مِنْ بَعْدِ إِكْرَاهِهِنَّ غَفُورٌ رَحِيمٌ}.
That her father gave her in marriage when she was a matron and she disliked that marriage. So she came and (complained) to the Prophets and he declared that marriage invalid. (See Hadith No. 69, Vol. 7)
أَنَّ أَبَاهَا زَوَّجَهَا وَهْىَ ثَيِّبٌ فَكَرِهَتْ ذَلِكَ فَأَتَتِ النَّبِيَّ ﷺ فَرَدَّ نِكَاحَهَا
I asked the Prophet, "O Messenger of Allah ﷺ! Should the women be asked for their consent to their marriage?" He said, "Yes." I said, "A virgin, if asked, feels shy and keeps quiet." He said, "Her silence means her consent."
قُلْتُ يَا رَسُولَ اللَّهِ يُسْتَأْمَرُ النِّسَاءُ فِي أَبْضَاعِهِنَّ قَالَ نَعَمْ قُلْتُ فَإِنَّ الْبِكْرَ تُسْتَأْمَرُ فَتَسْتَحِي فَتَسْكُتُ قَالَ سُكَاتُهَا إِذْنُهَا
89.5 If someone gives a slave as a present or sold him under coercion, his deed is invalid
٨٩۔٥ باب إِذَا أُكْرِهَ حَتَّى وَهَبَ عَبْدًا أَوْ بَاعَهُ لَمْ يَجُزْ
[Machine] And some people said, "If one makes a vow involving Jupiter, it is permissible according to their claim, and the same applies if they interpret it.
وَقَالَ بَعْضُ النَّاسِ فَإِنْ نَذَرَ الْمُشْتَرِي فِيهِ نَذْرًا، فَهْوَ جَائِزٌ بِزَعْمِهِ، وَكَذَلِكَ إِنْ دَبَّرَهُ.
A man from the Ansar made his slave, a Mudabbar. And apart from that slave he did not have any other property. This news reached Messenger of Allah ﷺ and he said, "Who will buy that slave from me?" So Nu'aim bin An-Nahham bought him for 800 Dirham. Jabir added: It was a coptic (Egyptian) slave who died that year.
أَنَّ رَجُلاً مِنَ الأَنْصَارِ دَبَّرَ مَمْلُوكًا وَلَمْ يَكُنْ لَهُ مَالٌ غَيْرُهُ فَبَلَغَ ذَلِكَ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ فَقَالَ مَنْ يَشْتَرِيهِ مِنِّي فَاشْتَرَاهُ نُعَيْمُ بْنُ النَّحَّامِ بِثَمَانِمِائَةِ دِرْهَمٍ قَالَ فَسَمِعْتُ جَابِرًا يَقُولُ عَبْدًا قِبْطِيًّا مَاتَ عَامَ أَوَّلَ
89.6 Compulsion
٨٩۔٦ باب مِنَ الإِكْرَاهِ
[Machine] Dislike and dislike are the same.
كَرْهٌ وَكُرْهٌ وَاحِدٌ
Regarding the Qur'anic Verse: 'O you who believe! You are forbidden to inherit women against their will.' (4.19) The custom (in the Pre-lslamic Period) was that if a man died, his relatives used to have the right to inherit his wife, and if one of them wished, he could marry her, or they could marry her to somebody else, or prevent her from marrying if they wished, for they had more right to dispose of her than her own relatives. Therefore this Verse was revealed concerning this matter.
وَحَدَّثَنِي عَطَاءٌ أَبُو الْحَسَنِ السُّوَائِيُّ وَلاَ أَظُنُّهُ إِلاَّ ذَكَرَهُ عَنِ ابْنِ عَبَّاسٍ ؓ {يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا لاَ يَحِلُّ لَكُمْ أَنْ تَرِثُوا النِّسَاءَ كَرْهًا} الآيَةَ قَالَ كَانُوا إِذَا مَاتَ الرَّجُلُ كَانَ أَوْلِيَاؤُهُ أَحَقَّ بِامْرَأَتِهِ إِنْ شَاءَ بَعْضُهُمْ تَزَوَّجَهَا وَإِنْ شَاءُوا زَوَّجَهَا وَإِنْ شَاءُوا لَمْ يُزَوِّجْهَا فَهُمْ أَحَقُّ بِهَا مِنْ أَهْلِهَا فَنَزَلَتْ هَذِهِ الآيَةُ فِي ذَلِكَ
89.7 If a woman is compelled to commit illegal sexual intercourse against her will
٨٩۔٧ باب إِذَا اسْتُكْرِهَتِ الْمَرْأَةُ عَلَى الزِّنَا، فَلاَ حَدَّ عَلَيْهَا
[Machine] In His saying, "And whoever is compelled [by necessity], neither desiring [it] nor transgressing [its limits], then indeed, Allah is Forgiving and Merciful."
فِي قَوْلِهِ تَعَالَى: {وَمَنْ يُكْرِهْهُنَّ فَإِنَّ اللَّهَ مِنْ بَعْدِ إِكْرَاهِهِنَّ غَفُورٌ رَحِيمٌ}.
"A governmental male-slave tried to seduce a slave-girl from the Khumus of the war booty till he deflowered her by force against her will; therefore 'Umar flogged him according to the law, and exiled him, but he did not flog the female slave because the male-slave had committed illegal sexual intercourse by force, against her will." Az-Zuhri said regarding a virgin slave-girl raped by a free man: The judge has to fine the adulterer as much money as is equal to the price of the female slave and the adulterer has to be flogged (according to the Islamic Law); but if the slave woman is a matron, then, according to the verdict of the Imam, the adulterer is not fined but he has to receive the legal punishment (according to the Islamic Law).
أَنَّ عَبْدًا مِنْ رَقِيقِ الإِمَارَةِ وَقَعَ عَلَى وَلِيدَةٍ مِنَ الْخُمُسِ فَاسْتَكْرَهَهَا حَتَّى افْتَضَّهَا فَجَلَدَهُ عُمَرُ الْحَدَّ وَنَفَاهُ وَلَمْ يَجْلِدِ الْوَلِيدَةَ مِنْ أَجْلِ أَنَّهُ اسْتَكْرَهَهَا قَالَ الزُّهْرِيُّ فِي الأَمَةِ الْبِكْرِ يَفْتَرِعُهَا الْحُرُّ يُقِيمُ ذَلِكَ الْحَكَمُ مِنَ الأَمَةِ الْعَذْرَاءِ بِقَدْرِ قِيمَتِهَا وَيُجْلَدُ وَلَيْسَ فِي الأَمَةِ الثَّيِّبِ فِي قَضَاءِ الأَئِمَّةِ غُرْمٌ وَلَكِنْ عَلَيْهِ الْحَدُّ
Messenger of Allah ﷺ said, "(The Prophet) Abraham migrated with his wife Sarah till he reached a town where there was a king or a tyrant who sent a message, to Abraham, ordering him to send Sarah to him. So when Abraham had sent Sarah, the tyrant got up, intending to do evil with her, but she got up and performed ablution and prayed and said, 'O Allah ! If I have believed in You and in Your Apostle, then do not empower this oppressor over me.' So he (the king) had an epileptic fit and started moving his legs violently. "
قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ هَاجَرَ إِبْرَاهِيمُ بِسَارَةَ دَخَلَ بِهَا قَرْيَةً فِيهَا مَلِكٌ مِنَ الْمُلُوكِ أَوْ جَبَّارٌ مِنَ الْجَبَابِرَةِ فَأَرْسَلَ إِلَيْهِ أَنْ أَرْسِلْ إِلَىَّ بِهَا فَأَرْسَلَ بِهَا فَقَامَ إِلَيْهَا فَقَامَتْ تَوَضَّأُ وَتُصَلِّي فَقَالَتِ اللَّهُمَّ إِنْ كُنْتُ آمَنْتُ بِكَ وَبِرَسُولِكَ فَلاَ تُسَلِّطْ عَلَىَّ الْكَافِرَ فَغُطَّ حَتَّى رَكَضَ بِرِجْلِهِ
89.8 The oath of a man that his companion is his brother when he fears
٨٩۔٨ باب يَمِينِ الرَّجُلِ لِصَاحِبِهِ إِنَّهُ أَخُوهُ، إِذَا خَافَ عَلَيْهِ الْقَتْلَ أَوْ نَحْوَهُ
[Machine] And so, every oppressor fears, for it will repel injustice from him and fight for him, and it will not abandon him. If he fights on behalf of the oppressed, then there is no strength or retribution against him. If it is said to him, "Drink alcohol," or "Eat carrion," or "Sell your slave," or "Acknowledge a debt," or "Give a gift and resolve a contract," or "Kill your father or brother in Islam," his capacity encompasses the saying of the Prophet (ﷺ): "A Muslim is the brother of a Muslim." Some people say that if it were said to him, "Drink alcohol," or "Eat carrion," or "Kill your son or father or a forbidden relative," it would not be within his capacity, for this is not an absolute necessity. Then he changes his mind and says, if it were said to him, "Kill your father or son," or "Sell this slave," or "Acknowledge a debt" or "Give a gift," he would be bound by analogical reasoning. However, we prefer and say that the sale, gift, and every contract in that regard are invalid. Therefore, distinguish between every forbidden relative and others without any book or Sunnah. The Prophet (ﷺ) said: "Ibrahim (Abraham) said to his wife, 'This is my sister. And this is in the sight of Allah.'" And An-Nakha'i said: If the one taking an oath is an oppressor, then the intention is the oath-taker's, and if he is the oppressed, then the intention is the one taking the oath.
وَكَذَلِكَ كُلُّ مُكْرَهٍ يَخَافُ، فَإِنَّهُ يَذُبُّ عَنْهُ الْمَظَالِمَ وَيُقَاتِلُ دُونَهُ وَلاَ يَخْذُلُهُ، فَإِنْ قَاتَلَ دُونَ الْمَظْلُومِ فَلاَ قَوَدَ عَلَيْهِ وَلاَ قِصَاصَ، وَإِنْ قِيلَ لَهُ لَتَشْرَبَنَّ الْخَمْرَ، أَوْ لَتَأْكُلَنَّ الْمَيْتَةَ، أَوْ لَتَبِيعَنَّ عَبْدَكَ، أَوْ تُقِرُّ بِدَيْنٍ، أَوْ تَهَبُ هِبَةً وَتَحُلُّ عُقْدَةً، أَوْ لَنَقْتُلَنَّ أَبَاكَ أَوْ أَخَاكَ فِي الإِسْلاَمِ. وَسِعَهُ ذَلِكَ لِقَوْلِ النَّبِيِّ ﷺ: «الْمُسْلِمُ أَخُو الْمُسْلِمِ». وَقَالَ بَعْضُ النَّاسِ لَوْ قِيلَ لَهُ لَتَشْرَبَنَّ الْخَمْرَ، أَوْ لَتَأْكُلَنَّ الْمَيْتَةَ، أَوْ لَنَقْتُلَنَّ ابْنَكَ أَوْ أَبَاكَ أَوْ ذَا رَحِمٍ مَحْرَمٍ، لَمْ يَسَعْهُ، لأَنَّ هَذَا لَيْسَ بِمُضْطَرٍّ. ثُمَّ نَاقَضَ فَقَالَ إِنْ قِيلَ لَهُ لَنَقْتُلَنَّ أَبَاكَ أَوِ ابْنَكَ، أَوْ لَتَبِيعَنَّ هَذَا الْعَبْدَ، أَوْ تُقِرُّ بِدَيْنٍ أَوْ تَهَبُ، يَلْزَمُهُ فِي الْقِيَاسِ، وَلَكِنَّا نَسْتَحْسِنُ وَنَقُولُ الْبَيْعُ وَالْهِبَةُ وَكُلُّ عُقْدَةٍ فِي ذَلِكَ بَاطِلٌ. فَرَّقُوا بَيْنَ كُلِّ ذِي رَحِمٍ مُحَرَّمٍ وَغَيْرِهِ بِغَيْرِ كِتَابٍ وَلاَ سُنَّةٍ. وَقَالَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ: «قَالَ إِبْرَاهِيمُ لاِمْرَأَتِهِ هَذِهِ أُخْتِي. وَذَلِكَ فِي اللَّهِ». وَقَالَ النَّخَعِيُّ إِذَا كَانَ الْمُسْتَحْلِفُ ظَالِمًا، فَنِيَّةُ الْحَالِفِ، وَإِنْ كَانَ مَظْلُومًا، فَنِيَّةُ الْمُسْتَحْلِفِ.
Messenger of Allah ﷺ said, "A Muslim is a brother of another Muslim. So he should neither oppress him nor hand him over to an oppressor. And whoever fulfilled the needs of his brother, Allah will fulfill his needs."
أَخْبَرَهُ أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ قَالَ الْمُسْلِمُ أَخُو الْمُسْلِمِ لاَ يَظْلِمُهُ وَلاَ يُسْلِمُهُ وَمَنْ كَانَ فِي حَاجَةِ أَخِيهِ كَانَ اللَّهُ فِي حَاجَتِهِ
Messenger of Allah ﷺ said, "Help your brother whether he is an oppressor or an oppressed," A man said, "O Messenger of Allah ﷺ! I will help him if he is oppressed, but if he is an oppressor, how shall I help him?" The Prophet ﷺ said, "By preventing him from oppressing (others), for that is how to help him."
قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ انْصُرْ أَخَاكَ ظَالِمًا أَوْ مَظْلُومًا فَقَالَ رَجُلٌ يَا رَسُولَ اللَّهِ أَنْصُرُهُ إِذَا كَانَ مَظْلُومًا أَفَرَأَيْتَ إِذَا كَانَ ظَالِمًا كَيْفَ أَنْصُرُهُ قَالَ تَحْجُزُهُ أَوْ تَمْنَعُهُ مِنَ الظُّلْمِ فَإِنَّ ذَلِكَ نَصْرُهُ