11. Nikah (Marriage)

١١۔ كتاب النكاح

11.18 What Has Been Related About Coercing A Female Orphan To Marry

١١۔١٨ باب مَا جَاءَ فِي إِكْرَاهِ الْيَتِيمَةِ عَلَى التَّزْوِيجِ

Consulting an orphan girl about marriage

tirmidhi:1109Qutaybah > ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz b. Muḥammad > Muḥammad b. ʿAmr > Abū Salamah > Abū Hurayrah

The Messenger of Allah ﷺ said: "An orphan girl is to be consulted concerning herself; if she remains silent, that is her permission, and if she refuses, there is no validity against her."

He said: On this topic, there are reports from Abu Musa, Ibn Umar, and Aishah. Abu Isa said: The hadith of Abu Hurayrah is a hasan hadith. The people of knowledge differed regarding marrying off an orphan girl. Some of the people of knowledge held that if an orphan girl is married off, the marriage remains pending until she reaches maturity; then, when she reaches maturity, she has the choice either to approve the marriage or annul it. This is the view of some of the Tabi‘in and others.

Others said that the marriage of an orphan girl is not permissible until she reaches maturity, and that there is no option in marriage. This is the view of Sufyan al-Thawri, al-Shafi‘i, and others among the people of knowledge. Ahmad and Ishaq said: If an orphan girl reaches nine years of age, is married off, and consents, then the marriage is valid, and she has no option once she matures. They used as evidence the hadith of Aishah that the Prophet ﷺ consummated marriage with her when she was a girl of nine years. Aishah said: "When a girl reaches nine years of age, she is a woman."

الترمذي:١١٠٩حَدَّثَنَا قُتَيْبَةُ حَدَّثَنَا عَبْدُ الْعَزِيزِ بْنُ مُحَمَّدٍ عَنْ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ عَمْرٍو عَنْ أَبِي سَلَمَةَ عَنْ أَبِي هُرَيْرَةَ قَالَ

قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ: «الْيَتِيمَةُ تُسْتَأْمَرُ فِي نَفْسِهَا، فَإِنْ صَمَتَتْ فَهُوَ إِذْنُهَا، وَإِنْ أَبَتْ فَلاَ جَوَازَ عَلَيْهَا».

قَالَ وَفِي الْبَابِ عَنْ أَبِي مُوسَى وَابْنِ عُمَرَ وَعَائِشَةَ قَالَ أَبُو عِيسَى حَدِيثُ أَبِي هُرَيْرَةَ حَدِيثٌ حَسَنٌ وَاخْتَلَفَ أَهْلُ الْعِلْمِ فِي تَزْوِيجِ الْيَتِيمَةِ فَرَأَى بَعْضُ أَهْلِ الْعِلْمِ أَنَّ الْيَتِيمَةَ إِذَا زُوِّجَتْ فَالنِّكَاحُ مَوْقُوفٌ حَتَّى تَبْلُغَ فَإِذَا بَلَغَتْ فَلَهَا الْخِيَارُ فِي إِجَازَةِ النِّكَاحِ أَوْ فَسْخِهِ وَهُوَ قَوْلُ بَعْضِ التَّابِعِينَ وَغَيْرِهِمْ

وَقَالَ بَعْضُهُمْ لاَ يَجُوزُ نِكَاحُ الْيَتِيمَةِ حَتَّى تَبْلُغَ وَلاَ يَجُوزُ الْخِيَارُ فِي النِّكَاحِ وَهُوَ قَوْلُ سُفْيَانَ الثَّوْرِيِّ وَالشَّافِعِيِّ وَغَيْرِهِمَا مِنْ أَهْلِ الْعِلْمِ وَقَالَ أَحْمَدُ وَإِسْحَاقُ إِذَا بَلَغَتِ الْيَتِيمَةُ تِسْعَ سِنِينَ فَزُوِّجَتْ فَرَضِيَتْ فَالنِّكَاحُ جَائِزٌ وَلاَ خِيَارَ لَهَا إِذَا أَدْرَكَتْ وَاحْتَجَّا بِحَدِيثِ عَائِشَةَ أَنَّ النَّبِيَّ ﷺ بَنَى بِهَا وَهِيَ بِنْتُ تِسْعِ سِنِينَ وَقَدْ قَالَتْ عَائِشَةُ إِذَا بَلَغَتِ الْجَارِيَةُ تِسْعَ سِنِينَ فَهِيَ امْرَأَةٌ